Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Ureaplasma Species from Pregnancies Complicated by Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes.

The main aim of this study was to determine expanded sequence types (eSTs) of Ureaplasma species (U. spp.). DNA isolated from the amniotic fluid of pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) using an expanded multilocus sequence typing scheme. Additionally, the study sought to examine whether phylogenetic subgroups of U. spp. DNA differ with respect to maternal demographic and clinical parameters and selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity. This retrospective cohort study was focused on singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM occurring between the gestational ages of 24+0 and 36+6 weeks, where amniocentesis was conducted to assess the intra-amniotic environment and the presence of U. spp. DNA in the amniotic fluid samples was confirmed. The stored aliquots of U. spp. DNA were used to assess differences in nucleotide sequences in six U. spp. genes (ftsH, rpL22, valS, thrS,ureG, and mba-np1) using the eMLST scheme. The expanded multilocus sequence typing scheme was performed in 73 samples of U. spp. DNA isolated from pregnancies complicated by PPROM. In total, 33 different U. spp. DNA eSTs were revealed, 21 (#20, 233-244, 248-251, 253, 255, 259, and 262) of which were novel. The most frequently identified eST was #41, identified in 18% (13/73) of the aliquots. Based on their genetic relationships, the U. spp. DNA was divided into two clusters and four subgroups [cluster I (U. parvum): A, 43% (n = 31); B, 15% (n = 11); and C, 26% (n = 19); cluster II (U. urealyticum): 1; 16% (n = 12)]. Cluster II had a higher rate of polymicrobial findings than cluster I (58% vs 16%; p = 0.005), while subgroup A had the highest rate of concomitant Mycoplasma hominis in the amniotic fluid samples (66%; p = 0.04). In conclusion, Ureaplasma spp. DNA obtained from PPROM consisted of 33 different eSTs of U. spp. DNA. No differences in maternal and neonatal characteristics were found among the phylogenetical subgroups of U. spp. DNA, except for a higher rate of polymicrobial amniotic fluid findings in those with U. urealyticumand the concomitant presence of M. hominis in the amniotic fluid in those with the presence of U. parvum.

HIV-Associated Genital Immune Biomarkers in the Female Sex Worker Population: A Pilot Study.

PROBLEM: Female sex workers (FSW) experience a disproportionately high burden of HIV infection, yet characterization of the vaginal immune microenvironment that may impact biological risk is not well studied among FSW in the United States. Additionally, feasible methodology for collecting biological materials has not been evaluated in this population. METHODS: We enrolled 10 FSW (5 premenopausal, 5 postmenopausal) who participated in a survey and provided vaginal swabs. Biomarkers were assessed by ELISA, and included cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial/wound-healing mediators. RESULTS: One hundred percent of FSW were African American, with a median age of 43.5. The median age when participants started sex work was 17.5, with 60% working 7 days per week and seeing up to 10 clients per night. Eighty percent reported recent unprotected sex and only 30% used some form of contraception. One self-reported sexually transmitted infection at the time of visit and two reported living with HIV. Vaginal secretions showed detectable levels of all biomarkers tested, except MIP3α and MIP1α, which were undetectable in all samples. When stratified by age/menopause status, no significant changes were observed except for Serpin A1 with higher median levels in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal FSW (median 5.79 vs. 5.205 log pg/mL, p = 0.016). Comparison with samples from an existing repository of non-FSW women showed significantly reduced chemokines IL8 (p = 0.045), MIP3α (p ≤ 0.001), and MIP1ß (p = 0.015) in the FSW group. CONCLUSIONS: We report characterization of the vaginal secretome in a cohort of FSW in the United States. Understanding of the genital immune microenvironment can inform future research in HIV prevention and therapeutic options in this population.

Diagnosis of Lymphedema and Subjective Symptoms in the Lower Abdomen and Genital Region.

Background: Lymphedema in the lower abdomen and genitals is unnoticeable and has no established diagnostic methods. In this study, we evaluated it using four examinations. Methods: We evaluated 25 patients with lymphedema in the legs, dividing the abdomen and genitals in four areas (right and left, upper and lower). The mean age was 58.6 years. In lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, we diagnosed lymphedema when dermal backflow was observed. ICG lymphography was performed in 13 patients. In ultrasonography, we determined the presence of edema when cobblestone pattern was observed. Subcutaneous fat thickness was also measured. The patients' subjective symptoms were identified on an interview. We compared the results among the examinations. Results: The positivity rates for lymphedema based on lymphoscintigraphy, ICG lymphography, ultrasonography, and subjective symptoms were 45.0%, 42.3%, 8.0%, and 34.0%, respectively. Two of the 13 patients who underwent all examinations complained of subjective symptoms of edema in areas that showed no abnormalities in the examinations. In contrast, 14 of the 25 patients had areas where they had no subjective symptoms despite having abnormalities in at least one of the tests. Those with subjective symptoms of edema tended to have thinner abdominal fat in both the upper and lower abdomen, but no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: Large differences were observed in the positive rate of edema in subjective symptoms and examinations of lymphedema in the lower abdomen and genitals. It is not important to determine which examination is best but rather to combine multiple examinations.

The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in women with gynecological cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of randomized control trials to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression, anxiety, fatigue, distress, the fear of cancer recurrence, and the quality of life in gynecological cancer patients. Methods: An extensive literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL was performed, and a meta-analysis was conducted on ten studies that included 1027 patients. The quality of the data was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The effect size of the mean difference and standardized mean difference were computed using Revman 5.4.1. Results: Gynecological cancer patients receiving cognitive behavioral therapy showed decreases in depression (P < 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.01), fatigue (P < 0.001), distress (P = 0.03), and the fear of cancer recurrence (P = 0.01) compared to those receiving no treatment, whereas no improvement in quality of life was seen in the cognitive behavioral therapy group (P = 0.05). Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral therapy was shown to be a useful treatment for the symptoms experienced by women with gynecological cancer, with significant effect sizes. However, more research is required to validate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with gynecological cancer, considering the limitations of this study's small sample size and statistical heterogeneity. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO- CRD42024516039.

Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Recurrent Genital Abscess, and Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis With Concurrent SGLT-2 Inhibitor: More Than an Association.

Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic medications that have tremendous benefits in diabetic patients through reducing renal tubular glucose reabsorption, therefore inducing a rapid increase in urinary glucose excretion, thus reducing the overall serum blood glucose. However, the medication's use has commonly been associated with emerging complications such as euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), a rare and life-threatening metabolic disturbance. Other complications that have been associated with this class of medications are recurrent genital abscesses and renal tubular acidosis, which have both been less reported and explored. Below, we detail the case of a woman who was on empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, for only two months and developed life-threatening eDKA, recurrent genital abscesses, and proximal renal tubular acidosis all within the two months of initiation of the medication.

Pathology of the Salpinx: A Retrospective Literature Review.

The fallopian tube is a common surgical specimen, yet there is limited research on the histomorphologic findings. This study seeks to review the various abnormalities found in the fallopian tube and establish the primary disease processes linked to it. These findings can provide valuable insights for future preventive healthcare measures. Utilizing PubMed, a search was conducted for articles published between 2009 and 2024 to investigate fallopian tube pathologies using case reports. The inclusion criteria focused on patients older than 18 years with confirmed or incidental fallopian tube pathology diagnoses. The study considered both common and uncommon presentations of fallopian tube pathologies, with a primary focus on identifying the presenting symptoms related to these conditions, such as primary infertility, severe abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension, and breathlessness (the last three could indicate a surgical emergency with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and subsequent hemoperitoneum). Fifteen studies were included in this review. The findings revealed three cases of genital tuberculosis, two cases of endometriosis, two cases of fallopian tube prolapse, three cases of ovarian cancer, and four cases of ectopic pregnancy. To confirm the presence of these conditions, histopathological examination was performed using specimens obtained through salpingectomy/salpingostomy. This study effectively highlighted the occurrence of rare presentations associated with common fallopian tube pathologies. By identifying different pathologies present in the fallopian tube, healthcare professionals can expand the range of existing pathologies that may be considered as potential differential diagnoses. This knowledge is essential in directing patient care and has the potential to improve patient outcomes significantly.

Experiences, health needs, and access to health services of university students with female circumcision: A qualitative study.

AIMS: This study aimed to assess the female circumcision (FC) experiences, healthcare needs, and access to health services of foreign university students who are victims of female genital mutilation and studying in Turkey. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in the Faculty of Health Science in a state university in Turkey from December 2021 to January 2022. Eight students who had been subjected to FC participated in this study. Data were collected by conducting in-depth, semistructured online interviews and using a pilot-tested interview guide. The data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: "reasons for performing FC, 'health effects of FC,' 'psychological problems linked to FC,' and 'FC survivors' access to health services.'" Students stated that they exposed to this practice because of limiting their womanhood, they experienced problems, such as pelvic pain, infection, loss of sexuality, fear of pregnancy and birth, and they had healthcare needs due to FC but face some barriers. CONCLUSIONS: FC negatively affects women's health and has specific healthcare needs. Studying in a different country can be turned into an opportunity to solve the health problems they experience. For this, the right approach with knowledgeable and culturally sensitive health professionals can change stereotypes towards practice.

Dirofilariasis in Male Genitalia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Human dirofilariasis is a rare anthropo-zoonotic disease, mainly detected in Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia, and Sri Lanka. An increasing number of autochthonous Dirofilaria spp. infections has been recently reported in the areas previously considered free of the disease, including northern Europe and the Baltic States. A rare autochthonous case of scrotal dirofilariasis detected in Lithuania was described. Here, a 42-year-old male presented with a 1 cm nodule, limited in the scrotum. A nodule excision was performed. On histological examination, a degenerating roundworm with the features of Dirofilaria spp. (multilayered cuticle, well-developed musculature, focally preserved longitudinal ridges) was detected in the abscess cavity. No additional treatment was needed. Twenty-four publications reporting 28 male genitalia dirofilariasis cases in European countries have been identified.

Comparison of Menstrual Symptoms in University Students with and without Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the menstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea in university students who underwent Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), in Mogadishu, Somalia, and students who did not undergo FGM/C in Ankara, Türkiye. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study design was used. Results: Among the participants with FGM/C, 88.5% were Type 1 and the age at FGM/C was 8 years. The pain severity was 6.20±2.54 in women with FGM/C and was higher than that of those without FGM/C (5.97±2.32), but no significant difference was found. Among those who had FGM/C, 66% had a menstrual duration of 3-5 days, while 52.0.% of those who did not have FGM/C had a menstrual duration of 6-8 days (p<0.05). While 85.1% of those without FGM/C had a menstrual cycle of 21-35 days, 35% of those with FGM/C had a menstrual cycle of less than 20 days (p<0.05). It was found that 95% of those who have undergone female circumcision and 90.2% of those who have not had dysmenorrhea (p<0.05). Painkillers were always used by 28% of women with FGM/C and 26.3% of women without FGM/C (p<0.05). The total MSS score of those who have not had FGM/C was 3.34±0.72 and the score of those who have had FGM/C was 2.91±0.74 (p<0.05). The negative effects sub-dimension score was found to be higher in the non-FGM/C group with 3.20±0.75, while the coping methods sub-dimension score was higher in the FGM/C group with 2.91±1.13 (p<0.05). Conclusion: FGM/C is still common in Somalia. Our study results showed that having FGM/C may cause differences in dysmenorrhea and menstrual symptoms. Efforts to increase students' effective coping with menstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea are thought to be useful.

Group Comparisons of the Sexual Interests and Behaviors of Assigned Males and Their Association with Genital Ablation Fantasies.

We describe here the sexual histories and characteristics of 338 individuals with interests in castration (orchiectomy) and, more broadly, genital ablation (i.e., orchiectomy, penectomy, and/or nullification), recruited from the Eunuch Archive. We compared four groups: those who only fantasize about castration (Fantasy, n = 66), those who wish to be castrated in the future (Aspiring, n = 166), and those who have been castrated (Eunuchs) both with (n = 42) or without (n = 64) androgen replacement therapy (ART). In our sample, 35.6-53.8% had sexual fantasies of castrating someone, 83.3-90.8% had fantasies of being castrated, 20.6-33.3% had fantasies of removing someone's penis, and 45.3-61.9% had fantasies of having a penectomy. The four groups had similar arousal by high-risk sex behaviors, anal sex play, attraction to people under 18, common sex behaviors, and fetishistic behaviors. Fantasy of being castrated by someone was associated with elevated high-risk sexual behaviors and attraction to individuals aged 18 to 49 after controlling for age, groups, and sexual attraction. In addition, after adjusting for age, groups, and sexual attraction, fantasy of castrating someone was associated with more attraction to individuals under the age of 18 and being aroused by interaction with a stranger, whereas fantasy of cutting off someone's penis was associated with less tendency for common sexual behaviors and digital sex communication. Fantasy of being penectomized was associated with high risk and fetishistic sexual behaviors. These results support screening for high-risk behaviors in individuals who endorse an interest in genital ablation, with treatments focused on harm reduction.

Genetic variation and molecular profiling of congenital malformations of the female genital tract based on whole-genome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Congenital malformations of the female genital tract (CM-FGT) are characterized by abnormal development of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, often accompanied by malformations in the urinary system, bones and hearing. However, no definitive pathogenic genes and molecular genetic causes have been identified. METHODS: We present the largest whole-genome sequencing study of CM-FGT to date, analyzing 590 individuals in China: 95 patients, 442 case-controls, and 53 familial controls. RESULTS: Among the patients, 5.3% carried known CM-FGT-related variants. Pedigree and case-control analyses in two dimensions of coding and non-coding regulatory regions revealed seven novel de novo copy number variations, 12 rare single-nucleotide variations, and 10 rare 3' untranslated region (UTR) mutations in genes related to CM-FGT, particularly highlighting ASH1L as a pathogenic gene. Single-cell sequencing data showed that the majority of CM-FGT-related risk genes are spatiotemporally specifically expressed early in uterus development. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study identified novel variants related to CM-FGT, particularly highlighting ASH1L as a pathogenic gene. The findings provide insights into the genetic variants underlying CM-FGT, with single-cell sequencing data revealing spatiotemporal specific expression patterns of key risk genes early in uterine development. This study significantly advances the understanding of CM-FGT etiology and genetic landscape, offering new opportunities for prenatal screening.

Navigating the Microbial Landscape: Understanding Dysbiosis in Human Genital Tracts and Its Impact on Fertility.

Dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, significantly impacts the health and functionality of the human genital tract, with profound implications for fertility and reproductive health. This review explores the intricate relationship between genital tract microbiota and reproductive outcomes, highlighting the composition and dynamics of these microbial communities in both females and males. In females, the vaginal microbiota, primarily dominated by Lactobacillus species, is essential for maintaining a healthy vaginal environment, preventing infections, and supporting reproductive functions. In males, the genital microbiota influences sperm quality and reproductive health. Dysbiosis in the genital tract, manifesting as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, urethritis, or prostatitis, disrupts these microbial communities, leading to adverse reproductive outcomes such as infertility, pregnancy, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. This review delves into the mechanisms through which dysbiosis affects fertility, including alterations in vaginal pH, mucosal immunity, inflammation, sperm viability, and motility. It also evaluates diagnostic methods, clinical implications, and management strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, antifungal treatments, lifestyle interventions, and emerging therapeutic approaches. By understanding the microbial landscape of the genital tract and its impact on fertility, this review aims to inform targeted interventions that restore microbial balance and enhance reproductive health, ultimately improving fertility outcomes and the potential for healthy pregnancies.

A retrospective analysis of the trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Nigeria 2011-2021.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is widely acknowledged globally as a violation of the fundamental human rights of girls and women. FGM is still widely practiced in Nigeria but at diminishing rates. Primary care physicians must educate and campaign to end this hazardous practice in Nigeria, especially in high-incidence areas. This study fills the knowledge gap by identifying FGM determinants to help policymakers reduce it. Method: The study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design using data from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund for 2011, 2016-2017, and 2021. The sampling involved multistage cluster sampling. Data analysis utilized IBM-SPSS, presenting FGM prevalence across years and exploring associations with various factors. Results: This study analyzed 63,365 Nigerian women across a decade (2011, 2016-2017, and 2021). FGM awareness fluctuated (35.1% in 2016-2017, 33.0% in 2011, and 31.9% in 2021), while FGM prevalence increased from 46.6% (2011) to 69.5% (2021). Education correlated with lower FGM prevalence. Geographic disparities were observed, with the Southwest having the highest (70.1%) and the Northeast having the lowest (34.5%) prevalence. Religion influenced FGM rates, with Christians (54.2%) and those with other/no religion (58.0%) showing higher rates than Muslims (52.6%). Urban women had a slightly lower prevalence (52.6%) than rural women (54.2%), and wealth quintiles displayed variations. Variability was also evident among states, ranging from 2.0% to 86.3%. Daughters' circumcision was influenced by maternal circumcision status, education, region, religion, and wealth quintile. Common FGM procedures involved removing genital flesh (63.7%) and nicking without removal (55.1%), often performed by nurses/midwives (63.7%). Conclusion: The study emphasized the urgent need for continuous awareness campaigns and education to combat FGM among Nigerian women. Education emerged as a critical factor in reducing FGM, highlighting the importance of investing in girls' education.

Social disharmony, inauthenticity and patriarchy: an Ubuntu perspective on the practice of female genital mutilation.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a universal issue which affects girls in Africa, the Middle East, Asia and South America, and immigrant communities in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. FGM is a cultural practice in approximately 29 countries in Africa, affecting over 140 million girls. FGM is practiced as a rite of passage, where girls are initiated into womanhood. This practice is promoted as a means for incorporation, thus ascribing personhood, and belonging for girls to their communities. African scholars hold conflicting positions about FGM, with some arguing that it is essential for relational fullness and harmony. While others believe FGM is unjustified because of the health and social risks associated with the practice. We argue, applying sustainable social harmony and Gyekye's views on cultural revitalization, that FGM is morally unjustified and should be prohibited. We believe the claims that FGM fosters harmony, a value of Ubuntu, are fallacious, and this perceived harmony is pretentious and unsustainable. We claim that FGM is inauthentic, unjust and steeped in patriarchal underpinnings that are unsustainable, thus it is a disharmonious practice. Cultural practices that are disharmonious should be refined and pruned and must be dynamic and responsive to current realities.

Characteristics of lymphoedema, in particular midline lymphoedema, after treatment for prostate cancer: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing treatment for prostate cancer may develop lymphoedema of the midline region. This has a substantial impact on a patient's quality of life and its diagnosis is often delayed or missed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of patients with leg and midline lymphoedema to patients with only leg lymphoedema. METHODS: We retrospectively collected patient-, cancer-, lymphoedema- and lymphoedema treatment-related data of 109 men with lymphoedema after treatment for prostate cancer. First, 42 characteristics were compared between both groups. Second, factors predicting presence of midline lymphoedema were explored by multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with lymphoedema was 68 ( ±7) years and mean BMI is 28 (±4) kg/m2. Median duration of lymphoedema before the first consultation was 27 (9;55) months. Based on univariable analyses, patients with leg and midline lymphoedema had more frequently upper leg lymphoedema (89% (31/35) vs. 69% (51/74), p = 0.026), skin fibrosis (34% (12/35) vs. 16% (12/74), p = 0.034) and lymphatic reconstructive surgery (9% (3/35) vs. 0% (0/71), p = 0.020) than patients with only leg lymphoedema. Additionally, patients with leg and midline lymphoedema reported less frequently lower leg lymphoedema (77% (27/35) vs. 95% (70/74), p = 0.007). Based on the multivariable analysis, not having lower leg lymphoedema, skin fibrosis, performing self-bandaging and self-manual lymphatic drainage appear to be predictors for having midline lymphoedema. CONCLUSIONS: If patients with lymphoedema after prostate cancer do not have lower leg lymphoedema, have skin fibrosis, perform self-bandaging or self-manual lymphatic drainage, they possibly have midline lymphoedema.

Effects of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) on the Mechanical Activities of Lower Urinary Tract and Genital Smooth Muscles.

Since its first discovery as a bioactive phospholipid inducing potent platelet aggregation, platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of inflammatory and allergic disease states. Many pharmacological studies in the 1980s and 1990s also showed that PAF induces endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and contraction of various smooth muscles (SMs), including those in the airway, gastrointestinal organs, and uterus. However, since the late 1990s, there have been few reports on the SM contractions induced by PAF. The lower urinary tract (LUT), particularly the urinary bladder (UB) has attracted recent attention in SM pharmacology research because patients with LUT dysfunctions including overactive bladder are increasing as the population ages. In addition, recent clinical studies have implicated the substantial role of PAF in the inflammatory state in LUT because its production increases with smoking and with cancer. However, the effects of PAF on mechanical activities of LUT SMs including UBSM have not been investigated to date. Recently, we found that PAF very strongly increased mechanical activities of UBSM in guinea pigs and mice, and partly elucidated the possible mechanisms underlying these actions of PAF. In this review, we describe the effects of PAF on LUT SMs by introducing our recent findings obtained in isolated UBSMs and discuss the physiological and pathophysiological significance. We also introduce our data showing the effects of PAF on the SM mechanical activities of genital tissues (prostate and vas deferens).

Nutrition effects larval survival and the development of morphological traits in male and female flour beetles, but genital size and shape remains canalized.

The caloric content and macronutrient ratio of diet consumed is a major source of phenotypic variation in most animal populations. While these nutritional effects have been well-documented for a variety of life-history and morphological traits, the effects of nutrition on male genitals are poorly understood but genitals are thought to be more canalised than general morphology and hence less susceptible to variation in nutrition. Even less is known about the effects of nutrition on female genital form, which to our knowledge, have never been investigated. Here we tested for effects of juvenile dietary macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) on larval survival, adult morphology, including genital size and shape in male and female flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). We found there was nutritionally induced plasticity in larval survival and morphology, although the latter effect was variable, with body size being most responsive to dietary macronutrients and genital size and shape being least responsive. Functionally equivalent morphological traits in the sexes responded similarly to nutrition. Previously, we showed that the genitalia of male and female T. castaneum are subject to strong stabilizing sexual selection, and our current findings suggest that developmental mechanisms reduce the nutritional sensitivity of male and female genitals, possibly to ensure matching during mating.

Molluscum contagiosum is associated with atopic dermatitis and sexually transmitted infections in a matched case-control study using a national database.

BACKGROUND: Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a poxvirus that manifests as firm, smooth, dome-shaped, umbilicated, flesh-colored papules. In adults, MC is commonly spread by sexual contact, and is self-limited in patients with intact immune systems but more widely distributed and difficult to treat in immunocompromised persons. We analyzed cases of adult MC for associations with immunosuppression, lifestyle risk factors, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: Using the All of Us Research Program database, adults with MC were identified and matched with controls 1:10 based on demographic factors. Comorbidities, lifestyle risk factors, and medication exposures were analyzed. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: Our analysis included 146 cases of adults with MC and 1460 demographic-matched controls. Patients with MC were 48 years old on average, 59% female, and majority White (82.5%). Controls were similar for all demographic features. Adults with MC were more likely to have syphilis (odds ratio (OR) 16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-99.5), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR 9.54; 95% CI 3.95-23.0), chlamydia (OR 6.24; 95% CI 2.38-16.4), condyloma acuminata (OR 13.9; 95% CI 7.36-26.2), genital herpes (OR 4.13; 95% CI 1.87-9.15), or atopic dermatitis (AD) (OR 2.85; 95% CI 1.5-5.4) (all p < .01). There were no differences in prevalence of other comorbidities, lifestyle risk factors, nor medication exposures (all p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that adult MC is associated with AD and STIs, including HIV, chlamydia, condyloma acuminata, genital herpes, and syphilis. Sexually active adolescents and adults and those diagnosed with AD may be screened for MC and counseled on their potentially increased risk.