Environmental contamination with carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in healthcare settings in Fiji: a potential source of infection.

Introduction: There are multiple ongoing outbreaks of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb) infection in Fiji's hospitals. CRAb is able to colonize and persist on various hospital surfaces for extended periods. We conducted a study to understand the extent of hospital environmental contamination and phylogenetic links with clinical isolates. Methods: Swabs were collected from high-touch surfaces at Colonial War Memorial Hospital (CWMH) September 2021 and December 2022; Lautoka Hospital (LTKH) August 2022; and Labasa Hospital (LBSH) November 2022. All bacterial isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) performed; isolates resistant to carbapenems and producing a carbapenemase underwent whole genome sequencing. Comparison was made to clinical isolates obtained from CWMH in 2016-2017 and 2019-2021 and from LTKH and LBSH from 2020-2021. Results: From the 180 environmental samples collected, ten (5.6%) CRAb were isolated; no other carbapenem-resistant gram-negative organisms were isolated. Seven (70%) of the CRAb were isolated from CWMH and three (30%) from LTKH; no CRAb were isolated from LBSH. Of the seven CWMH CRAb, two were sequence type 2 (ST2), three ST25, and two ST499. All LTKH isolates were ST499. The two environmental CRAb ST2 isolates were closely genetically linked to isolates obtained from patients in CWMH, LTKH, and LBSH 2020-2021. Similarly, the three environmental CRAb ST25 isolates were closely genetically linked to isolates obtained from patients admitted to CWMH in 2019-2021 and LBSH in 2020. The environmental CRAb ST499 isolates represented two distinct clones, with clone 1 comprising two genetically identical isolates from CWMH and clone 2 the three isolates from LTKH. Although no genetic linkages were observed when comparing environmental ST499 isolates to those from CWMH patients in 2020-2021, both clone 1 isolates were genetically identical to an isolate obtained from a patient admitted during the sampling period. Conclusion: Our study highlights the contamination of high-touch surfaces within Fiji hospitals with CRAb, suggesting that these may serve as important sources for CRAb. Phylogenetic linkages to CRAb isolated from patients since 2019 underscores the persistence of this resistant pathogen in hospital settings and the ongoing risk for hospital-acquired infections.

Nosocomial carbapenem-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, related factors and clinical outcomes in Northeast Iran.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nosocomial infections, including drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections, continue to impact the health of hospitalized patients. This study sought to determine the prevalence of these infections and assess the associated risk factors and clinical outcomes in Gorgan, Iran. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 143 infected patients with Acinetobacter baumannii in two educational hospitals in Gorgan city, Iran between 2016 and 2018. Patient information including age, gender, reason and duration of hospitalization, background of diseases, type of sample culture, symptoms, laboratory findings, prescribed antibiotics, and antibiogram were collected and analyzed. The Logistic regression and survival statistical methods were used by software of SPSS 26. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients (25.87%) died during hospitalization. The less than one year and 45-65 years age groups demonstrated more deaths (29.7%; p-value < 0.001). Being single (not being married) was found to be a risk factor in increasing the chance of death among patients (OR = 2.154, 95% CI: 1.02-4.53; p = 0.048). Hospitalization in intensive care units (ICUs) was a risk factor for the death of patients (OR = 4.655, 95% CI: 7.6-83.2). The resistance to carbapenems was reported to be an important risk factor for the death of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Acinetobacter baumannii infections, particularly those resistant to carbapenems, are a significant risk for patients in ICUs and can lead to higher mortality rates.

Analysis of risk factors and different treatments for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Shaanxi, China.

BACKGROUND: The global threat of Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has intensified as resistance to carbapenems continues to rise in recent decades. We aimed to explore risk factors, molecular epidemiology, and antimicrobial therapy of CRAB infection. METHODS: The clinical data of 110 patients infected with A. baumannii from December 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a carbapenem-resistance group (55 patients) and carbapenem-sensitive group (CSAB; 55 patients) based on resistance to carbapenem, and the risk factors of patients infected with CRAB were analyzed. Fifty-five patients with CRAB infection who received antimicrobial therapy were divided into a combination therapy group (45 patients) and a monotherapy group (10 patients), and differences between the two groups were compared. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed to assess resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to explore the characteristics of CRAB isolates. RESULTS: Among the total 110 patients, the rate of poor prognosis in the CRAB group was 43.6% (24/55). Mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR] = 5.364, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.462-19.679, P = 0.011) and puncture (OR = 19.935, 95% CI 1.261-315.031, P = 0.012) were independent risk factors for CRAB infection. Of 55 patients in the antimicrobial regimen study, 45 received combination therapy (including dual, triple, or quadruple antibiotic therapy) and 10 received monotherapy. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between the combination group and monotherapy group for admission to the intensive care unit and wound infection (P < 0.05). The CRAB strains of 26 patients taking carbapenem-based combination therapy were mainly ST208, ST1968, and ST195, among which patients with ST1968 strains had higher 28-day mortality. Furthermore, the blaOXA-23 gene was harbored in ST1968, ST195, and ST208. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality was significantly higher in patients infected with CRAB than with CSAB. Mechanical ventilation and puncture were independent risk factors in predicting CRAB infections. The distribution of CRAB was dominated by ST208, ST1968, and ST195, among which patients with ST1968 had higher 28-day mortality. The blaOXA-23 gene appears to be widely disseminated.

The context of blaOXA-23 gene in Iraqi carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonging to global clone 1 and global clone 2.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Of the genes conferring resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii, the blaOXA-23 gene is the most widely found across the world. The gene carrying blaOXA-23 transposons in A. baumannii isolates of global clones GC1 and GC2 is found worldwide. Here, we examined whether transposons play a role in the dissemination of the blaOXA-23 in globally distributed clones, GC1 and GC2 A. baumannii isolates from Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 119 non-repetitive A. baumannii isolates including 94 recovered from clinical specimens and 25 isolates from hospital environment between September 2021 and April 2022 from different medical centers located at various regions in Baghdad, Iraq. The global clones (GC) and the genes encoding carbapenem resistance, including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, and blaOXA-58 were identified using multiplex PCR assays. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility method. The transposons carrying blaOXA-23 were examined using PCR mapping. In cases when carbapenem susceptible A. baumannii isolates were found, they were subjected to E test, full length sequencing of blaOXA-Ab (blaOXA-51-like) and Institut Pasteur multi-locus sequence typing scheme. RESULTS: All but two isolates (92 clinical and 25 environmental) were identified carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB). Of 117 CRAB isolates, 20 belong to GC1, 19 contained blaOXA-23; of them, 17 isolates harbored the blaOXA-23 located on Tn2006. Among the 46 CRAB belonging to GC2, 39 contained blaOXA-23; of them, 34 carried the blaOXA-23 located on Tn2006. The remaining GC1 and GC2 isolates, one GC1 as well as one GC2 isolate, were susceptible to imipenem, doripenem, and meropenem and considered carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB). Full-length sequencing of the blaOXA-Ab and MLST for the two CSAB isolates belonging to GC1 and GC2 confirmed that the GC1 isolate belongs to ST 623 and contained an allele that encodes an blaOXA-69 variant of the blaOXA-Ab while the GC2 belong to ST2 and carried an blaOXA-66 variant. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the dissemination of blaOXA-23 on the Tn2006 in CRAB isolates in Baghdad, Iraq. It appears that this transposon is widespread in GC1 and 2 isolates as in the other parts of the world. Interestingly, one GC1 and one GC2 isolate from Iraq were found to be susceptible to carbapenem while the isolates belonging to GC1 and GC2 have so far rarely been found to be susceptible to carbapenem globally.

Whole-genome sequencing of two multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from a neonatal intensive care unit in Egypt: a prospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a life-threatening and challenging pathogen. In addition, it accounts for numerous serious infections, particularly among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to nearly all clinically used antibiotics and their ability to spread this resistance is one of the most important concerns related to this bacterium. OBJECTIVES: This study describes different molecular mechanisms of two multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates obtained from endotracheal aspirates collected from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), Ain Shams University Hospital, Egypt. METHODS: Following the identification of two isolates, they were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. This was followed by multilocus sequence typing as well as whole-genome sequence (WGS). Additionally, a Pathosystems Resources Integration Center (PATRIC) analysis was performed. RESULTS: Two isolates, Ab119 and Ab123, exhibited resistance to all tested antibiotics except for tigecycline and colistin. The WGS analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes (AMR) indicated that both isolates shared beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolides, and sulfonamide resistance genes. Furthermore, each strain revealed different resistance genes such as blaNDM-1, blaNDM-10, OXA-64, aph (3')-VI, Tet-B in Ab119 strain and blaOXA-68, blaPER-1, blaPER-7, Tet-39 in Ab123 strain. Multiple efflux pump genes were detected. Multilocus sequence typing indicated that both isolates belong to the same sequence type (ST931), which belongs to international clone (IC3). Both isolates exhibited the presence of multiple mobile genetic elements (MGEs), but no plasmid was detected in either of them. CONCLUSIONS: A low prevalence of the IC3 sequence type was identified among two A. baumannii isolates obtained from the NICU in Egypt, exhibiting a high resistance level. Healthcare workers must have knowledge regarding the prevalence of A. baumannii among different populations in order to administer suitable treatment, improve patient outcomes, and apply effective infection control practices.

Analysis of antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care hospital in Haikou City.

This study addresses the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) in a medical facility in Haikou City, aiming to provide essential insights for enhancing in-hospital treatment and prevention strategies. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 513 A. baumannii isolates collected from a tertiary care hospital in Haikou between January 2018 and December 2020, focusing on their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 48 randomly selected A. baumannii strains. Using Gel-pro4.0 and NTSYSspc2.10 software, we constructed dendrograms to assess the genetic diversity of these strains. Our results indicate that males between 60 and 70 years old are particularly vulnerable to A. baumannii infections, which are most frequently detected in sputum samples, with a detection rate exceeding 70%. Alarmingly, over 50% of the isolates were identified as multi-drug resistant. The RAPD-PCR fingerprinting cluster analysis demonstrated substantial genetic diversity among the strains. Using primer OPA-02 at a 45% similarity coefficient, the strains were categorized into four groups (A-D), with group A being predominant (39 strains). high-prevalence areas like the Neurosurgery and Intensive Care Medicine Wards require enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions to manage Group C infections effectively. Additionally, the varied presence of other groups necessitates customized strategies to address the specific risks in each ward. Similarly, primer 270 at a 52% similarity coefficient classified the strains into five groups (E-I), with group E being most common (36 strains). The study highlights a concerning prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance, among A. baumannii strains in the Haikou hospital. The significant genetic diversity, especially within groups A and E, underscores the need for tailored hospital treatment protocols and prevention measures. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the urgent need for effective management strategies in healthcare settings.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex prevalence, spatial-temporal distribution, and contamination sources in Canadian aquatic environments.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii (ACB) complex has been identified as a group of emerging opportunistic pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. The current study investigates the prevalence, distribution, and diversity of pathogenic ACB complex in various aquatic systems with different uses. Of the total 157 agricultural, raw drinking water intake, recreational beach, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent samples, acinetobacters were isolated, quantified, and confirmed by genus- and ACB complex-specific PCR assays. Of all agricultural surface water samples, A. calcoaceticus (65%) was more frequently detected than A. pittii (14%), A. nosocomialis (9%), and A. baumannii (3%). In WWTP effluent samples, A. baumannii was more prevalent in de-chlorinated (60%) samples compared to both A. pittii and A. nosocomialis (40%). Interestingly, A. nosocomialis (43%), A. calcoaceticus (29%), and A. baumannii (14%) were detected in raw drinking water intake samples, whereas A. pittii (50%) and A. nosocomialis (25%) were detected in beach samples. Although no sampling location-specific differences were recorded, significant (P < 0.05) seasonal differences were observed when agricultural surface water samples collected in spring were compared with the summer and fall. Whereas effluent chlorination significantly impacted the degree of prevalence of Acinetobacter in WWTP effluent samples, overall, the prevalence of ACB complex in all sampling locations and seasons indicates that these water sources, containing human-associated ACB complex, may pose potential health risks as community-acquired opportunistic infections.IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii (ACB) complex is a group of organisms known to cause problematic nosocomial opportunistic infections. A member of the species complex, A. baumannii, is becoming a global threat to infection treatment as strains are increasingly develop resistance to antibiotics. The prevalence and distribution of potentially pathogenic Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex species remain poorly understood, and there is a need to better understand the occurrence of A. baumannii in non-nosocomial environments. Our research details the spatial-temporal distribution of ACB complex species in a regional watershed and highlights the presence of ACB complex in wastewater effluent that is discharged into a river. These findings deepen our understanding of this group of species in non-nosocomial environments and encourage the development of monitoring programs for these species in regional waters.

Co-Occurrence of Two Plasmids Encoding Transferable blaNDM-1 and tet(Y) Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter bereziniae.

Acinetobacter bereziniae has emerged as a significant human pathogen, acquiring multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including carbapenemases. This study focuses on characterizing the plasmids harboring the blaNDM-1 and tet(Y) genes in two carbapenem-resistant A. bereziniae isolates (UCO-553 and UCO-554) obtained in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on UCO-553 and UCO-554. Both isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing to ascertain their sequence type (ST), core genome multilocus sequence-typing (cgMLST) profile, antibiotic resistance genes, plasmids, and mobile genetic elements. Conjugation experiments were performed for both isolates. Results: Both isolates exhibited broad resistance, including resistance to carbapenems, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and aminoglycosides. Both isolates belong to sequence type STPAS1761, with a difference of 17 out of 2984 alleles. Each isolate carried a 47,274 bp plasmid with blaNDM-1 and aph(3')-VI genes and two highly similar plasmids: a 35,184 bp plasmid with tet(Y), sul2, aph(6)-Id, and aph(3″)-Ib genes, and a 6078 bp plasmid containing the ant(2″)-Ia gene. Quinolone-resistance mutations were identified in the gyrA and parC genes of both isolates. Importantly, blaNDM-1 was located within a Tn125 transposon, and tet(Y) was embedded in a Tn5393 transposon. Conjugation experiments successfully transferred blaNDM-1 and tet(Y) into the A. baumannii ATCC 19606 strain, indicating the potential for horizontal gene transfer. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical role of plasmids in disseminating resistance genes in A. bereziniae and underscores the need for the continued genomic surveillance of this emerging pathogen. The findings emphasize the importance of monitoring A. bereziniae for its potential to cause difficult-to-treat infections and its capacity to spread resistance determinants against clinically significant antibiotics.

Molecular epidemiology, microbiological features and infection control strategies for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a German burn and plastic surgery center (2020-2022).

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) frequently causes both healthcare-associated infections and nosocomial outbreaks in burn medicine/plastic surgery and beyond. Owing to the high antibiotic resistance, infections are difficult to treat, and patient outcomes are often compromised. The environmental persistence capability of CRAB favors its transmission in hospitals. A comprehensive analysis and understanding of CRAB epidemiology and microbiology are essential for guiding management. METHODS: A three-year retrospective cohort study (2020-2022) was conducted in a German tertiary burn and plastic surgery center. In addition to epidemiological analyses, microbiological and molecular techniques, including whole-genome sequencing, were applied for the comprehensive examination of isolates from CRAB-positive patients. RESULTS: During the study period, eight CRAB cases were found, corresponding to an overall incidence of 0.2 CRAB cases per 100 cases and an incidence density of 0.35 CRAB cases per 1000 patient-days. Six cases (75%) were treated in the burn intensive care unit, and four cases (50%) acquired CRAB in the hospital. Molecular analyses comprising 74 isolates supported the epidemiologic assumption that hospital acquisitions occurred within two separate clusters. In one of these clusters, environmental CRAB contamination of anesthesia equipment may have enabled transmission. Furthermore, molecular diversity of CRAB isolates within patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS: CRAB can pose a challenge in terms of infection prevention and control, especially if cases are clustered in time and space on a ward. Our study demonstrates that high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of several bacterial isolates from single patients can greatly aid in understanding transmission chains and helps to take precision control measures.

An outbreak of severe or lethal infections by a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST126 strain carrying a plasmid with blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-58 carbapenemases.

Acinetobacter baumannii poses a significant health threat because of its frequent implications in hospital outbreaks and multidrug resistance (MDR). Here, we studied four A. baumannii isolates recovered during a hospital outbreak of severe or fatal cases to elucidate their diversity and factors contributing to their increased virulence and antibiotic resistance. The isolates were identified using MALDI-ToF and characterized using comparative genomics, PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. They were classified as ST126 and exhibited fewer than five chromosomal single-nucleotide variants and the same extrachromosomal content, indicating that they are a single strain (A. baumannii AB01). A. baumannii AB01 showed an MDR phenotype that could be linked to the carriage of parC and gyrA mutations, efflux transporters, aminoglycoside resistance genes, a class C beta-lactamase, and three carbapenemases, some of which are encoded on a 72 kb plasmid. ST126 is infrequent and has not been reported in Latin America, and our genomic data indicate a plausible origin for A. baumannii AB01 within the Pan Pacific region.

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a hospital in Nepal.

OBJECTIVES: The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has become a serious worldwide medical problem. This study was designed to clarify the genetic and epidemiological properties of MDR A. baumannii clinical isolates. METHODS: A total of 66 MDR A. baumannii isolates were obtained from 66 inpatients between May 2019 and February 2020 in a university hospital in Nepal. Whole genomes of these isolates were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from single nucleotide polymorphism concatemers. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and clonal complex (CC) analysis were conducted, and drug-resistance genes were identified. RESULTS: Of the 66 isolates, 26 harboured a gene encoding NDM-type metallo-ß-lactamase, and 55 harboured a gene encoding the 16S rRNA methyltransferase, ArmA. All isolates had point mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 55 isolates harboured armA, 26 harboured blaNDM-1, and14 harboured blaPER-7. Multilocus sequence typing and CC analysis revealed that 34 isolates belonged to CC2 (ST2), 10 to CC1 (nine ST1 and one ST623), and eight to CC149 (ST149). Compared to our previous study on MDR A. baumannii in Nepal in 2012, the isolation rate of CC2 increased, whereas that of CC149 decreased between 2012 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that MDR A. baumannii producing carbapenemase and 16S rRNA methyltransferase, with high resistance to carbapenems and/or aminoglycosides, are spreading in medical settings in Nepal. The genetic backgrounds of MDR A. baumannii isolates have shifted to international clone 2 over several years.

Molecular typing of reduced susceptibility of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex to Chlorhexidine in Turkey by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Introduction. The global spread of Acinetobacter spp., particularly the Acinetobacter calcoaceticusbaumannii (ACB) complex, has led to its recognition as a significant pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). The increasing resistance of the ACB complex to multiple antibiotics presents a challenge for treatment, necessitating accurate antibiotic susceptibility profiling after isolation.Hypothesis or gap statement. There is limited understanding of the antimicrobial resistance and chlorhexidine, a biocide, susceptibility profiles of ACB complex strains, especially in clinical settings in Turkey.Aim. This study aimed to identify ACB complex strains recovered from various clinical specimens at Hacettepe University Hospitals in Ankara, Turkey, in 2019, and to assess identification, their antibiotic and chlorhexidine susceptibility profiles, and genomic relatedness.Methodology. Eighty-two ACB complex strains were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Susceptibility testing to 12 antibiotics was conducted using the disc diffusion method, and colistin, chlorhexidine susceptibility was assessed using the broth microdilution technique, following the latest EUCAST and CLSI guidelines. ACB complex members with reduced chlorhexidine sensitivity were further analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for bacterial typing.Results. Among the isolates, 1.2% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 73.2% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and 12.2% were pandrug-resistant (PDR). Carbapenem resistance was found in 86.7% of MDR, PDR, and XDR strains. Colistin resistance was observed in 15.8% of isolates, and 18.2% exhibited decreased susceptibility to chlorhexidine. PFGE revealed seven different clones among strains with reduced chlorhexidine sensitivity, indicating vertical transmission within the hospital.Conclusion. This study highlights the reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine in ACB complex members and provides epidemiological insights into their spread. The findings underscore the importance of screening for antimicrobial resistance and biocide susceptibility profiles to effectively manage healthcare-associated infections.

Genomic epidemiology of multidrug-resistant clinical Acinetobacter baumannii in Bangladesh.

The rising frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii infections represents a significant public health challenge in Bangladesh. Genomic analysis of bacterial pathogens enhances surveillance and control efforts by providing insights into genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and transmission dynamics. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 82 whole-genome sequences (WGS) of A. baumannii from Bangladesh to understand their genomic epidemiological characteristics. WGS of the MDR and biofilm-forming A. baumannii strain S1C revealed the presence of 28 AMR genes, predicting its pathogenicity and classification within sequence type ST2. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) genotyping suggested heterogeneity in the distribution of clinical A. baumannii strains in Bangladesh, with a predominance of ST575. The resistome diversity was evident from the detection of 82 different AMR genes, with antibiotic inactivation being the most prevalent resistance mechanism. All strains were predicted to be multidrug-resistant. The observed virulence genes were associated with immune evasion, biofilm formation, adherence, nutrient acquisition, effector delivery, and other mechanisms. Mobile genetic elements carrying AMR genes were predicted in 68.29% (N = 56) of the genomes. The "open" state of the pan-genome and a high proportion of accessory genes highlighted the genome plasticity and diversity of A. baumannii in Bangladesh. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis indicated clustering of A. baumannii strains into three separate clades according to sequence type. In summary, our findings offer detailed insights into the genomic landscape of A. baumannii in Bangladesh, contributing to our understanding of its epidemiology and pathogenicity and informing strategies to combat this pathogen.

Antimicrobial resistance genes harbored in invasive Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex isolated from Korean children during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic periods, 2015-2020.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) has emerged as one of the most challenging pathogens worldwide, causing invasive infections in the critically ill patients due to their ability to rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance genes harbored in AB and non-baumannii Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii (NB-ACB) complex causing invasive diseases in Korean children. Methods: ACB complexes isolated from sterile body fluid of children in three referral hospitals were prospectively collected. Colistin susceptibility was additionally tested via broth microdilution. Whole genome sequencing was performed and antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed. Results: During January 2015 to December 2020, a total of 67 ACB complexes were isolated from sterile body fluid of children in three referral hospitals. The median age of the patients was 0.6 (interquartile range, 0.1-7.2) years old. Among all the isolates, 73.1% (n=49) were confirmed as AB and others as NB-ACB complex by whole genome sequencing. Among the AB isolates, only 22.4% susceptible to carbapenem. In particular, all clonal complex (CC) 92 AB (n=33) showed multi-drug resistance, whereas 31.3% in non-CC92 AB (n=16) (P<0.001). NB-ACB showed 100% susceptibility to all classes of antibiotics except 3rd generation cephalosporin (72.2%). The main mechanism of carbapenem resistance in AB was the bla oxa23 gene with ISAba1 insertion sequence upstream. Presence of pmr gene and/or mutation of lpxA/C gene were not correlated with the phenotype of colistin resistance of ACB. All AB and NB-ACB isolates carried the abe and ade multidrug efflux pumps. Conclusions: In conclusion, monitoring and research for resistome in ACB complex is needed to identify and manage drug-resistant AB, particularly CC92 AB carrying the bla oxa23 gene.

Nosocomial transmission of tet(x3), bla NDM-1 and bla OXA-97-carrying Acinetobacter baumannii conferring resistance to eravacycline and omadacycline, the Netherlands, March to August 2021.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb) is an important pathogen causing serious nosocomial infections. We describe an outbreak of CRAb in an intensive care unit in the Netherlands in 2021. During an outbreak of non-resistant A. baumannii, while infection control measures were in place, CRAb isolates carrying highly similar bla NDM-1 - and tet(x3)-encoding plasmids were isolated from three patients over a period of several months. The chromosomal and plasmid sequences of the CRAb and non-carbapenemase-carrying A. baumannii isolates cultured from patient materials were analysed using hybrid assemblies of short-read and long-read sequences. The CRAb isolates revealed that the CRAb outbreak consisted of two different strains, carrying similar plasmids. The plasmids contained multiple antibiotic resistance genes including the tetracycline resistance gene tet(x3), and the bla NDM-1 and bla OXA-97 carbapenemase genes. We determined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 13 antibiotics, including the newly registered tetracycline antibiotics eravacycline and omadacycline. The CRAb isolates showed high MICs for tetracycline antibiotics including eravacycline and omadacycline, except for minocycline which had a low MIC. In this study we show the value of sequencing multidrug-resistant A. baumannii for outbreak tracking and guiding outbreak mitigation measures.

Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii during COVID-19 at a hospital in northern China.

BACKGROUND: The wide spread of carbapenem-resistance clones of Acinetobacter baumannii has made it a global public problem. Some studies have shown that the prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii clones can change over time. However, few studies with respect to the change of epidemiological clones in Acinetobacter baumannii during Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were reported. This study aims to investigate the molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii during COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of 95 non-replicated Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were enrolled in this study, of which 60.0% (n = 57) were identified as carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). The positive rate of the blaOXA-23 gene in CRAB isolates was 100%. A total of 28 Oxford sequence types (STs) were identified, of which the most prevalent STs were ST540 (n = 13, 13.7%), ST469 (n = 13, 13.7%), ST373 (n = 8, 8.4%), ST938 (n = 7, 7.4%) and ST208 (n = 6, 6.3%). Differently, the most widespread clone of Acinetobacter baumannii in China during COVID-19 was ST208 (22.1%). Further study of multidrug-resistant ST540 showed that all of them were carrying blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, blaADC-25 and blaTEM-1D, simultaneously, and first detected Tn2009 in ST540. The blaOXA-23 gene was located on transposons Tn2006 or Tn2009. In addition, the ST540 strain also contains a drug-resistant plasmid with msr(E), armA, sul1 and mph(E) genes. CONCLUSION: The prevalent clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in our organization have changed during COVID-19, which was different from that of China. ST540 strains which carried multiple drug-resistant mobile elements was spreading, indicating that it is essential to strengthen the molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii.

Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the people's hospital of Qingyang City, Gansu province.

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a common opportunistic pathogen in hospitals that causes nosocomial infection. In order to understand the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of A. baumannii isolates, we sequenced and analyzed 62 A. baumannii isolates from a hospital in Gansu province. RESULTS: Non-repeated 62 A. baumannii isolates were collected from August 2015 to November 2021. Most isolates (56/62) were resistant to multiple drugs. All the 62 A. baumannii isolates were resistant to aztreonam and contained blaADC-25 gene which exists only on chromosome contigs. The 62 isolates in this study were not clustered in a single clade, but were dispersed among multiple clades in the common genome. Seven sequence types were identified by Multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis and most isolates (52/62) belonged to ST2. The plasmids were grouped into 11 clusters by MOB-suite. CONCLUSIONS: This study furthers the understanding of A. baumannii antimicrobial-resistant genotypes, and may aid in prevention and control nosocomial infection caused by drug-resistant A. baumannii.

Epidemiological pattern and genomic insights into multidrug-resistant ST491 Acinetobacter baumannii BD20 isolated from an infected wound in Bangladesh: Concerning co-occurrence of three classes of beta lactamase genes.

OBJECTIVE: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a major issue within healthcare facilities in Bangladesh due to its frequent association with hospital-acquired infections. In this study we report on a carbapenem-resistant draft genome sequence of an A. baumannii BD20 sample isolated from an infected wound in Bangladesh. METHODS: A. baumannii BD20 was isolated from an infected burn wound. Whole-genome sequencing was carried out and annotated using PGAP and Prokka. Sequence type, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factor genes, and metal resistance genes were investigated. Core genome multilocus sequence typing-based phylogenomic analysis between A. baumannii BD20 and 213 A. baumannii strains retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database was performed using the BacWGSTdb 2.0 server. RESULTS: A. baumannii BD20 (MLST 491) was resistant to all the antibiotics tested, except for colistin and polymyxin B. Along with many other antibiotic resistance genes, the isolate harbored three classes of beta lactamase-producing genes: blaGES-11 (class A), blaOXA-69 (class D), blaADC-10 (class C), and blaADC-11 (class C). Additionally, the strain carried several virulence genes and metal resistance determinants, which may contribute to its increased virulence. Core genome MLST-based phylogenomic analysis revealed that A. baumannii BD20 was closely related to another ST491 strain isolated from Singapore. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study underscore the growing challenge of MDR A. baumannii, emphasizing the need for vigilant surveillance and infection-control measures in healthcare settings in order to address these emerging threats effectively.

Clinical and microbiological features of a cohort of patients with Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections.

PURPOSE: Acinetobacter baumannii is emerging as a pathogen that is a focus of global concern due to the frequent occurrence of the strains those are extensively resistant to antibiotics. This study was aimed to analyze the clinical and microbiological characteristics of a cohort of patients with A. baumannii bloodstream infections (BSIs) in western China. METHODS: A retrospective study of the patients at West China Hospital of Sichuan University with A. baumannii BSIs between Jan, 2018 and May, 2023 was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii isolates was tested by microdilution broth method. Whole-genome sequencing and genetic analysis were also performed for these isolates. RESULTS: Among the 117 patients included, longer intensive care unit stay, higher mortality, and more frequent invasive procedures and use of more than 3 classes of antibiotics were observed among the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB)-infected group (n = 76), compared to the carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB)-infected group (n = 41, all P ≤ 0.001). Twenty-four sequence types (STs) were determined for the 117 isolates, and 98.7% (75/76) of CRAB were identified as ST2. Compared to non-ST2 isolates, ST2 isolates exhibited higher antibiotic resistance, and carried more resistance and virulence genes (P < 0.05). In addition, 80 (68.4%) isolates were CRISPR-positive, showed higher antibiotic susceptibility, and harbored less resistance and virulence genes, in comparison to CRISPR-negative ones (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic clustering based on coregenome SNPs indicated a sporadic occurrence of clonal transmission. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a high frequency of ST2 among A. baumannii causing BSIs, and high antibiotic susceptibility of non-ST2 and CRISPR-positive isolates. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of this pathogen.

Whole genome sequencing and genomic characteristics analysis of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in two hospitals in China.

Nosocomial outbreaks caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains are rapidly emerging worldwide and are cause for concern. Herein, we aimed to describe the genomic characteristics of CRAB strains isolated from two hospitals in China in 2023. The A. baumannii isolates were mainly collected from the ICU and isolated from the sputum (71.43%, 15/21), followed by urine (14.29%, 3/21). Twenty-one A. baumannii strains possessed a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile, and whole-genome sequencing showed that they all carried blaOXA-23. Based on the Pasteur multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, all strains were typed into a sequence type 2 (ST2). Based on the Oxford MLST scheme, six strains belonged to ST540, three of which were ST208, and four strains were assigned to ST784. Kaptive showed most of the strains (38.10%, 8/21) contained KL93. As for the lipoolygosaccharide (OC locus) type, OCL1c and OCL1d were identified, accounting for 33.33% (7/21) and 66.67% (14/21), respectively. Based on the BacWGSTdb server, we found that the strains belonging to ST540 and ST784 were all collected from China. However, the ST938 strains were isolated from Malaysia and Thailand. Comparative genomics analysis showed that the AB10 strain had a closed relationship with SXAB10-SXAB13 strains, suggesting the transmission happened in these two hospitals and other hospital in China. In addition, the 4300STDY7045869 strain, which was collected from Thailand, possessed near genetic relationship with our isolates in this study, suggesting the possible spread among various countries. Additionally, 3-237 single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed among these strains. In conclusion, this study conducted a genome-based study for A. baumannii strains collected from two hospitals in China and revealed their epidemiological and molecular features. Clone spreading occurred in these two hospitals. Hence, there is an urgent need for increased surveillance in hospitals and other clinical settings to prevent and control CRAB spreading.