Head circumferences of patients with Dravet syndrome show growth slowdown.

The measurement of head circumference (HC) represents a useful and reliable tool to monitor brain growth. Many genetic conditions are associated with an abnormal pattern of head growth, but no specific pattern has been described in Dravet Syndrome (DS). To investigate the head growth trajectories in a pediatric population with DS, a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with DS was performed in 2 epilepsy centers. Quantitative data were compared with z-score growth curve of standard population, and an independent samples t-test was performed using 6-month ranges. A total of 137 subjects aged less than 18 years were included, with a total of 529 HC values and a mean of 3.9 measures per patient. From birth until 24 months of life, HC values were almost equally distributed around the mean trajectory of the reference population from each side of the curve. This trend line deflects from the mean curve after 24 months showing a head growth slowdown reaching a statistical significance (p < .05) from 48 months for males and 60 for females. Future prospective studies are needed to assess factors that can impact head growth and explore possible phenotype-genotype correlation with HC.

[Some technical problems in three-dimensional cephalometrics].

Two-dimensional(2D)cephalometrics is an important diagnostic technique in dentistry. Three-dimensional(3D)cephalometrics is becoming a hot point along with the popularity of cone-beam CT(CBCT). However, the 3D cephalometric technique, like 2D cephalometric technique, there are many technical problems needed to be solved. In this article, several topics, including multi-source of 3D cephalometrics, the head position in 3D cephalometrics, the difficulty of landmark indication, norms for 3D cephalometrics and superimposition in 3D imaging, are discussed.

[Survey on changes in the proportion for facial aesthetics].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the proportion for facial aesthetics that may be recognized by the potential group who will do plastic surgery in the future. 
 Methods: We measured the celebrity photos, who were born before 1980 recognizable by the people over 40 years old or by high school students. The proportions for facial aesthetics recognizable by these two generations were obtained and compared. 
 Results: Compared the new generation of male celebrities with the older generation of male celebrities, the difference was statistically significant by the independent samples t test (t=-2.502, P<0.05), while other ratios were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared the new generation of female celebrities with the older generation of female celebrities, the difference was statistically significant by the independent samples t test. The ratios between inter-canthic diameter and eyeslit breadth, mouth breadth and eyeslit breadth, stirnhohe and 1/3 of the physiognomic facial height, nasal height and 1/3 of the physiognomic facial height were significantly different (P<0.05), while other ratios were not significantly different (P>0.05).
 Conclusion: The young new generation loves more larger eyeslit breadth for men, while a larger eyeslit breadth, smaller bizygomatic breadth and sharper chin for women.

Ortodoncia: pasado, presente y futuro / Orthodontics: past, present and future

En las últimas décadas, la ortodoncia ha sufrido cambios radicales debidos, principalmente, a progresos tecnológicos que han modificado la práctica clínica y las técnicas de tratamiento. El avance de las técnicas ha ocultado o, tal vez, ayudado a olvidar problemas aún no resueltos desde el nacimiento de la especialidad. Necesitamos nuevos paradigmas que prioricen el estudio de cuestiones básicas a las que se busca respuesta desde los orígenes de nuestra disciplina

A cross-sectional study of newborns over a 20-year period in Szeged, Hungary.

OBJECTIVE: Records of metric data of birth, serve not only the medical needs of the newborn baby, but are also indicators to assess the status of public health. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 4946 newborns (singleton: 2508 boys and 2365 girls) born in 1989 and in 2009 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Szeged. We aimed as to compare and map the metrical changes over 20 years, and to describe the averages of four body parameters of the normal birth weight (2500-4000 g) subgroup (3993 singleton babies) in both years. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: In 1989, the mean birth weight was 3223.770 ± 559.595 g, birth length 49.551 ± 2.729 cm, chest circumference 32.181 ± 2.231 cm, and head circumference 34.122 ± 1.688 cm. In 2009, the birth weight was 3309.673 ± 582.630 g, birth length 49.515 ± 2.658 cm, chest circumference 32.736 ± 2.392 cm and head circumference 33.854 ± 1.768 cm. The mean birth weight, chest circumference and the maximum value of birth weight have thus increased. The mean maternal age shifted to 30.21 ± 4.863 years, which is an increase of 3.57 years in 20 years. CONCLUSION: The body parameters of newborns changed significantly between 1989 and 2009. As underlying causes changes in eating habits and lifestyle of the mother are to be mentioned.

An interview with Mark G. Hans.

It is a great honor to conduct an interview with Professor Mark G. Hans, after following his outstanding work ahead of the Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center and the Department of Orthodontics at the prestigious Case Western Reserve School of Dental Medicine (CWRU) in Cleveland, Ohio. Born in Berea, Ohio, Professor Mark Hans attended Yale University in New Haven, CT, and earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry. Upon graduation, Dr. Hans received his DDS and Masters Degree of Science in Dentistry with specialty certification in Orthodontics at Case Western Reserve University. During his education, Dr. Hans' Master's Thesis won the Harry Sicher Award for Best Research by an Orthodontic Student and being granted a Presidential Teaching Fellowship. As one of the youngest doctors ever certified by the American Board of Orthodontics, Dr. Hans continues to maintain his board certification. He has worked through academics on a variety of research interests, that includes the demographics of orthodontic practice, digital radiographic data, dental and craniofacial genetics, as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, with selected publications in these fields. One of his noteworthy contributions to the orthodontic literature came along with Dr. Donald Enlow on the pages of "Essentials of Facial Growth", being reference on the study of craniofacial growth and development. Dr. Mark Hans's academic career is linked to CWRU, recognized as the renowned birthplace of research on craniofacial growth and development, where the classic Bolton-Brush Growth Study was historically set. Today, Dr. Hans is the Director of The Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center, performing, with great skill and dedication, the handling of the larger longitudinal sample of bone growth study. He is Associate Dean for Graduate Studies, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Orthodontics, working in clinical and theoretical activities with students of the Undergraduate Course from the School of Dental Medicine and residents in the Department of Orthodontics at CWRU. Part of his clinical practice at the university is devoted to the treatment of craniofacial anomalies and to special needs patients. Prof. Mark Hans has been wisely conducting the Joint Cephalometric Experts Group (JCEG) since 2008, held at the School of Dental Medicine (CWRU). He coordinates a team composed of American, Asian, Brazilian and European researchers and clinicians, working on the transition from 2D cephalometrics to 3D cone beam imaging as well as 3D models for diagnosis, treatment planning and assessment of orthodontic outcomes. Dr. Hans travels to different countries to give lectures on his fields of interest. Besides, he still maintains a clinical orthodontic practice at his private office. In every respect, Dr. Hans coordinates all activities with particular skill and performance. Married to Susan, they have two sons Thomas and Jack, and one daughter Sarah, and he enjoys playing jazz guitar for family and friends.

Anthropometric studies on the Turkish population--a historical review.

A historical review of anthropometric studies conducted on Turkish children and adults is presented. In view of observed differences in growth status between children of different societies, the need for local reference standards and the methodology to be used for such studies have been stressed. The importance of local studies in reflecting the state of health and nutrition both in children and adults has also been mentioned. While a number of studies in children cited in this paper are designed to compare the growth of children from different socioeconomic levels, other studies aim to establish local reference data for Turkish children. While the historical studies in adults aim to define racial characteristics, the more recent studies aim to bring out nutritional characteristics with emphasis on increasing frequency of obesity.

New Finnish reference for head circumference from birth to 7 years.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the evaluation of the growth of head circumference (HC), charts depicting normal growth are of paramount importance. Current Finnish HC growth charts are based on data from only 130 children born 1953-1964. As a secular trend in HC growth has been reported, we updated the HC charts using a large sample of contemporary HC data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mixed cross-sectional HC data of 19,715 healthy subjects aged 0-7 years were collected from primary health care providers. References for HC for age and HC/height ratio for age were fitted using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). RESULTS: Increased HC for age was seen particularly after 2 years of age in both genders compared to the 1953-1964 reference. The SD for HC was remarkably larger in the 1953-1964 reference. The proportion of 1986-2008 reference subjects exceeding the +2 SD limit of the 1953-1964 reference was much bigger than the proportion below -2 SD. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the secular change in HC growth, the HC reference has to be renewed periodically. The new Finnish reference for HC for age should be implemented for monitoring HC growth of children in Finland.

Sistema Decodify: cefalometria como mensuração de risco e ferramenta administrativa para clínica ortodôntica / Decodify system: cephalometrics as risk manager and administrative tool for the orthodontic clinic

INTRODUÇÃO: a cefalometria pode ter uso clínico limitado em Ortodontia por demandar interpretação subjetiva. Um sistema de Inteligência Artificial (IA), o sistema Decodify®, foi desenvolvido para prover uma avaliação quantitativa individualizada de dados cefalométricos contextualizados. Nesse artigo, o sistema é testado como ferramenta administrativa em consultórios de Ortodontia. MÉTODOS: o desenvolvimento de algoritmos incluiu a modelagem de normas e desvios-padrão de dados cefalométricos brasileiros, medidos em radiografias laterais. Para testar o sistema, cefalogramas iniciais de 60 pacientes ortodônticos de dois consultórios diferentes (30 casos cada) foram processados e reprocessados por três técnicos diferentes. A reprodutibilidade e a confidencialidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores foram testadas de modo pareado. O risco em cada caso ortodôntico, produto da análise eletrônica, foi comparado por matrizes de covariância e coeficientes de confiança. RESULTADOS: os níveis de correlação pareada interexaminadores (contra padrão-ouro) para 23 pares de variáveis foram de 0,68 (distância S-Go) a 0,98 (distância Na-Me) em uma clínica ortodôntica (JU) e de 0,66 (ângulo L1.APg) a 0,98 (distância S-Go) em outra clínica ortodôntica (SP). Os níveis de correlação pareada intraexaminadores para 23 pares de variáveis foram de 0,52 (ângulo L1.APg) a 0,98 (distâncias S-Go e Na-Me) em uma clínica (JU) e de 0,55 (ângulo U1.Na) a 0,92 (distância Wits) em outra (SP). Todas as correlações foram significativas em nível de p<0,001. A média dos coeficientes de confiança dos riscos mensurados foi 0,78 para uma clínica (JU) e 0,75 para outra (SP). Os coeficientes de confiança foram significativos em nível de p<0,0001. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados dessa pesquisa suportam que as análises providas pelo sistema Decodify® são reprodutíveis e confiáveis. Assim, o sistema pode ser aplicado para contextualizar medidas cefalométricas convencionais e gerar índices de risco individualizados. O sistema pode ser usado pelo ortodontista como uma ferramenta administrativa em suas avaliações profissionais diárias.

INTRODUCTION: Cephalometrics may have limited clinical application in Orthodontics because it demands subjective interpretation. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) system, Decodify®, was developed to provide an individual quantitative interpretation of contextualized cephalometric data. In this paper the system is tested as a valid management tool in orthodontic offices. METHODS: The development of algorithms included modeling of norms and standard deviations of Brazilian cephalometric data measured on lateral radiographs. In order to test the system, initial cephalograms of 60 orthodontic patients from two orthodontic offices (30 cases each) were processed and re-processed by three different technicians. Reproducibility and reliability intra-observer and inter-observers were paired checked. The risk in each case, product of the electronic analysis, was compared by covariance matrices and reliability coefficients. RESULTS: Levels of inter-observers paired correlation (against golden pattern) for 23 pairs of variables, ranged from 0,68 (S-Go distance) to 0,98 (Na-Me distance) in an orthodontic clinic (JU) and from 0,66 (L1.APg angle) to 0,98 (S-Go distance) in other orthodontic clinic (SP). Levels of intra-observer correlation for 23 pairs of variables ranged from 0,52 (L1.APg angle) to 0,98 (S-Go and Na-Me distances) in an orthodontic clinic (JU) and from 0,55 (U1.Na angle) to 0,92 (Wits distance) in other (SP). All the correlations were significant at the p<0,001 level. The reliability coefficients of the assessed risks were 0,78 for a clinic (JU) and 0,75 for other clinic (SP). The reliability coefficients were significant at the p<0,0001 level. ? CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research support that the outcomes of the Decodify® system are reproducible and reliable. Therefore, the system can be applied to contextualize conventional cephalometric data and to generate case-specific risk. It can be used by the orthodontist as an important administrative tool for daily professional evaluations.

Estudo comparativo entre traçados cefalométricos manual e digital, através do programa Dolphin Imaging em telerradiografias laterais / Comparative study between manual and digital cephalometric tracing using Dolphin Imaging software with lateral radiographs

OBJETIVO: comparar medidas cefalométricas angulares e lineares obtidas por meio de traçados cefalométricos manual e digital utilizando o programa Dolphin® Imaging 11.0, em telerradiografias laterais. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta de 50 telerradiografias laterais. Uma operadora, devidamente calibrada, realizou 50 traçados cefalométricos manuais e 50 digitais, utilizando 8 medidas angulares (FMA, IMPA, SNA, SNB, ANB, 1.NA, 1.NB e Eixo Y) e 6 medidas lineares (1-NA, 1-NB, Co-Gn, Co-A, Linha E-lábio inferior e AFAI). Para análise dos resultados obtidos, foi aplicado o teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: os resultados encontrados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em nenhuma das medidas avaliadas (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o método convencional e o computadorizado foram concordantes em todas as medidas angulares e lineares. O programa de traçado cefalométrico Dolphin® Imaging 11.0 pode ser utilizado, de forma confiável, como recurso auxiliar no diagnóstico, planejamento, acompanhamento e avaliação de tratamentos ortodônticos no âmbito clínico e no de pesquisa.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare angular and linear cephalometric measurements obtained through manual and digital cephalometric tracings using Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 software with lateral cephalometric radiographs. METHODS: The sample consisted of 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs. One properly calibrated examiner performed 50 manual and 50 digital cephalometric tracings using eight angular measurements (FMA, IMPA, SNA, SNB, ANB, 1.NA, 1.NB, Y-Axis) and six linear measurements (1-NA, 1-NB, Co-Gn, Co-A, E Line-Lower lip and LAFH). Results were assessed using Student's t-test. RESULTS: The results showed no statistically significant differences in any of the assessed measurements (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional and computerized methods showed consistency in all angular and linear measurements. The computer program Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 can be used reliably as an aid in diagnosing, planning, monitoring and evaluating orthodontic treatment both in clinical and research settings.

Grado de obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores en pacientes de la cátedra de ortodoncia II del 5º Año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre los años 2008-2009 / Degree of obstruction of the upper airways in patients of the department of orthodontics II of the 5 th Year of the Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Asunción between the years 2008-2009

La forma de respiración del individuo tiene repercusión en el desarrollo dentofacial, de ahí la importancia que el ortodoncista tenga en cuenta el tipo de respiración de su paciente al inicio del tratamiento ortodóncico. Este estudio destaca la importancia de evaluar el grado de permeabilidad de las vías aéreas superiores de los pacientes por medio de mediciones cefalométricas sencillas sobre la radiografía lateral del cráneo, utilizando los cefalogramas de la vías aéreas de Ricketts y Mc Namara; se propuso este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal y fueron efectuadas sobre 70 radiografías de pacientes de 6 a 16 años que acudieron a la Cátedra de Ortodoncia del quinto año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre los años 2008 al 2009; con el objetivo de determinar el grado de obstrucción de la vías aéreas superiores en dichos pacientes. Se observó que el 52% presentó permeabilidad aumentada, 24% obstrucción leve, 16% obstrucción moderada y 8% obstrucción grave; de estos el 28,6% fueron respiradores bucales. Se concluye que un alto porcentaje de los pacientes que acudieron al tratamiento ortodóncico presentaron permeabilidad aumentada de las vías aéreas superiores, sin restar importancia a la obstrucción en distintos niveles en los demás pacientes y la presencia de respiradores bucales. Convendrá investigar la causa de este aumento y su repercusion en el desarrollo craneofacial de los pacientes

[Imagery and orthodontics: trends, present and future]. / Imagerie et orthopédie dento-faciale: évolution, présent et avenir.

From the first dental image in 1895 and the first image of the head in 1896 by Otto Walkhoff to 3D modern cephalic assessment there has been a continuous evolution in imaging techniques. Digital cephalic volume data processing allows 2D and 3D reformations in accordance with morphologic, topographic and biodimensional anatomic needs. In France, Jacques Treil demonstrated its application in cephalometry through his CT scan research. The transcription of European Directives to national laws leads to rigorous radioprotection measures. The worldwide spread of cone beam technique devoted specifically to dentomaxillofacial imaging should now reduce the reluctance of orthodontists to provide radiological examinations to children by significantly reducing radiation exposure. This is certainly the technique of the future.

Avaliação cefalométrica comparativa da previsibilidade manual e computadorizada dos resultados do tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico bimaxilar em pacientes face longa: estudo retrospectivo / Comparative cephalometric avaliation of the manual and computadorized previsibility of the bimaxilar surgical orthodonthic treatment’s results in long face patients: a retrospective study

Os traçados de previsão representam uma etapa fundamental no tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico pelo fato de evidenciarem a inclinação dos incisivos e anteciparem o planejamento dos movimentos cirúrgicos necessários, proporcionando a visualização do resultado a ser alcançado tanto no tangente ao tecido tegumentar quanto ao esquelético. Sua precisão é de grande importância, inclusive para a orientação e a comunicação com o paciente. Convencionalmente, são realizados de forma manual; no entanto, existem programas computadorizados que realizam a previsão de resultados com base na digitalização de pontos cefalométricos das telerradiografias. A proposta deste trabalho foi comparar os traçados de previsão manuais e os digitalizados pelos programas Dentofacial Planner Plus e Dolphin Image com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos, por meio das análises cefalométricas de McNamara e de Legan e Burstone. Foram selecionadas as telerradiografias pré e pós-cirúrgicas (6 meses) de 25 pacientes face longa submetidos a cirurgia ortognática combinada. Foram realizados os traçados de previsão manual e computadorizados de cada paciente, comparando-se cefalometricamente com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos. Esse protocolo foi repetido para a avaliação do erro do método e realizou-se a avaliação estatística por meio da análise de variância e sobreteste de Tukey, ao nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram uma maior freqüência de variáveis cefalométricas, que não diferiram estatisticamente do resultado pós-cirúrgico real para o método manual, seguido dos programas DFPLus e Dolphin; observando-se valores cefalométricos similares para a maioria das variáveis. Concluiu-se que o método manual pareceu ser mais fidedigno, embora a previsibilidade dos métodos avaliados tenha se mostrado razoavelmente satisfatória, e que nenhum dos métodos foi totalmente preciso em relação à previsibilidade.

The predictive tracings are a essential phase in surgical orthodontic treatment because show the incisive inclination and planning the necessary surgical movements, offering the possibility of the results’ visualization for tegumentar and skeletal tissues. Its precision is a important point, including in relation to orientation and comunication with the patient. Convencionally, the predictive tracings are manual, but nowadays there are softwares for prediction with base in the digitalization of cephalometric points. The purpose of this research was to compare, by cephalometric analysis (McNamara and Legan e Burstone) the predictive tracings (methods manual and softwares Dentofacial Planner Plus and Dolphin Image) with the post surgical results. Were selected the pré and post surgical lateral telerradiograph (6 months after surgery) of the 25 long face pacients treated with combined surgery. Were made the prediction tracings for each method and comparing cephalometrically with the post surgical results. This protocol was repeated once more for the avaliation of the error method, and the statistical analysis was by variance analysis and Tuckey sobretest, with 5% of significance level. The results show more frequency of the cephalometric values’ aproximation of the post surgical results when the manual method, followed of the DFPLus and Dolphin softwares; noting similar values for the great part of the cephalometric variables. The experimental condition permit to conclude that the manual method had more precision, although the previsibility of the avaliated computadorized methods was razoable satisfactory, the avaliated methodos have no full precision.

Avaliação cefalométrica comparativa da previsibilidade manual e computadorizada dos resultados do tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico bimaxilar em pacientes face longa: estudo retrospectivo / Comparative cephalometric avaliation of the manual and computadorized previsibility of the bimaxilar surgical orthodonthic treatment’s results in long face patients: a retrospective study

Os traçados de previsão representam uma etapa fundamental no tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico pelo fato de evidenciarem a inclinação dos incisivos e anteciparem o planejamento dos movimentos cirúrgicos necessários, proporcionando a visualização do resultado a ser alcançado tanto no tangente ao tecido tegumentar quanto ao esquelético. Sua precisão é de grande importância, inclusive para a orientação e a comunicação com o paciente. Convencionalmente, são realizados de forma manual; no entanto, existem programas computadorizados que realizam a previsão de resultados com base na digitalização de pontos cefalométricos das telerradiografias. A proposta deste trabalho foi comparar os traçados de previsão manuais e os digitalizados pelos programas Dentofacial Planner Plus e Dolphin Image com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos, por meio das análises cefalométricas de McNamara e de Legan e Burstone. Foram selecionadas as telerradiografias pré e pós-cirúrgicas (6 meses) de 25 pacientes face longa submetidos a cirurgia ortognática combinada. Foram realizados os traçados de previsão manual e computadorizados de cada paciente, comparando-se cefalometricamente com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos. Esse protocolo foi repetido para a avaliação do erro do método e realizou-se a avaliação estatística por meio da análise de variância e sobreteste de Tukey, ao nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram uma maior freqüência de variáveis cefalométricas, que não diferiram estatisticamente do resultado pós-cirúrgico real para o método manual, seguido dos programas DFPLus e Dolphin; observando-se valores cefalométricos similares para a maioria das variáveis. Concluiu-se que o método manual pareceu ser mais fidedigno, embora a previsibilidade dos métodos avaliados tenha se mostrado razoavelmente satisfatória, e que nenhum dos métodos foi totalmente preciso em relação à previsibilidade

The predictive tracings are a essential phase in surgical orthodontic treatment because show the incisive inclination and planning the necessary surgical movements, offering the possibility of the results’ visualization for tegumentar and skeletal tissues. Its precision is a important point, including in relation to orientation and comunication with the patient. Convencionally, the predictive tracings are manual, but nowadays there are softwares for prediction with base in the digitalization of cephalometric points. The purpose of this research was to compare, by cephalometric analysis (McNamara and Legan e Burstone) the predictive tracings (methods manual and softwares Dentofacial Planner Plus and Dolphin Image) with the post surgical results. Were selected the pré and post surgical lateral telerradiograph (6 months after surgery) of the 25 long face pacients treated with combined surgery. Were made the prediction tracings for each method and comparing cephalometrically with the post surgical results. This protocol was repeated once more for the avaliation of the error method, and the statistical analysis was by variance analysis and Tuckey sobretest, with 5% of significance level. The results show more frequency of the cephalometric values’ aproximation of the post surgical results when the manual method, followed of the DFPLus and Dolphin softwares; noting similar values for the great part of the cephalometric variables. The experimental condition permit to conclude that the manual method had more precision, although the previsibility of the avaliated computadorized methods was razoable satisfactory, the avaliated methodos have no full precision

Secular trends in the facial skull from the 19th century to the present, analyzed with geometric morphometrics.

INTRODUCTION: Over the last 100 years, Austrian facial form has changed for various reasons, including changes in growth pattern, changes in shape pattern, or a combination of these. In this study, we explored and contrasted these 2 explanations. METHODS: We compared cephalograms from 54 recruits in the present-day Austrian Federal Army to those from 49 dry skulls of soldiers from the Imperial Hapsburg army. Body height was measured or acquired from military records. Forty-three landmarks were located on each lateral cephalogram. Secular change and growth allometry were analyzed with standard Procrustes methods. RESULTS: Body height correlated only weakly with size of the facial skull in these samples, and secular change in facial size (4.5% over a century) was proportionately less than that in height. Growth allometry was nearly unchanged over the century, emphasizing the typical changes of vertical to horizontal proportions and bimaxillary prognathism. Secular changes over the century took the form of far more localized remodeling around the coronoid process and the anterior maxilla. The large-scale differences, in contrast, were opposite to those one would expect from the size change. CONCLUSIONS: The observed trends shed considerable light on secular changes in the range of dysmorphologies for clinical orthodontic correction. At the same time, the dissociation between within-century and between-century allometry is an important possibility that was hitherto typically observed only at far greater time scales than the 150 years spanned by these data.

Research trends in human osteology: a content analysis of papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

This paper explores recent research trends in human osteology, based on articles published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA) during two 5-year intervals: 1980--1984 and 1996--2000. Topical "visibility" is measured in terms of article counts; "impact" is estimated through citation indices. Our results indicate that human osteologists continue to publish a range of methodological, analytical, and descriptive research papers that address a broad array of subjects. Analytical articles are cited more frequently than descriptive articles and thus have higher impact, reflecting the discipline's continued commitment to problem-oriented research. Differences in publication patterns exist between scholars during early and later stages of their careers. Articles published by students and Ph.D.s within 2 years of their doctoral degree are more frequently descriptive than analytical, when compared to people with longer career histories. Topics such as pathology, forensic anthropology, and biodistance modeling remain highly visible, while articles on the dentition have waned. An increase in functional research directed toward the postcranial skeleton is also reflected in our data. While continued visibility for morphological investigations is apparent, the impact of recently developed applications in bone chemistry and molecular anthropology is amply documented in our data, particularly during the more recent survey years.

Boas and beyond: migration and craniometric variation.

Migration is expected to affect craniometric variation in three ways: 1) movement into a different environment leading to developmental plasticity; 2) movement into a different environment followed by in situ adaptation through natural selection; and 3) changes in among-group differentiation and genetic distance through the action of gene flow. The relative influence of these three factors has been argued in the literature, most recently in a series of articles debating the statistical and biological significance of Boas's immigration studies as they relate to cranial plasticity. The Boas debate is discussed within the broader context of debate over genetic and environmental influences on craniometric variation. Additional examples are provided from an ongoing study of global craniometric variation. Although developmental plasticity and climatic adaptation have had an impact on craniometric variation, these factors tend not to erase, or even obscure greatly, underlying patterns of population structure and history that fit a neutral model of quantitative variation. Thus, craniometric data can be used to explore questions of gene flow and genetic affinity.

Evaluación del caso tratado / s

El propósito de este trabajo es abordar dos aspectos de la evaluación del caso ortodóncico que muchas veces son observados separadamente: la cefalometría y el estudio gnatológico. Interrelacionados permiten analizar con mayor precisión el efecto de nuestro tratamiento