Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction , Lung , Mast Cells , Signal Transduction , Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin , Transcriptome , Humans , Mast Cells/metabolism , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Transcriptome/genetics , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Smokers , Male , Smoking/adverse effects , FemaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), observed in many flat-faced dog breeds, is one of the most urgent welfare problems in pedigree dogs. Various breeding schemes against BOAS have been implemented in many countries during recent years, but their impact on breed health remains unknown. The BOAS breeding test, used by the Finnish Kennel Club (FKC), includes an exercise component with a recovery assessment, BOAS grading by a veterinarian that evaluates upper respiratory signs before and after exercise, and a nostril stenosis assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate BOAS breeding test results and estimate the heritability of the BOAS grade using parent-offspring regression from FKC data collected during 2017-2022. RESULTS: The majority (80%) of dogs (n = 957) participating in FKC BOAS testing were English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs. In 2022, 89-100% of the litters from these three breeds registered with the FKC had at least one parent tested for BOAS. The proportion of dogs failing the exercise test was highest in English Bulldogs (11%), followed by French Bulldogs (4%) and Pugs (3%). In these three breeds, moderate to severe BOAS signs were reported in 28%, 22% and 30% of dogs, respectively. The proportion of moderate to severe nostril stenosis was highest (71%) in Pugs, followed by French Bulldogs (55%), and English Bulldogs (40%). Estimates of heritability for BOAS grade were separately calculated for these three breeds and for all dogs, and the estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 to 0.58. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise test alone did not sufficiently identify dogs with moderate to severe BOAS signs. To better consider the complex nature of BOAS and breed differences, exercise tolerance, the severity of upper respiratory signs (BOAS grade) and nostril stenosis should all be assessed together in breeding animals. The heritability estimates for veterinary-assessed BOAS grade indicated that BOAS grade could be used in selective breeding to obtain less-affected offspring.
Subject(s)
Breeding , Dog Diseases , Animals , Dogs/genetics , Dogs/physiology , Dog Diseases/genetics , Dog Diseases/physiopathology , Finland , Female , Male , Airway Obstruction/veterinary , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/physiopathology , Craniosynostoses/veterinary , Craniosynostoses/genetics , Craniosynostoses/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Benign airway stenosis (BAS) means airway stenosis or obstruction that results from a variety of non-malignant factors, including tuberculosis, trauma, benign tumors, etc. In consideration of the currently limited research on microRNAs in BAS, this study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of miR-34c-5p in BAS. The expression of miR-34c-5p in BAS granulation tissues showed a significant down-regulation compared with the normal control group. Moreover, miR-34c-5p mimics suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE). Conversely, miR-34c-5p inhibitors aggravated those effects. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-34c-5p can target MDMX rather than Notch1. The over-expression of MDMX can reverse the inhibiting effect of miR-34c-5p on HBFs proliferation, differentiation and EMT. Furthermore, the expressions of tumor protein (p53) and PTEN were down-regulated following the over-expression of MDMX. In addition, the expressions of PI3K and AKT showed an up-regulation. In conclusion, miR-34c-5p was down-regulated in BAS and may inhibit fibroblast proliferation differentiation and EMT in BAS via the MDMX/p53 signaling axis. These findings expand the understanding of the role of miR-34c-5p and will help develop new treatment strategies for BAS.
Subject(s)
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , MicroRNAs , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 , Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Constriction, Pathologic , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics , Fibroblasts/metabolism , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/pathologyABSTRACT
Robin sequence (RS), the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction, is a major cause of respiratory distress and feeding difficulties in neonates. Robin sequence can be associated with other medical or developmental comorbidities in ~50% of cases ("syndromic" RS). As well, RS is variably associated with cleft palate (CP). Previous studies have not investigated differences in clinical characteristics of children with RS based on presence or absence of CP. We retrospectively reviewed 175 children with RS and compared genetic diagnoses, medical and developmental comorbidities, severity of airway obstruction, and feeding outcomes between those with and without CP. Strikingly, 45 of 45 (100%) children with RS without CP were classified as syndromic due to presence of comorbidities unrelated to RS, while 83 of 130 (64%) children with RS with CP were classified as syndromic. Among 128 children with syndromic RS, there were no differences in severity of airway obstruction, surgical intervention rate or type, or feeding outcome at 12 months based on CP status. Our findings support the conclusion that the pathogenesis of RS without CP is distinct from RS with CP and more likely to cause additional medical or developmental problems. Alternatively, children with RS without CP and without additional anomalies present may be under recognized.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction , Cleft Palate , Micrognathism , Pierre Robin Syndrome , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Child , Cleft Palate/complications , Cleft Palate/diagnosis , Cleft Palate/genetics , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Micrognathism/complications , Pierre Robin Syndrome/diagnosis , Pierre Robin Syndrome/epidemiology , Pierre Robin Syndrome/genetics , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Preclinical studies suggest interleukin (IL)-1α/ß is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, recent trials of anti-IL-1 therapies showed limited benefit for COPD. To clarify, we primarily examined total and direct effects of IL-1 and its receptors/coreceptors/receptor antagonists (IL-1/IL-1Rs) on airflow obstruction (AO) using Mendelian randomization (MR), and secondarily explored reverse causation using bidirectional MR. We selected independent cis protein quantitative trait loci (cis-pQTLs) as genetic instruments for IL-1/IL-1Rs from two proteomic genome-wide association studies (n = 11,594) of European ancestry (mean age â¼47 years). We applied those cis-pQTLs to the International COPD Genetics Consortium (n = 15,256 cases, 47,936 controls) of â¼81.9% European descent (â¼57 years). No IL-1/IL-1Rs were significantly associated with AO after correction for multiple testing. However, a higher genetically predicted IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was nominally associated with a 20% reduction in AO risk using univariable MR, with a larger direct effect (â¼31%, i.e. not via IL-1α/ß) using multivariable MR. Furthermore, higher total IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was nominally associated with lower AO. Nominal total effects were also noted for higher IL-1α with lower AO and higher IL-1R1 with higher AO. Higher IL-1Ra and IL-18BP might have a role in preventing AO, but need to be contextualized.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2021.1955848 .
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction , Inflammation , Interleukin-1 , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Chronic Disease , Female , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/genetics , Interleukin-1/genetics , Male , Mendelian Randomization Analysis , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics , Receptors, Interleukin-1/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence shows that environmental factors in childhood play a role in development of irreversible airway obstruction. We evaluated early-life and preschool-age risk factors for irreversible airway obstruction in adolescence after bronchiolitis in infancy. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during prospective long-term follow-up of our post-bronchiolitis cohort. Risk factor data were collected during hospitalisation and on follow-up visits at 5-7 and 10-13 years of ages. Lung function was measured from 103 participants with impulse oscillometry at 5-7 years of age and from 89 participants with flow-volume spirometry at 10-13 years of age. RESULTS: Asthma diagnosis at <12 months of age showed a significant association with irreversible airway obstruction at 10-13 years of age independently from current asthma. Irreversible airway obstruction was less frequent in children with variant than wild genotype of the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) rs4986790, but the significance was lost in logistic regression adjusted for current asthma and weight status. Higher post-bronchodilator respiratory system resistance at 5 Hz and lower baseline and post-bronchodilator reactance at 5 Hz by impulse oscillometry at 5-7 years of age were associated with irreversible airway obstruction at 10-13 years of age. CONCLUSION: Asthma diagnosis during the first living year and worse lung function at preschool age increased the risk for irreversible airway obstruction at 10-13 years of age after bronchiolitis. TLR4 rs4986790 polymorphism may be protective for development of irreversible airway obstruction after bronchiolitis.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/etiology , Asthma/complications , Bronchiolitis/complications , Adolescent , Age Factors , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/epidemiology , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Resistance/physiology , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchiolitis/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Genotype , Humans , Male , Oscillometry , Polymorphism, Genetic , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Spirometry , Time Factors , Toll-Like Receptor 4/geneticsABSTRACT
Mucus-secreting goblet cells are the dominant cell type in pulmonary diseases, e.g., asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF), leading to pathologic mucus metaplasia and airway obstruction. Cytokines including IL-13 are the major players in the transdifferentiation of club cells into goblet cells. Unexpectedly, we have uncovered a previously undescribed pathway promoting mucous metaplasia that involves VEGFa and its receptor KDR. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis coupled with genetic mouse modeling demonstrates that loss of epithelial VEGFa, KDR, or MEK/ERK kinase promotes excessive club-to-goblet transdifferentiation during development and regeneration. Sox9 is required for goblet cell differentiation following Kdr inhibition in both mouse and human club cells. Significantly, airway mucous metaplasia in asthmatic and CF patients is also associated with reduced KDR signaling and increased SOX9 expression. Together, these findings reveal an unexpected role for VEGFa/KDR signaling in the defense against mucous metaplasia, offering a potential therapeutic target for this common airway pathology.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Metaplasia/genetics , SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics , Airway Obstruction/metabolism , Airway Obstruction/pathology , Animals , Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Goblet Cells/metabolism , Goblet Cells/pathology , Humans , Interleukin-13/genetics , MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics , Metaplasia/pathology , Mice , Mucus/metabolism , Single-Cell AnalysisABSTRACT
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an airway obstruction caused by a thick mucus due to a malfunctioning Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. The sticky mucus restricts drugs in reaching target cells limiting the efficiency of treatments. The development of new approaches to enhance drug delivery to the lungs represents CF treatment's main challenge. In this work, we report the production and characterization of hybrid core-shell nanoparticles (hNPs) comprising a PLGA core and a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) shell engineered for inhalation. We loaded hNPs with a 7-mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) previously considered for its ability to modulate the post-transcriptional regulation of the CFTR gene. We also investigated the in vitro release kinetics of hNPs and their efficacy in PNA delivery across the human epithelial airway barrier using an ex vivo model based on human primary nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) from CF patients. Confocal analyses and hNPs transport assay demonstrated the ability of hNPs to overcome the mucus barrier and release their PNA cargo within the cytoplasm, where it can exert its biological function.
Subject(s)
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis/drug therapy , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Peptide Nucleic Acids/pharmacology , 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry , 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/pharmacology , Airway Obstruction/drug therapy , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/pathology , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis/pathology , Drug Delivery Systems , Humans , Lung/drug effects , Lung/pathology , Mucus/drug effects , Nasal Mucosa/drug effects , Peptide Nucleic Acids/chemistry , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5) on airway inflammation and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism. Specifically, the focus was on the imbalance of T helper (Th)1/Th2 cells and the dysregulated expression of transcription factors, including transacting T cellspecific transcription factor 3 (GATA3), runtrelated transcription factor 3 (Runx3) and Tbox transcription factor TBX21 (Tbet). In this study, ambient PM2.5 was collected and analyzed, male BALB/c mice were sensitized and treated with PBS, ovalbumin (OVA), PM2.5 or OVA + PM2.5. The effects of PM2.5 alone or PM2.5 + OVA on immunopathological changes, the expression of transcription factors GATA3, Runx3 and Tbet, and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 were investigated. It was found that PM2.5 + OVA coexposure significantly enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, increased higher tracheal secretions in lung tissue and upregulated respiratory resistance response to acetylcholine compared with PM2.5 or OVA single exposure and control groups. In addition, higher protein and mRNA expression levels of Th2 inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)4, IL5 and IL13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed in PM2.5 + OVA treated mice, whereas the expression levels of GATA3 and STAT6 were exhibited in mice exposed to OVA + PM2.5 compared with the OVA and PM2.5 groups. By contrast, PM2.5 exposure decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokine interferonγ and transcription factors Runx3 and Tbet, especially among asthmatic mice, different from OVA group, PM2.5 exposure only failed to influence the expression of Tbet. To conclude, PM2.5 exposure evoked the allergic airway inflammation response, especially in the asthmatic mouse model and led to Th1/Th2 imbalance. These effects worked mainly by upregulating GATA3 and downregulating Runx3. These data suggested that Runx3 may play an important role in PM2.5aggravated asthma in BALB/c mice.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Asthma/genetics , Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics , GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics , STAT6 Transcription Factor/genetics , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Airway Obstruction/chemically induced , Airway Obstruction/immunology , Airway Obstruction/pathology , Animals , Asthma/chemically induced , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Hypersensitivity/genetics , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/pathology , Mice , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Th1 Cells/drug effects , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1-Th2 Balance/drug effects , Th2 Cells/drug effects , Th2 Cells/immunologyABSTRACT
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction in response to a wide range of exogenous stimuli. The airway epithelium is the first line of defense and plays an important role in initiating host defense and controlling immune responses. Indeed, increasing evidence indicates a range of abnormalities in various aspects of epithelial barrier function in asthma. A central part of this impairment is a disruption of the airway epithelial layer, allowing inhaled substances to pass more easily into the submucosa where they may interact with immune cells. Furthermore, many of the identified susceptibility genes for asthma are expressed in the airway epithelium. This review focuses on the biology of the airway epithelium in health and its pathobiology in asthma. We will specifically discuss external triggers such as allergens, viruses and alarmins and the effect of type 2 inflammatory responses on airway epithelial function in asthma. We will also discuss epigenetic mechanisms responding to external stimuli on the level of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, as well the airway epithelium as a potential treatment target in asthma.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/chemically induced , Allergens/toxicity , Asthma/genetics , Lung/drug effects , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/immunology , Allergens/immunology , Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology , Animals , Asthma/chemically induced , Asthma/immunology , Epithelium/drug effects , Epithelium/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Humans , Lung/immunology , Lung/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Respiratory Mucosa/immunologySubject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/physiopathology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetic Variation , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Brachycephalic syndrome (BS) is a pathophysiological disorder caused by excessive soft tissue within the upper airways of short-nosed dog breeds, causing obstruction of the nasal, pharyngeal and laryngeal lumen, resulting in severe respiratory distress. As the prevalence of BS appears to be high among some of the affected breeds, there is an urgent need for breeding efforts to improve the health status of those dogs. In the present study, we evaluated correlations between morphometric and other phenotypic characteristics and BS in a population of 69 French bulldogs from Denmark to identify parameters that could serve as a basis for breeding against BS. Furthermore, the genetic variation was monitored to determine whether it would be possible to breed based on these characteristics without simultaneously causing a critical reduction in genetic variation. Six phenotypic characteristics were correlated with the Brachycephalic Syndrome Functional (BSF) score. Among the morphometric risk factors, nostril stenosis (NS) and neck girth (NG) had the highest impact on the BSF score, accounting for 32% and 4% of the variation, respectively. The genetic variation in the population was comparable to other pure breeds, i.e. estimated and observed heterozygosity was 0.60 and the average inbreeding coefficient was 0.01. If only dogs with Grades 1 and 2 NS (no or only mild NS) were selected for breeding the mean BSF score would be reduced significantly. However, it would result in the exclusion of 81% of the population for breeding and this is not prudent. Excluding only dogs with severe stenosis (Grade 4) would exclude 50% of the population without any adverse impact on genetic variation within the population. Although exclusion of dogs with Grade 4 would result in an apparent reduction in the mean BSF score, this reduction is not significant. As NS accounts for 32% of the variation in BSF score, a possible long term strategy to reduce the prevalence of the BS in French bulldogs would seem to be a selection scheme that first excluded dogs with the most severe NS from breeding, gradually moving towards selecting dogs with lower NS grades. According to our findings there is no viable short term solution for reducing the prevalence of BS in the French bulldog population.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/prevention & control , Breeding/methods , Craniosynostoses/prevention & control , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Dogs , Respiration , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Animals , Craniosynostoses/complications , Craniosynostoses/genetics , Craniosynostoses/veterinary , Dog Diseases/genetics , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Exercise Test/veterinary , Female , Male , Nasal Cavity/anatomy & histology , Nasal Cavity/physiopathology , Phenotype , Respiration/genetics , Risk Factors , Selection, Genetic/physiology , SyndromeABSTRACT
Osteopontin (OPN) plays a role in inflammation via recruitment of neutrophils and tissue remodeling. In this study, we investigated the distribution of OPN-expressing cells in the airway epithelium of normal lung tissue and that from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OPN was detected on the epithelial cell surface of small airways and in scattered cells within the epithelial cell layer. Staining revealed higher OPN concentrations in tissue showing moderate to severe COPD compared to that in controls. In addition, OPN expression was confined to goblet and club cells, and was absent from ciliated and basal cells as detected via immunohistochemistry. However, OPN expression was up-regulated in submerged basal cells cultures exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) extract. Cell fractioning of air-liquid interface cultures revealed increased OPN production from basal compartment cells compared to that in luminal fraction cells. Furthermore, both constitutive and CS-induced expression of OPN decreased during differentiation. In contrast, cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 to promote goblet cell hyperplasia showed increased OPN production in response to CS exposure. These results indicate that the cellular composition of the airway epithelium plays an important role in OPN expression and that these levels may reflect disease endotypes in COPD.
Subject(s)
Airway Remodeling/genetics , Inflammation/genetics , Osteopontin/genetics , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics , Adult , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/pathology , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Humans , Inflammation/chemically induced , Inflammation/pathology , Interleukin-13/genetics , Lung/growth & development , Lung/pathology , Male , Neutrophils/drug effects , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Smoke/adverse effects , Smoking/adverse effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Brachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is known about the consequences of upper airway obstruction on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile. OBJECTIVES: To describe history, clinical presentation, and anatomic abnormalities; to evaluate systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile; and to identify possible associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, inflammatory response, and metabolic profile in brachycephalic dogs with airway obstruction. ANIMALS: Thirty purebred brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS). METHODS: Prospective study. The following information was recorded and studied: respiratory and digestive signs, airway and digestive endoscopic anomalies, presence or absence of tracheal hypoplasia, histologic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), fructosamine, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma concentrations of lipoprotein classes. RESULTS: A high proportion of dogs (76.7%) had gastrointestinal signs. Esophageal deviation, atony of the cardia of the stomach, and distal esophagitis were the most common endoscopic anomalies detected. Twenty-six (86.6%) dogs had different degrees of laryngeal collapse. Gastrointestinal histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, pre-beta, beta lipoproteins, and chylomicrons were increased to a variable extent. Significant associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, CRP, and metabolic profile were not found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Despite the presence of inflammation and some mild metabolic derangements, the clinicopathological variables evaluated did not offer valuable information in dogs with BAOS.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/veterinary , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Dog Diseases/metabolism , Metabolome , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/metabolism , Animals , Craniosynostoses/genetics , Craniosynostoses/veterinary , Dog Diseases/blood , Dog Diseases/genetics , Dogs , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Inflammation/veterinary , Male , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of miRNA-let 7a, 7b, and 7c in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in infants with asthma and airway foreign bodies. Between January 2016 and February 2017, 27 infants were included and divided into observation group (infants with asthma, n = 15) and control group (infants with airway foreign bodies, n = 12). The differential expression profiles of miRNA-let 7a, 7b, and 7c were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from infants of the 2 groups. The BALF was collected from infants undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. MiRNA-let 7a, 7b, and 7c increased significantly in infants from observation group as compared with control group (2.72 ± 0.48 vs 1, 8.23 ± 1.64 vs 1, 3.16 ± 0.62 vs 1, respectively). The increased expression of miRNA-let 7a, 7b, and 7c were associated with the asthma of infants.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Asthma/genetics , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Foreign Bodies/genetics , MicroRNAs/cerebrospinal fluid , Respiratory System/metabolism , Airway Obstruction/cerebrospinal fluid , Asthma/cerebrospinal fluid , Female , Foreign Bodies/cerebrospinal fluid , Humans , Infant , Male , MicroRNAs/genetics , Respiratory System/chemistry , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is a negative feedback inhibitor of cytokine signaling with T-cell-mediated immunosuppressive effects on obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of T-cell-specific overexpression of SOCS3 using a murine heterotopic tracheal transplantation (HTT) model. METHODS: Tracheal allografts from BALB/c mice were subcutaneously transplanted into wild-type C57BL/6J (B6; WT) mice and SOCS3 transgenic B6 (SOCS3TG) mice. Tracheal allografts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays at days 7 and 21. RESULTS: At day 21, allografts in SOCS3TG mice showed significant amelioration of airway obstruction and epithelial loss compared with allografts in WT mice. The intragraft expression of IFN-γ and CXCL10 was suppressed, while that of IL-4 was enhanced in SOCS3TG mice at day 7. The T-bet levels were lower in SOCS3TG allografts than in WT allografts at day 7. CONCLUSION: We revealed that the overexpression of SOCS3 in T cells effectively ameliorates OB development in a murine HTT model by inhibiting the Th1 phenotype in the early phase. Our results suggest that the regulation of the T-cell response, through the modulation of SOCS expression, has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for chronic lung allograft dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Obstruction/immunology , Airway Obstruction/therapy , Gene Expression , Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/genetics , Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes , Trachea/transplantation , Transplantation, Heterotopic , Allografts , Animals , Bronchiolitis Obliterans/genetics , Bronchiolitis Obliterans/immunology , Bronchiolitis Obliterans/therapy , Chronic Disease , Graft Rejection/therapy , Immune Tolerance , Lung Transplantation , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Models, AnimalSubject(s)
Airway Obstruction/metabolism , Asthma/metabolism , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism , Respiratory System/pathology , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Airway Remodeling/genetics , Asthma/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics , Humans , Hyperplasia , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology , Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics , Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Up-Regulation , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/geneticsABSTRACT
The mechanisms of controlling airway smooth muscle (ASM) tone are of utmost clinical importance as inappropriate constriction is a hallmark in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Receptors for acetylcholine and serotonin, two relevant mediators in this context, appear to be incorporated in specialized, cholesterol-rich domains of the plasma membrane, termed caveolae due to their invaginated shape. The structural protein caveolin-1 partly accounts for anchoring of these receptors. We here determined the role of the other major caveolar protein, caveolin-3 (cav-3), in orchestrating cholinergic and serotonergic ASM responses, utilizing newly generated cav-3 deficient mice. Cav-3 deficiency fully abrogated serotonin-induced constriction of extrapulmonary airways in organ baths while leaving intrapulmonary airways unaffected, as assessed in precision cut lung slices. The selective expression of cav-3 in tracheal, but not intrapulmonary bronchial epithelial cells, revealed by immunohistochemistry, might explain the differential effects of cav-3 deficiency on serotonergic ASM constriction. The cholinergic response of extrapulmonary airways was not altered, whereas a considerable increase was observed in cav-3-/- intrapulmonary bronchi. Thus, cav-3 differentially organizes serotonergic and cholinergic signaling in ASM through mechanisms that are specific for airways of certain caliber and anatomical position. This may allow for selective and site-specific intervention in hyperreactive states.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/genetics , Bronchi/metabolism , Caveolin 3/genetics , Caveolin 3/metabolism , Trachea/metabolism , Airway Obstruction/metabolism , Animals , Constriction, Pathologic , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Muscarine/pharmacology , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism , Serotonin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The diphthamide biosynthesis 1 (DPH1) gene encodes one of the essential components of the enzyme catalyzing the first step of diphthamide formation on eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2). Diphthamide is the posttranslationally modified histidine residue on EEF2 that promotes protein chain elongation in the ribosome. DPH1 defects result in a failure of protein synthesis involving EEF2, leading to growth defects, embryonic lethality, and cell death. In humans, DPH1 mutations cause developmental delay with a short stature, dysmorphic features, and sparse hair, and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner (MIM#616901). To date, only two homozygous missense mutations in DPH1 (c.17T>A, p.Met6Lys and c.701T>C, p.Leu234Pro) have been reported. We used WES to identify novel compound heterozygous mutations in DPH1 (c.289delG, p.Glu97Lysfs*8 and c.491T>C, p.Leu164Pro) in a patient from a nonconsanguineous family presenting with intellectual disability, a short stature, craniofacial abnormalities, and external genital abnormalities. The clinical phenotype of all patients with DPH1 mutations, including the current patient, revealed core features, although the external genital anomaly was newly recognized in our case.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/genetics , Heterozygote , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics , Mutation , Phenotype , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics , Urogenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Urogenital Abnormalities/genetics , Alleles , Amino Acid Substitution , Brain/abnormalities , Brain/diagnostic imaging , DNA Mutational Analysis , Facies , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pedigree , SyndromeABSTRACT
Extremely brachycephalic, or short-muzzled, dog breeds such as pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs are prone to the conformation-related respiratory disorder-brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Affected dogs present with a wide range of clinical signs from snoring and exercise intolerance, to life-threatening events such as syncope. In this study, conformational risk factors for BOAS that could potentially aid in breeding away from BOAS were sought. Six hundred and four pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs were included in the study. Soft tape measurements of the head and body were used and the inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated. Breed-specific models were developed to assess the associations between the conformational factors and BOAS status based on functional grading. The models were further validated by means of a BOAS index, which is an objective measurement of respiratory function using whole-body barometric plethysmography. The final models have good predictive power for discriminating BOAS (-) and BOAS (+) phenotypes indicated by the area under the curve values of >80% on the receiver operating curves. When other factors were controlled, stenotic nostrils were associated with BOAS in all three breeds; pugs and bulldogs with higher body condition scores (BCS) had a higher risk of developing BOAS. Among the standardized conformational measurements (i.e. craniofacial ratio (CFR), eye width ratio (EWR), skull index (SI), neck girth ratio (NGR), and neck length ratio (NLR)), for pugs EWR and SI, for French bulldogs NGR and NLR, and for bulldogs SI and NGR showed significant associations with BOAS status. However, the NGR in bulldogs was the only significant predictor that also had satisfactory inter-observer reproducibility. A NGR higher than 0.71 in male bulldogs was predictive of BOAS with approximately 70% sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, stenotic nostrils, BCS, and NGR were found to be valid, easily applicable predictors for BOAS (+).