Significant hyperbilirubinemia among well neonates due for discharge at Kawempe-Mulago Hospital, prevalence, factors associated, and accuracy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry for screening.

Background: Neonates in low resource settings with a lack of pre-discharge screening and early intervention are at risk for complications associated with significant hyperbilirubinemia (SHB). Objectives: To determine the prevalence, factors associated and performance of transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) in identifying well neonates with SHB. Methods: Over a one month period 235 well neonates 24 to 72 hours of age due for discharge at Kamempe-Mulago Hospital were enrolled in this study. Visual inspection using Kramer rule, transcutaneous bilirubin over the sternum using Draeger JM103 bilirubinometer, and serum bilirubin were determined. Neonates with SHB (total serum bilirubin warranting treatment) were referred for treatment. Relevant data were analyzed. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant at 95% confidence interval. Results: Thirty two (13.6%) of the neonates had SHB and three (1.3%) had levels above exchange transfusion threshold. Significant hyperbilirubinemia was independently associated with CRP ≥ 10mg/l (AOR 3.96, CI 1.23-12.73, p 0.021), ABO discordance (AOR 3.67, CI 1.28-10.49, p 0.015), jaundice in a previous sibling (AOR 3.565, CI 1.10-11.51, p 0.034) and time of first feed > 1 hour (AOR 2.74, CI 1.10-6.90, p 0.007). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of TCB were 96.5%, 84.6%, 47.5% and 99.4% respectively compared to 31.2%, 98.5%, 76.9% and 90% respectively for visual assessment (Kramer grading). Conclusions: A significant number of well neonates have SHB. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry is a suitable screening tool in this setting. Early initiation of feeding should be promoted. The cause for high CRP among well neonates with SHB needs to be studied further.

Roles of Probiotics in Reduction of Neonatal Jaundice in Term Newborns.

Objective: the primary objective was to examine the effect of Bifidobacterium on decreasing the bilirubin level in term neonates delivered by Caesarean Section (CS). Materials and Methods: A total of 153 healthy term neonates delivered by CS were included in this study and were divided into the non-probiotic group (n=99) and probiotic group (n=54) based on the history of probiotics administration. There were no infants who underwent phototherapy. A total of 20 doses of probiotics were given orally from the first day of life. The transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels were measured every day for the first 5 days of life. Data of each infant and mother were gathered from medical records. Results: The bilirubin level per day (day-1 to day-5) in the non-probiotic group was no different from the probiotic group. Differences in bilirubin level between day-5 and day-1, and also between day-5 and day-2 were not different between the two groups. There was a significant (p = 0.03) body weight gain in the probiotic groups with a mean of 36.09 ± 8.23 gram/day. No obvious adverse reactions were seen in both the non-probiotic group and probiotic group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest no significant effects of probiotics on lowering bilirubin levels in the first five days of life. Also, probiotics have a positive effect on body weight gain in healthy term infants, and it is safe to be given to newborns.

The Impact of Phototherapy on the Accuracy of Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurements in Neonates: Optimal Measurement Site and Timing.

Transcutaneous bilirubinometer devices are widely applied to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, the optimal skin site and timing of transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) measurements for the strongest correlation with total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels after phototherapy are still unclear. We conducted a retrospective observational study evaluating the correlation of TCB and TSB levels in neonates postphototherapy. The TCB measurements on the forehead and mid-sternum at 0 and 30 min postphototherapy were assessed by using a JM-103 bilirubinometer. Paired TCB and TSB measurements were assessed by Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. We analyzed 40 neonates with 96 TSB and 384 TCB measurements. The TSB level correlated moderately with the forehead TCB level at 30 min postphototherapy (r = 0.65) and less strongly with the midsternum TCB level at 0 min postphototherapy (r = 0.52). The forehead at 30 min after cessation of phototherapy was the best time point and location of TCB measurement for the assessment of neonatal jaundice status. The reliability of TCB measurements varied across skin sites and durations after phototherapy. The effectiveness of TCB measurement to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is much better on covered skin areas (foreheads) 30 min postphototherapy. The appropriate application of transcutaneous bilirubinometers could aid in clinical practice and avoid unnecessary management.

Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of Different Sites for Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurement in Early Preterm Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate correlation of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measured at different body sites with serum total bilirubin (TSB) in early preterm infants. METHODS: This hospital based prospective comparative study was carried out in the Department of Pediatrics, SMS Medical College, Jaipur between April 2015 to March 2016. Early preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 34 weeks in whom clinical jaundice was significant mandating TSB measurement were included in the study. Study subjects who met the inclusion criteria were chosen consecutively. Neonates in whom phototherapy was already initiated and those with poor perfusion (capillary refill time > 3 s) were excluded from the study. All the measurements were carried out within first postnatal week. Transcutaneous bilirubin was measured from three sites: forehead, sternum and interscapular region and within 15 min of TcB measurement, blood samples were taken and serum bilirubin level was calculated. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients of transcutaneous bilirubin measured from forehead, sternum and interscapular sites were 0.82, 0.84 and 0.86 respectively. TcB measured from all the three sites correlated significantly with serum bilirubin (p < 0.001), but the correlation was best at interscapular site. Sensitivity, specificity and false negative rates were calculated with respect to starting phototherapy. Interscapular site had the highest sensitivity and lowest false negative rate (87.6 and 12.4% respectively) as compared to forehead (79.2 and 20.8% respectively) and sternum (87.1 and 12.9% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement is an acceptable method for identification of hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment in early preterm newborns. The authors recommend interscapular region as a reliable site in infants of gestational age ≤34 wk for measuring transcutaneous bilirubin.

Aplicación del bilirrubinómetro no invasivo en recién nacidos / Application of non-invasive bilirubinometry in newborns

Introducción: Las pautas para prevención y tratamiento de hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal recomiendan medición de bilirrubina sérica total (BST) o bilirrubina transcutánea (BTc) para determinar el grado de ictericia antes del alta del recién nacido (RN); ésta última no invasiva, proporciona información instantánea y de calidad superior a la evaluación clínica. A pesar de ello aún no ha sido aplicada en forma sistemática en los hospitales de Paraguay. Objetivo: evaluar la aplicación en nuestro medio de la medición de bilirrubinemia transcutánea antes del alta correlancionando con la bilirrubina sérica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, de corte transversal. Fueron incluidos RN con edad gestacional ≥ a 35 semanas, con peso ≥ a 2000 gramos, luego de las 24 hs de vida hasta los 8 días; bajo consentimiento informado de los padres, durante un año. Los datos fueron consignados en una planilla de Microsoft Excel y procesado por el software IBM SPSS Statistics ®. Resultados: De 271 RN que ingresaron al estudio, en la primera medición con el Bilirrubinómetro transcutáneo, cumplían con criterios para toma de bilirrubina sérica 90 (33,2%) de ellos. En los restantes 181 RN (66,8%), los datos emparejados no estaban disponibles debido a que siguiendo las recomendaciones de las guías actuales no fue necesario medir la bilirrubina sérica. El valor del coeficiente de correlación para la primera medición fue r = 0.574. Para la segunda medición las medidas emparejadas estaban disponibles para 131 RN. En este caso se encontró correlación positiva entre ambos métodos de 0,590. Conclusión: La bilirrubina transcutánea puede utilizarse en forma rápida, segura y válida, como un test de screening para la detección de hiperbilirrubinemia y podría evitar una proporción importante de toma de muestras sanguíneas, mejorando la seguridad del paciente.

Introduction: The guidelines for prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia recommend measurement of total serum bilirubin (BST) or transcutaneous bilirubin (BTc) to determine the degree of jaundice before discharge of the newborn (NB); the latter non-invasive method provides instant information which is superior to the clinical evaluation. Despite this, it has not yet been systematically applied in hospitals in Paraguay. Objective: to evaluate transcutaneous measurement of bilirubin concentration as compared to serum bilirubin levels prior to discharge in our setting. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytical component. For a period of one year, we tracked NBs with a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks, weighing ≥ 2000 grams, from 24 hours of life until 8 days of life, obtaining the informed consent of the parents. The data was entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and processed by the IBM SPSS Statistics ® software. Results: Of 271 NBs who entered the study, 90 (33.2%) met criteria for measurement of serum bilirubin at their first measurement with the transcutaneous bilirubinometer. In the remaining 181 RN (66.8%), the paired data were not available as measurement of serum bilirubin was not required per the recommendations of current guidelines. The correlation coefficient value for the first measurement was r = 0.574. For the second measurement, paired measurements were available for 131 NBs. In this case, a positive correlation was found between both methods of 0.590. Conclusion: Transcutaneous bilirubin can be used quickly, safely and accurately as a screening test for the detection of hyperbilirubinemia and could avoid a significant proportion of blood sampling, improving patient safety.

Influence of skin colour on diagnostic accuracy of the jaundice meter JM 103 in newborns.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the JM 103 as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice and explore differential effects based on skin colour. METHODS: We prospectively compared the transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) and serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements of newborns over a 3 month-period. Skin colour was assigned via reference colour swatches. Diagnostic measures of the TcB/TSB comparison were made and clinically relevant TcB cut-off values were determined for each skin colour group. RESULTS: 451 infants (51 light, 326 medium and 74 dark skin colour) were recruited. The association between TcB and TSB was high for all skin colours (rs>0.9). The Bland-Altman analysis showed an absolute mean difference between the two measures of 13.3±26.4 µmol/L with broad limits of agreement (-39.4-66.0 µmol/L), with TcB underestimating TSB in light and medium skin colours and overestimating in dark skin colour. Diagnostic measures were also consistently high across skin colours, with no clinically significant differences observed. CONCLUSIONS: The JM 103 is a useful screening tool to identify infants in need of serum bilirubin, regardless of skin colour. The effect of skin colour on the accuracy of this device at high levels of serum bilirubin could not be assessed fully due to small numbers in the light and dark groups.