Intradevice Repeatability and Interdevice Comparison of Two Specular Microscopy Devices in a Real-Life Setting: Tomey EM-4000 and Nidek CEM-530.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare two commercially available specular microscopes (Tomey EM-4000 and Nidek CEM-530) in a real-life clinical setting in terms of intra- and interdevice variability. The study was conducted on all patients seen in a clinical practice specializing in anterior segment pathologies, regardless of the purpose of their visit. Materials and Methods: In total, 112 eyes of 56 patients (age 23-85 years old) were included in the study. Each eye was measured three times with each device (for a total of six measurements), and results for central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) were recorded. The results were then evaluated with the D'Agostino-Pearson normality test and compared with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, t-test, ANOVA or Mann-Whitney test for intra- and interdevice variability. Results: Both specular microscopes produced very reliable reproducible intradevice results: The Tomey EM-4000 measured an ECD of 2390 ± 49.57 cells/mm2 (mean ± standard error of mean); the range was 799-3010 cells/mm2. The determined CCT was 546 ± 5.104 µm (mean ± standard error of mean [SEM]); the range was 425-615 µm. The measurements with the Nidek CEM-530 revealed an ECD of 2417 ± 0.09 cells/mm2 (mean ± SEM); the range was 505-3461 cells/mm2 (mean ± SEM). The mean CCT detected was 546.3 ± 4.937 µm (mean ± SEM); the range was 431-621 µm. The interdevice differences were statistically significant for both parameters, ECD (p = 0.0175) and CCT (p = 0.0125) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Nidek CEM-530 and the Tomey EM-4000 both produced reliable and reproducible results in terms of ECD and CCT. The absolute measurements were statistically significantly different for CCT and ECD for both devices; the Nidek produces slightly higher values.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas lácteas probióticas adicionadas de polpa de morango e suplementadas com L-triptofano elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino / Development of probiotic dairy beverages with strawberry pulp and supplemented with L-tryptophan from buffalo and bovine milk

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de bebida láctea bubalina probiótica adicionada de polpa de morango, comparando os efeitos do uso do leite de búfala e de vaca na elaboração dos produtos e verificando a possibilidade de suplementação com triptofano nos produtos lácteos probióticos. Como primeira etapa do trabalho, bebidas lácteas probióticas foram elaboradas a partir de leite bubalino e bovino, fermentadas com Streptococcus thermophilus TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, e formuladas com 0, 25 e 50% de soro em sua formulação. As bebidas foram avaliadas quanto à cinética de fermentação das culturas láticas utilizadas, ao teor de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais não gordurosos, pós-acidificação, viabilidade das culturas fermentadoras e sua capacidade de sobrevivência ao estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas apresentaram resultados superiores as bebidas bovinas. O uso do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas promoveu benefícios quanto as culturas láticas presentes nos produtos, exercendo efeito protetivo e influindo na preservação da viabilidade das bactérias ao longo do armazenamento refrigerado e durante a simulação do estresse gastrointestinal in vitro. As bebidas lácteas elaboradas com 25% apresentaram os resultados mais próximos aos obtidos pelos produtos controle, sem adição de soro, sendo selecionadas para a segunda parte do estudo. Nesta etapa, as formulações de bebida láctea com 25% de soro, foram acrescidas de um preparado com polpa de morango e bebidas sem adição da fruta, utilizadas como controle. As bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas, apresentaram menor teor de gordura e melhores características reológicas, com maior viscosidade e consistência do que os produtos controle, sem afetar a pós-acidificação, o perfil de ácido graxo, assim como, a viabilidade e a resistência às condições de estresse gastrointestinal in vitro das culturas fermentadoras. A avaliação da possibilidade de suplementar lácteos probióticos com triptofano foi realizada em conjunto com a Universidade de Milão. Para isso, iogurtes probióticos receberam adição de triptofano antes ou após a fermentação, sendo avaliados com relação ao perfil de pós-acidificação, quantidade de triptofano nos produtos, número de células viáveis por plaqueamento e citometria de fluxo ao longo do armazenamento a 25° e 4°C. Complementarmente, a influência da presença do triptofano no crescimento e produção de compostos antimicrobianos pelas culturas láticas, também foi avaliada. A adição de triptofano após a fermentação dos iogurtes, que foram armazenados sob refrigeração (4°C), além de não afetar a pós-acidificação dos produtos, apresentou benefícios quanto a viabilidade L. acidophilus, redução do dano e aumento do número de células vivas, promovendo teor maior do aminoácido nos iogurtes. A presença do triptofano nos meios de cultivo, também influenciou de forma positiva o crescimento de S. thermophilus e L. acidophilus, melhorando o desenvolvimento das bactérias durante a fermentação e influindo em uma maior atividade antilistérica por parte do S. thermophilus. Diante da influência positiva da aplicação do leite de búfala na elaboração das bebidas lácteas, assim como, a adição do triptofano em iogurtes probióticos, a suplementação do aminoácido em bebidas lácteas bubalinas frutadas permitiria a obtenção de um produto funcional, onde seus benefícios estariam relacionados tanto ao consumo do probiótico presente no produto quanto a complementação de triptofano na dieta do consumidor

The aim of this study was to develop a formulation of probiotic buffalo dairy beverage added with strawberry pulp, comparing the effects of using buffalo and cow's milk in the preparation of products and verifying the possibility of tryptophan supplementation in probiotic dairy products. As a first stage of the work, probiotic dairy beverages were made from buffalo and bovine milk, fermented with Streptococcus thermophiles TA040, Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, and formulated with 0, 25 and 50% whey in their formulation. The beverages were evaluated for the fermentation kinetics of the used lactic cultures, the levels of protein, fat and total no fat solids, post-acidification, fermenting cultures viability and their ability to survive gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Buffalo milk use in dairy beverages production promoted benefits regarding the lactic cultures present in the products, exerting a protective effect and influencing the viability preservation of bacteria during the cold storage and simulation of gastrointestinal stress in vitro. Dairy beverages made with 25% whey addition showed results similar to those obtained by the control products, without whey addition, being selected for the second part of the study. In this part, the dairy beverages formulations with 25% whey, were added with a preparation were added with a strawberry pulp preparation and dairy beverages without added fruit, used as a control. Fruity bubaline dairy beverages had lower fat content and better rheological characteristics, with higher viscosity and consistency than control products, without affecting post-acidification, fatty acid profile, as well as viability and resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal condition of fermented cultures. The possibility of supplementing probiotic dairy products with tryptophan was evaluated in partnership with the University of Milan. For this, probiotic yogurts received the addition of tryptophan before or after fermentation, being evaluated in relation to the post-acidification profile, tryptophan amount in the products, viable cell number per plating and flow cytometry during storage at 25°C and 4°C. In addition, the influence of the tryptophan presence on the growth and production of antimicrobial compounds by lactic cultures was also evaluated. The addition of tryptophan after the yogurt fermentation, which were stored under refrigeration (4°C), in addition to not affecting the post-acidification of the products, showed benefits to the viability of L. acidophilus, reduced the damage and increased the number of cells promoting higher amino acid content in yogurts. Tryptophan presence in the culture media also positively influenced the growth of S. thermophiles and L. acidophilus, improving the development of bacteria during fermentation and influencing better antilisteric activity in the part of S. thermophiles. In view of the buffalo milk positive influence observed after the application in dairy beverage preparation, as well as the addition of tryptophan in probiotic yoghurts, amino acid supplementation in fruity buffalo dairy beverages would allow to obtain a functional product, where its benefits would be related both to the consumption of the probiotic present in the product as to the supplementation of tryptophan in the consumer's diet

Optimization of expression yield in a stable cell line expressing a novel mutated chimeric tissue plasminogen activator (mt-PA)

Abstract The development of stable cell lines producing recombinant proteins is very time-consuming and laborious. One of the practical approaches successfully performed is Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). A mutated chimeric tissue plasminogen activator (mt-PA) was developed by removing the first three domains of t-PA, insertion of GHRP sequence and mutation toward resistance to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In the current study, a new stable CHO-DG44 cell line producing mt-PA was developed by two sequential clonal selections: FACS and clonal-selection by limiting dilution. Furthermore, the expression was more evaluated using two different expression media. Finally, the high-producing clones were selected based on the dot blot and amidolytic activity test. The transfection efficiency of CHO-DG44 cells was 38% as measured by flow cytometry on green fluorescent protein (GFP). After performing FACS on stable cell pools, the expression yield was increased to fifty-fold. In terms of growth profile, CD-DG44 showed higher viability and cell density results than ProCHO5 medium. The expression of mt-PA was significantly higher in CD-DG44 than in ProCHO5, 765 and 280 IU/mL, respectively. Our data indicated that selection of an appropriate expression medium played a critical role in the development of potent producing stable cells by FACS.

Hematopoietic progenitor cell counting can optimize peripheral blood stem cell apheresis process.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring of stem cell concentration in transplantation settings is crucial to determine the optimal time of apheresis and is currently based on enumeration of CD34+ cells by flow cytometry. No surrogate marker has replaced CD34+ cell enumeration to date. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) parameter of the Sysmex XN-1000 analyzer in terms of optimizing the peripheral blood stem cell apheresis process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of flow cytometric CD34+ cell and Sysmex HPC count were compared in 208 preharvest samples and 139 apheresis products. RESULTS: HPC and CD34+ cell counts showed significant differences in the multiple myeloma (MM) group. The correlation between preharvest HPC and CD34+ cell counts was good in the MM group (rho = .613) and strong in the lymphoma group (rho = .802), allogeneic donors (rho = .923), and other group of samples (rho = .816). The HPC positive cutoff demonstrating 100% specificity and positive predictive value for MM patients was high for ≥20/µL and ≥10/µL CD34+ cell counts, and therefore of limited value. The HPC negative cutoff demonstrating 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value was approximately <4/µL, irrespective of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on proposed HPC positive cutoffs (≥31/µL in the lymphoma group and ≥11/µL in the other group of samples), routine HPC enumeration could improve the workflow by replacing CD34+ cell counting in allogeneic donors as well as non-MM patients. Furthermore, based on proposed HPC negative cutoff (<4/µL), CD34+ cell counting could be fully omitted in donors and patients that are not adequately mobilized.

The relationship of bovine milk somatic cell count to neutrophil level in samples of cow's milk assessed by an automatic cell counter.

This research communication describes the application of a fluorescent automatic cell counter Lactoscan SCC for simultaneous determination of somatic cell count and neutrophils in bovine milk. The obtained results were compared with results obtained by a flow cytometer and a light microscope. The Pearson correlations between the methods were calculated. A comparison between the main characteristics of the three kinds of analysis was made - the assay duration and the intra-assay precision. A relation between the SCC and neutrophil cells was observed in 55 milk samples. The obtained results confirm that the simultaneous determination of SCC and neutrophil analysis are necessary and support the early diagnosis of mastitis, the timely treatment of the animal and the avoidance of major economic losses.

A sample-preparation-free, automated, sample-to-answer system for cell counting in human body fluids.

While many clinical laboratory tests are now highly automated, body fluid cell counting, particularly in low-cellularity samples such as cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), is often performed manually. Here, we report a simple, cost-effective method to obtain white and red blood cell counts from human body fluids such as CSF. The method consists of a compact, automated, and low-cost fluorescence microscope system, coupled to a sample chamber containing all of the necessary reagents in dry form to stain and prepare the sample. Sample focus and scanning are handled automatically, and the acquired multimodal images are automatically analyzed to extract cell counts. Comparison with manual counting on over 200 clinical samples shows excellent agreement. As the system counts a substantially larger image region than a standard manual cell count, we find our sensitivity to extremely low cellularity samples to potentially be higher than the manual gold standard, evidenced by our system recording images of cells in samples whose cell count was registered as "0" by a trained user. Thus, our system holds promise for routine, automated, and sensitive analysis of body fluids whose cellularity extends across a wide dynamic range.

Corneal and anterior chamber morphology in patients with noninfectious intraocular inflammation / Morfologia da córnea e da câmara anterior em pacientes com inflamação intraocular não infecciosa

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the corneal and anterior chamber morphology in phakic eyes with noninfectious intraocular inflammation. Methods: This study included 59 eyes with active uveitis, 62 with inactive uveitis, and 95 healthy eyes. Corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonal cell ratio, coefficient of variation (CV), corneal thickness and volume, maximum keratometry, and anterior chamber volume and depth (ACD) measurements were performed using a specular microscope and Pentacam HR. Results: The mean duration of uveitis was 24.6 ± 40.5 (0-180) months. The mean number of uveitis attacks was 2.8 ± 3.0 (1-20). Coefficient of variation was significantly higher in the active uveitis group compared with inactive uveitis group (p=0.017, Post Hoc Tukey). Anterior segment parameters other than coefficient of variation were not significantly different between active/inactive uveitis and control groups (p>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that coefficient of variation was greater in active uveitis compared with inactive uveitis after adjusting for the duration of uveitis, type of uveitis, having a rheumatologic disease, and having immunosuppressive treatment (p=0.003). The duration of uveitis and number of attacks were not significantly correlated with ocular parameters (p>0.05, Spearman's correlation). The difference in parameters was not significant based on uveitis type (p>0.05). Conclusions: Coefficient of variation was higher in eyes with active uveitis than that in eyes with inactive uveitis, whereas corneal endothelial cell density and anterior chamber morphology did not significantly differ between active/inactive uveitis and control groups.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a morfologia da córnea e da câmara anterior em olhos fácicos com inflamação intraocular não infecciosa. Métodos: Esse estudo incluiu 59 olhos com uveíte ativa, 62 olhos com uveíte inativa e 95 olhos saudáveis. A densidade de células endoteliais da córnea, a proporção de células hexagonais, o coeficiente de variação, o volume e a espessura da córnea, a ceratometria máxima e o volume e profundidade da câmara anterior foram medidos com um microscópio especular e uma Pentacam HR. Resultados: A duração média da uveíte foi de 24,6 ± 40,5 (0-180) meses. O número médio de crises de uveíte foi de 2,8 ± 3,0 (1-20). O coeficiente de variação foi significativamente maior no grupo com uveíte ativa do que no grupo com uveíte inativa (p=0,017, Tukey post-hoc). Não houve diferença significativa nos demais parâmetros do segmento anterior entre os grupos com uveíte ativa, com uveíte inativa e controle (p>0,05). A análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou que o coeficiente de variação foi maior na uveíte ativa do que na uveíte inativa, após ajustes para a duração e tipo de uveíte e a presença ou não de doença reumática e de tratamento imunossupressor (p=0,003). A duração da uveíte e o número de crises não demonstraram correlação significativa com os parâmetros oculares (p>0,05, correlação de Spearman). A diferença nos parâmetros não demonstrou correlação significativa com o tipo de uveíte (p>0,05). Conclusões: O coeficiente de variação foi maior nos olhos com uveíte ativa do que naqueles com uveíte inativa, ao passo que a densidade de células endoteliais e a morfologia da câmara anterior não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos com uveíte ativa, com uveíte inativa e controle.(AU)

Análise Técnico-Econômica para a produção de biofármacos de L-asparaginase / Technical-Economic analysis for the production of L-asparaginase biopharmaceuticals

A enzima L-asparaginase é comumente utilizada como biofármaco para o tratamento da Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda e possui altas taxas de cura com o medicamento disponível no mercado. Atualmente a aquisição deste biofármaco é fruto integral de importação, não sendo realizada produção nacional, muito embora existam grupos de pesquisas nacionais que trabalham em pesquisas e no desenvolvimento de biofármacos alternativos da L-asparaginase. Assim, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo realizar análises técnico-econômicas para avaliar a viabilidade de implementação industrial de bioprocessos para a produção da L-asparaginase do tipo Erwinase PEGuilada e não PEGuilada, que foram previamente desenvolvidos na FCF-USP. As análises técnico-econômicas foram conduzidas por meio do software SuperPro Design® (Intelligen, Inc.) e permitiram adaptar o processo laboratorial para um processo piloto e possibilitaram estimar os valores de custo de produção unitário (Unity Cost of Production - UPC) de US$ 12,37/mg e US$ 3,46/mg para a L-asparaginase monoPEGuilada e nativa obtida por processo similar, respectivamente. O custo unitário de produção para a enzima peguilada foi, portanto, estimado em cerca de 4 vezes o mesmo custo para a produção da enzima peguilada, sendo tal aumento de custo devido às operações de peguilação, já que ambas as plantas foram mantidas nas mesmas dimensões. Ainda, foram obtidos indicadores econômicos, que indicam a atratividade do processo desenvolvido, muito embora tenham sido identificados diversos gargalos de processo e fatores a serem otimizados e melhorados de forma a tornar o processo mais atrativo sob os pontos de vista técnico e econômico. Em uma análise de sensibilidade preliminar um aumento factível da densidade celular já mostra que é possível reduzir em mais de 30% o UPC. De toda forma, ainda que não otimizado, o processo apresentou valores e dados compatíveis com os biofármacos de L-asparaginase já disponíveis no mercado

The enzyme L-asparaginase is commonly used as a biopharmaceutical in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, presenting high cure rates with the formulations available on the market. Nowadays, the acquisition of this biopharmaceutical is only from importation, given that there is no national production being carried out, although there are national research groups working on research and development of alternative L-asparaginase biopharmaceuticals. Thus, this project aims at carrying out technical-economic analyzes to evaluate the viability of industrial implementation of bioprocesses for the production of L-asparaginase of the PEGylated and non-PEGylated Erwinase type previously developed at FCF-USP. The technical-economic analyzes, conducted by means of the software SuperPro Design® (Intelligen, Inc.), allowed to adapt the laboratory process to a pilot process and made it possible to estimate the unit cost of production (UPC) values of US $ 12.37 / mg and US $ 3.56 / mg for monoPEGylated L-asparaginase and bare obtained by similar process, respectively. The unit cost of production for the pegylated enzyme was, therefore, estimated at about 4 times the same cost for the production of the pegylated enzyme, such an increase in cost due to pegylation operations, since both plants were maintained in the same dimensions. Moreover, economic indicators were obtained, which indicate the attractiveness of the developed process. However, several process bottlenecks and factors to be optimized and improved were identified to make the process more attractive from the technical and economic point of view. In a preliminary sensitivity analysis, a feasible increase in cell density already shows that it is possible to reduce UPC by more than 30%. Accordingly, although not optimized, the process presented values and data compatible with the L-asparaginase biopharmaceuticals already available on the market

The effect of melatonin on in vitro maturation fertilization and early embryo development of mouse oocytes and expression of HMGB1 gene in blastocysts

Antioxidants are commonly used for maturation, fertilization and early development of embryos. Melatonin as an antioxidant have been recently proven to be useful for the assisted reproductive technology. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of melatonin in the in vitro maturation, fertilization, development and also the gene expression of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in the blastocysts. The immature oocytes of BDF1 mice were transferred to the media containing different doses of melatonin (10-6, 10-9, 10-12 M). The blastocysts that developed under in vitro fertilization from each group were stained to determine the cell number of embryos and analyzed to determine the expression level of HMGB1 by real-time PCR. The most effective doses of melatonin for maturation of oocytes were 10-6 and 10-12M (P<0.05). Fertilization rate, early development and the cell number of blastocysts were significantly higher in the group that treated with 10-12 M of melatonin comparing to the other groups. The HMGB1 expression decreased in groups that treated with 10-6M and 10-9M of melatonin and increased in the group that treated with 10-12 M of melatonin, but did not show a significant difference (p˃0.05). From the results, it may be concluded that the melatonin could be effective when the embryos undergo maturation, fertilization and early developmental processes. The HMGB1 expression, as a marker of early development in mice embryos, increased in the groups that treated with low doses of melatonin

A simulation study to investigate the added value in using differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for udder health management in dairy herds.

Mastitis is one of the most costly diseases in dairy herds worldwide. Somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used as an indicator for subclinical intramammary infections (IMI) that may eventually cause mastitis in dairy herds. Differential somatic cell count (DSCC) has recently been introduced as an additional indicator for IMI. The objective of this study was to investigate the value of using DSCC as an additional indicator to select cows for testing and subsequent intervention for subclinical mastitis during the lactation. We parameterized an existing bio-economic simulation model for dairy herds to include DSCC. Then, we simulated three Danish dairy cattle herd situations with different pathogen distributions where the main pathogens were 1) Staphylococcus aureus, 2) Streptococcus agalactiae, and 3) Streptococcus uberis. In these herds, we simulated two different selection strategies for testing (bacterial culture) for subclinical IMI and various intervention strategies for test positive cases. The first selection strategy considered only SCC; cows were selected for testing if they had a low SCC measurement followed by two high SCC measurements. In the second selection strategy, cows additionally had to have a high DSCC measurement. Results showed that both selection strategies led to a similar net income and to a similar number of clinical and subclinical cases for all investigated intervention strategies. However, when using DSCC in the selection of animals, the number of treatment days and the number of cows culled in relation to IMI was reduced: The median annual number of treatment days was reduced by 25-38 days in herd 1, by 25-42 days in herd 2, and by 30-48 days in herd 3, depending on the intervention strategy. The median annual number of cows culled in relation to IMI was reduced by up to 8 cows (10 cows in herd 3) for one of the intervention strategies. Subject to limitations associated with model assumptions, these results suggest that considering DSCC when selecting cows for testing can reduce IMI related culling and the use of antibiotics without changing in-herd prevalence nor resulting in economic loss.

Evaluation of the predictive value of the hematopoietic progenitor cell count using an automated hematology analyzer for CD34+ stem cell mobilization and apheresis product yield.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the value of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) counted in Sysmex XN analyzers to predict the mobilization and collection of CD34+ cells in apheresis for stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Eighty patients who underwent stem cell transplantation were enrolled (50 autologous and 30 allogeneic). In the autologous group, patients were considered poor mobilizers when the CD34+ count was <10 × 106 /L or <20 × 106 /L in patients with multiple myeloma who were going to undergo two transplants. ROC curves were generated, and HPC cutoffs were calculated. RESULTS: The correlation between the HPC and CD34+ cell counts was good. Two algorithms were proposed. In the first algorithm, samples collected the day before apheresis, negative and positive HPC cutoffs were selected to detect poor and good mobilization and, therefore, the need or not to administer plerixafor. In the second algorithm, samples collected pre-apheresis, the negative HPC cutoff was an indication to delay apheresis; an HPC higher than the optimal cutoff was an indication to start apheresis. When the HPC values were between these cutoffs, there was an indication to count CD34+ cells for a better decision-making. Finally, in samples collected pre-apheresis, HPC counts could be used to predict patients who would have poor CD34+ cell collections. In the allogeneic group, all the donors mobilized well, and very few needed two apheresis procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The HPC count is useful for decision-making in the management of patients subjected to apheresis procedures to collect peripheral blood stem cells.

Use of commercial somatic cell counters to quantify somatic cells in non-lactating bovine mammary gland secretions.

Measurement of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is commonly used to detect mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Many techniques and tools have been developed and adapted to quantify milk SCC, but few tools have been evaluated in their ability to enumerate somatic cells in non-lactating bovine mammary secretions. This limits the tools available for detecting mastitis in non-lactating animals. The objective of these studies was to evaluate methods of somatic cell quantification, originally developed for milk, in their ability to quantify the SCC in non-lactating bovine mammary secretions when compared to the gold standard microscopic quantification method. Two experiments were conducted. In a first experiment, 222 mammary secretions were collected and diluted 1:10 with PBS. Cells in these suspensions were quantified microscopically and with a DeLaval Cell Counter. Microscopic SCC (MSCC) ranged from 1.9 × 106 to 259.5 × 106 cells/mL while DeLaval Cell Counter SCC (DSCC) ranged from 1.8 × 106 to 27.0 × 106 cells/mL; a measurement of agreement between the 2 measures, based on the Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) suggested moderate agreement between measures (CCC = 0.60). In a second experiment 72 mammary secretions were collected and diluted 1:50 in PBS. Somatic cells in these suspensions were quantified microscopically, with a DeLaval Cell Counter, and by a DHIA laboratory using a Fossomatic™ FC. MSCC ranged from 1.6 to 47.5 × 106 cells/mL, DSCC ranged from 1.0 to 35.7 × 106 cells/mL, and Fossomatic SCC (FMSCC) ranged from 1.6 to 46.7 × 106 cells/mL. CCCs of 0.81 and 0.88 resulted when DSCC and FMSCC were paired with the MSCC, respectively. The results of this work indicate that a significantly greater concentration of somatic cells exist in non-lactating mammary secretions and dilution of these mammary secretions influences accuracy of SCC estimates. Future studies seeking to quantify somatic cells in mammary secretions from non-lactating cows should identify the most appropriate dilution factors specific to each method of measure, given that these two factors will influence the accuracy of SCC estimates. Development of a standardized approach for quantifying somatic cells in non-lactating dairy animals such as heifers and cows, via a rapid automated counter, can allow for the detection of mastitis in non-lactating dairy animals.

Evaluation of urine dipsticks for quality control of residual erythrocytes and leukocytes in leukocyte-depleted donor plasma.

Currently used methodologies for quality control of residual leukocytes and erythrocytes in leukocyte-depleted plasma are either expensive or time-consuming. It has been proposed that urine dipsticks could be used as a screening method for residual erythrocytes. The aim was, therefore, to evaluate if urine dipsticks could be used to detect residual erythrocytes and also residual leukocytes in leukocyte-depleted plasma. Dilution series ranging over the decision limits for residual erythrocytes and leukocytes were prepared. Positive, negative and overall agreements, as well as the precision and joint frequency distributions, were calculated for five dipstick analyzers and their corresponding dipsticks. Twenty-four consecutive leukocyte-depleted donor plasma samples were also tested. None of the dipstick analyzers had both a high positive and a high negative agreement. Accordingly, none of the analyzers were able to discriminate between cell concentrations close to the decision limits. The inconsistency count revealed differences in precision between the dipstick analyzers. In the 24 consecutive donor samples, no significant correlation between the dipstick analyzers and the reference methods were found. In conclusion, urine dipsticks are not suitable for quality control of residual leukocytes and erythrocytes in leukocyte-depleted donor plasma.

Improvement of cell counting method for Neubauer counting chamber.

BACKGROUND: We compared the cell counting accuracy of the conventional method and the improved method by using Neubauer counting chamber. METHODS: In the improved method, all the border cells were counted and then divided by two; while, in the conventional method, only border cells on the two boundaries (top and left) were counted. RESULTS: About 55.814% of the samples showed more accurate results by improved counting method, about 38.372% had more accurate results by conventional counting method, and about 5.814% were counted with similar counting error by both methods. The improved method had significantly smaller counting error than conventional method (P < .05). The distribution ratio of the border cells was an independent factor for counting accuracy (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Together, the improved counting method can reduce the counting error of the Neubauer counting chamber to some extent, assess the distributing uniformity of border cells, and help to eliminate the samples with large differences in distribution.

Performance Evaluation of Body Fluid Cellular Analysis Using the Beckman Coulter UniCel DxH 800, Sysmex XN-350, and UF-5000 Automated Cellular Analyzers.

BACKGROUND: Automated cellular analyzers are expected to improve the analytical performance in body fluid (BF) analysis. We evaluated the analytical performance of three automated cellular analyzers and established optimum reflex analysis guidelines. METHODS: A total of 542 BF samples (88 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] samples and 454 non-CSF samples) were examined using manual counting and three automated cellular analyzers: UniCel DxH 800 (Beckman Coulter), XN-350 (Sysmex), and UF-5000 (Sysmex). Additionally, 2,779 BF analysis results were retrospectively reviewed. For malignant cell analysis, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used, and the detection of high fluorescence-BF cells (HF-BFs) using the XN-350 analyzer was compared with cytology results. RESULTS: All three analyzers showed good agreement for total nucleated cell (TNC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, except for the RBC count in CSF samples using the UniCel DxH 800. However, variable degrees of differences were observed during differential cell counting. For malignant cell analysis, the area under the curve was 0.63 for the XN-350 analyzer and 0.76 for manual counting. We established our own reflex analysis guidelines as follows: HF-BFs <0.7/100 white blood cells (WBCs) is the criterion for quick scans with 100× magnification microscopic examination as a rule-out cut-off, while HF-BFs >83.4/100 WBCs or eosinophils >3.8% are the criteria for mandatory double check confirmation with 1,000× magnification examination. CONCLUSIONS: The three automated analyzers showed good analytical performances. Application of reflex analysis guidelines is recommended for eosinophils and HF-BFs, and manual confirmation is warranted.

Evaluation of the effect of laboratory methods on semen analysis and breeding soundness examination (BSE) classification in stallions.

The stallion Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE), as proposed by the Society for Theriogenology, recommends that a stallion produce a minimum of one billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm (PMMNS) in the second of two ejaculates collected 1 h apart to be classified as a Satisfactory Prospective Breeder. With this in mind, the first objective of this study was to determine if the classification outcome of the traditional BSE differs depending on the methods used to evaluate sperm motility, morphology and concentration. We hypothesized that application of Computer Assisted Sperm Motion Analysis (CASA) and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy to stallion semen evaluation would yield a more conservative estimate of the number of PMMNS. If this hypothesis is correct, then the use of CASA and DIC microscopy for semen evaluation would result in significantly fewer stallions meeting the historical standards for classification as a Satisfactory Prospective Breeder. Additionally, we determined whether the use of these modern technologies resulted in more accurate prediction of the actual fertility of a stallion compared to the use of more traditional technologies. Our results support the hypothesis that modern semen analysis techniques (including CASA and DIC microscopy) result in more conservative estimates of the number of PMMNS when compared to standard semen analysis techniques. As a result, the choice of methods used for semen analysis may impact the outcome of the traditional BSE. However, none of the methodologies used in this study reliably predicted different levels of fertility among this group of moderately to highly fertile stallions within the context of the traditional BSE. Additionally, the only individual semen measure that was significantly correlated with fertility was the percentage of morphologically normal sperm as determined using DIC microscopy. These results caution against strict use of the traditional 'cutoff' of 1 billion PMMNS for classification of breeding potential, particularly when attempting to differentiate between moderately and highly fertile stallions and regardless of the laboratory methods employed for semen analysis.

Estimation of Cell Number by Hemocytometry Counting.

The number of mammalian cells in a defined volume of medium can be measured using a hemocytometer. Automated methods using cell-counting devices such as those produced by Coulter are desirable when large numbers of individual samples are to be counted. A hemocytometer contains two chambers, each of which when filled and coverslipped contains a total volume of 9 µL. Each chamber is ruled into nine major squares, and each square is 1 × 1 mm with a depth of 0.1 mm. Thus, when coverslipped, the volume of each square is 0.1 mm3 or 0.1 µL. Additional subdivisions of the major nine squares are not necessary for counting and can be ignored.

Myeloma and Hybridoma Cell Counts and Viability Checks.

For most purposes, the number of hybridoma or myeloma cells can be estimated simply by observing the cells under the microscope. When an exact cell count is needed, the number can be determined by using a hemocytometer (improved Neubauer counting chambers are the most commonly used). This is a simple device in which a special coverslip rests on supports that hold it 0.1 mm above the base of the slide. The slide is engraved with a series of lines that form 1 × 1-mm squares. By counting the number of cells within the 0.1-mm3 chamber formed by the 1 × 1-mm square and the height of the coverslip, an accurate quantitation of cells per milliliter can be calculated. To determine the percentage of viable cells within a population, the cell suspension is mixed with a vital dye and observed under the microscope. Vital dyes are excluded from living cells but stain dead cells. The most common dye used for these stains is Trypan Blue.

ADPKD cell proliferation and Cl--dependent fluid secretion.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by bilateral fluid-filled cysts, renal inflammation and extensive fibrosis, leading to the progressive decline in kidney function. Renal cyst formation begins in utero from aberrant proliferation of tubule epithelial cells; however, the mechanisms for cystogenesis remain unclear. Cell proliferation and Cl--dependent fluid secretion, which drives the accumulation of cyst fluid, are responsible for inexorable growth of cysts and the remarkable appearance of massively enlarged ADPKD kidneys. Investigators have used in vitro assays to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ADPKD cyst epithelial cell proliferation and Cl--dependent fluid secretion in experimentally controlled environments. These assays have been used to evaluate potential therapeutic approaches to inhibit cellular pathways involved in cyst growth. This chapter discusses methods for measuring ADPKD cell proliferation, transepithelial Cl- secretion, and net fluid transport across cyst epithelial cell monolayers.

Ultrasensitive label-free detection of circulating tumor cells using conductivity matching of two-dimensional semiconductor with cancer cell.

The excellent conductivity matching of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor nanomaterials (e.g. MoS2) with cancer cell plays an important role in ultrasensitive label-free impedimetric detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) (<1 cell/mL). Firstly, 2D semiconductor materials (e.g. 2D MoS2) exfoliated by folic acid (FA) is used to construct MoS2/FA-modified gold electrode (AuE/MoS2/FA). Then, the fabricated electrode is applied for HeLa cell detection in a linear range from 1 to 105 cell/mL with a detection limit of 0.43 cell/mL (S/N = 3). The detection mechanism of high sensitivity might be owing to the electric conductivity matching of MoS2 (0.14 S/m) to cancer cell (0.13-0.23 S/m). A negligible conductivity change induced by cancer cell will produce a large impedance change of semiconductor electrode. Furthermore, HeLa cells dispersed in healthy blood samples are detected by suggested cytosensor in a linear range from 50 to 105 cell/mL with a detection limit of 52.24 cell/mL (S/N = 2). Finally, we demonstrate that the cytosensor is capable of differentiating patients of cervical and liver cancers by the real CTC analysis from healthy control.