ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Kidney stone disease (KSD) has a strong association with diet metabolic syndrome. This review aims at exploring the lithogenic risk posed by the current most popular diets. Our approach was to search for the effect of each diet type on the major urinary risk factors, to try to draw conclusions regarding the association of a specific diet type and KSD. METHODS: This systematic review searched for the available literature exploring the association between the existing popular fad diets and KSD. Articles in English, French and Spanish were included, without restriction of the search period with the final search done in August 2021. RESULTS: Total number of studies and studies for each diet type was as follows: 22 articles for the low carbohydrate diet, 20 articles for high protein diets, 26 articles for vegetarian and vegan diets. There exists a substantial variability in different low carbohydrate and high protein diets, and considerable overlap between modern popular fad diets. High carbohydrate intake might increase urine uric acid, calcium and oxalate levels. High protein diets increase urine calcium and uric acid and lower urine pH and citrate. Consumption of fruits and vegetables increases the urinary volume and urinary citrate. In vegan diets, sufficient daily calcium intake is important to avoid possible secondary hyperoxaluria. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies evaluated the direct relationship between modern fad diets and KSD. In general, the reduction of carbohydrate in the diet, and counterbalancing protein rich diets with sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, seem to play a protective role against KSD formation. Maintaining sufficient calcium intake in vegan and vegetarian diets is important. Additional research is needed to directly evaluate the link between KSD and each diet type.
Subject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Kidney Calculi/etiology , Calcium, Dietary/analysis , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND The low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet has been popularized in the press recently, touting multiple health benefits such as weight loss and increased energy. In this diet, participants intentionally push themselves into a state of ketosis and usually do not develop metabolic complications or illness unless put under certain circumstances such as stress and prolonged fasting. CASE REPORT We report a case of starvation ketoacidosis in a 60-year-old male with well-controlled diabetes mellitus type II following a strict ketogenic diet who then underwent prolonged fasting. CONCLUSIONS Although the ketogenic diet with or without periods of fasting might yield short-term weight loss, it has potentially dangerous side effects, including ketoacidosis. It is recommended that people, especially those with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus type II, consult their physicians before initiating this diet. Clinicians must keep a broad differential when evaluating acute metabolic acidosis.
Subject(s)
Diet, Ketogenic/adverse effects , Fasting/adverse effects , Ketosis/etiology , Starvation/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , SyncopeSubject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Oxalates/adverse effects , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/urine , Adult , Humans , Kidney/chemistry , Kidney/pathology , Male , Oxalates/analysis , Oxalates/urine , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the underlying mechanisms and potential benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) from animal models and recent clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous variations of IF exist, and study protocols vary greatly in their interpretations of this weight loss trend. Most human IF studies result in minimal weight loss and marginal improvements in metabolic biomarkers, though outcomes vary. Some animal models have found that IF reduces oxidative stress, improves cognition, and delays aging. Additionally, IF has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes autophagy, and benefits the gut microbiome. The benefit-to-harm ratio varies by model, IF protocol, age at initiation, and duration. We provide an integrated perspective on potential benefits of IF as well as key areas for future investigation. In clinical trials, caloric restriction and IF result in similar degrees of weight loss and improvement in insulin sensitivity. Although these data suggest that IF may be a promising weight loss method, IF trials have been of moderate sample size and limited duration. More rigorous research is needed.
Subject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Diet, Reducing/adverse effects , Fasting/adverse effects , Obesity/diet therapy , Overweight/diet therapy , Animals , Caloric Restriction/adverse effects , Circadian Rhythm , Dysbiosis/etiology , Dysbiosis/prevention & control , Humans , Immunomodulation , Insulin Resistance , Obesity/immunology , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/physiopathology , Overweight/immunology , Overweight/metabolism , Overweight/physiopathology , Oxidative Stress , Weight LossABSTRACT
Intermittent fasting (IF) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) are effective lifestyle interventions for improving body composition and overall health. However, the long-term effects of IF and potential synergistic effects of combining IF with exercise are unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of IF, with or without HIIT, on body composition and markers of metabolic health in diet-induced obese mice. In a randosmised, controlled design, 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice (males (n = 39) and females (n = 49)) were fed a high fat (HF) and sugar (S) water diet (30% (w/v)) for 24-weeks but were separated into five groups at 12-weeks: (1) 'obese' baseline control (OBC); (2) no intervention (CON); (3) intermittent fasting (IF); (4) high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) and (5) combination of dietary and exercise intervention (IF + HIIT). Body composition, strength and blood variables were measured at 0, 10 and/or 12-weeks. Intermittent fasting with or without HIIT resulted in significantly less weight gain, fat mass accumulation and reduced serum low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels compared to HIIT and CON male mice (p < 0.05). The results suggest that IF, with or without HIIT, can be an effective strategy for weight gain prevention despite concurrently consuming a high fat and sugar diet.
Subject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Fasting/adverse effects , Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control , Insulin Resistance , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Obesity/therapy , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Adiposity , Animals , Biomarkers/blood , Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects , Diet, Western/adverse effects , Female , Glucose Intolerance/etiology , Glucose Intolerance/prevention & control , High-Intensity Interval Training/adverse effects , Hyperlipidemias/etiology , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Muscle Strength , Obesity/blood , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/physiopathology , Random Allocation , Sex Characteristics , Weight GainABSTRACT
Weight-loss diets restrict intakes of energy and macronutrients but overlook micronutrient profiles. Commercial diet plans may provide insufficient micronutrients. We analyzed nutrient profiles of three plans and compared their micronutrient sufficiency to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for male U.S. adults. Hypocaloric vegan (Eat to Live-Vegan, Aggressive Weight Loss; ETL-VAWL), high-animal-protein low-carbohydrate (Fast Metabolism Diet; FMD) and weight maintenance (Eat, Drink and Be Healthy; EDH) diets were evaluated. Seven single-day menus were sampled per diet (n = 21 menus, 7 menus/diet) and analyzed for 20 micronutrients with the online nutrient tracker CRON-O-Meter. Without adjustment for energy intake, the ETL-VAWL diet failed to provide 90% of recommended amounts for B12, B3, D, E, calcium, selenium and zinc. The FMD diet was low (<90% DRI) in B1, D, E, calcium, magnesium and potassium. The EDH diet met >90% DRIs for all but vitamin D, calcium and potassium. Several micronutrients remained inadequate after adjustment to 2000 kcal/day: vitamin B12 in ETL-VAWL, calcium in FMD and EDH and vitamin D in all diets. Consistent with previous work, micronutrient deficits are prevalent in weight-loss diet plans. Special attention to micronutrient rich foods is required to reduce risk of micronutrient deficiency in design of commercial diets.
Subject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/etiology , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Diet, Reducing/adverse effects , Micronutrients/deficiency , Obesity/diet therapy , Overweight/diet therapy , Adult , Databases, Factual , Diet, Fat-Restricted/adverse effects , Diet, Vegan/adverse effects , Energy Intake , Humans , Internet , Male , Meals , Micronutrients/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , Nutritive Value , Obesity/prevention & control , Overweight/prevention & control , Recommended Dietary Allowances , United States , Young AdultSubject(s)
Bone Density , Dairy Products , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Adolescent , Calcium/deficiency , Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage , Child , England , Female , Humans , Male , Nutrition Surveys , Risk Factors , Young AdultSubject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Pediatric Obesity/diet therapy , Child , Humans , Weight LossABSTRACT
One of the most recent food trends is the quest for products that provide 'sustained energy'; a term that is garnering considerable attention within the marketplace. Often, 'sustained energy' health claims are based on a food's post-prandial glycaemic response. However, are generalised health claims regarding 'sustained energy' valid when only supported by glycaemic response data? Without context, the short answer is: probably not. Health claims that link sustained energy to a glycaemic response, or any other attribute of a food or diet, require context to ensure that the public correctly interprets and experiences the claimed effect and is not misled in their quest for healthy foods that impose the desired physiological benefit.
Subject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Energy Drinks/adverse effects , Energy Intake , Fatigue/prevention & control , Food Packaging , Functional Food/adverse effects , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Consumer Advocacy , Diet, Healthy/economics , Energy Drinks/economics , Fatigue/economics , Food Packaging/ethics , Food Packaging/trends , Fraud/prevention & control , Functional Food/economics , Glycemic Index , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Hyperglycemia/economics , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hypoglycemia/economics , Nutritional Sciences/educationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Intermittent fasting, alternate-day fasting, and other forms of periodic caloric desistance are gaining popularity in the lay press and among animal research scientists. Whether clinical evidence exists for or is strong enough to support the use of such dietary regimens as health interventions is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This review sought to identify rigorous, clinically relevant research studies that provide high-quality evidence that therapeutic fasting regimens are clinically beneficial to humans. DESIGN: A systematic review of the published literature through January 2015 was performed by using sensitive search strategies to identify randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of fasting on either clinically relevant surrogate outcomes (e.g., weight, cholesterol) or actual clinical event endpoints [e.g., diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD)] and any other studies that evaluated the effects of fasting on clinical event outcomes. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled clinical trials of fasting in humans were identified, and the results were published in 5 articles, all of which evaluated the effects of fasting on surrogate outcomes. Improvements in weight and other risk-related outcomes were found in the 3 trials. Two observational clinical outcomes studies in humans were found in which fasting was associated with a lower prevalence of CAD or diabetes diagnosis. No randomized controlled trials of fasting for clinical outcomes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical research studies of fasting with robust designs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse in the literature. Whereas the few randomized controlled trials and observational clinical outcomes studies support the existence of a health benefit from fasting, substantial further research in humans is needed before the use of fasting as a health intervention can be recommended.
Subject(s)
Diet, Reducing/adverse effects , Evidence-Based Medicine , Fasting/adverse effects , Health Status , Hormesis , Obesity/diet therapy , Overweight/diet therapy , Adult , Animals , Caloric Restriction/adverse effects , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/prevention & control , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology , Hypercholesterolemia/etiology , Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control , Obesity/physiopathology , Observational Studies as Topic , Overweight/physiopathology , Overweight/prevention & control , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The lemon detox program is a very low-calorie diet which consists of a mixture of organic maple and palm syrups, and lemon juice for abstinence period of 7 days. We hypothesized that the lemon detox program would reduce body weight, body fat mass, thus lowering insulin resistance and known risk factors of cardiovascular disease. We investigated anthropometric indices, insulin sensitivity, levels of serum adipokines, and inflammatory markers in overweight Korean women before and after clinical intervention trial. Eighty-four premenopausal women were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group without diet restriction (Normal-C), a pair-fed placebo diet group (Positive-C), and a lemon detox diet group (Lemon-D). The intervention period was 11 days total: 7 days with the lemon detox juice or the placebo juice, and then 4 days with transitioning food. Changes in body weight, body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist-hip ratio were significantly greater in the Lemon-D and Positive-C groups compared to the Normal-C group. Serum insulin level, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance scores, leptin, and adiponectin levels decreased in the Lemon-D and Positive-C groups. Serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were also reduced only in the Lemon-D group. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels remained stable in the Lemon-D group while they decreased in the Positive-C and Normal-C groups. Therefore, we suppose that the lemon detox program reduces body fat and insulin resistance through caloric restriction and might have a potential beneficial effect on risk factors for cardiovascular disease related to circulating hs-CRP reduction without hematological changes.
Subject(s)
Adiposity , Caloric Restriction , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Down-Regulation , Insulin Resistance , Overweight/diet therapy , Sorption Detoxification , Acer/chemistry , Adult , Arecaceae/chemistry , Beverages , Body Mass Index , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Caloric Restriction/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Citrus/chemistry , Double-Blind Method , Female , Hematologic Tests , Humans , Overweight/immunology , Overweight/metabolism , Overweight/physiopathology , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sorption Detoxification/adverse effects , Weight LossABSTRACT
The global prevalence of overweight and obesity as a public health concern is well established and reflects the overall lack of success in our ability to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. Being overweight and obese is associated with numerous comorbidities and is a risk factor for several of the leading causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and many types of cancer. The foundation of treatment has been diet and exercise. There are >1,000 published weight loss diets, with more appearing in the lay literature and the media on a regular basis. The sheer number of existing diet regimens would suggest that no one diet has been universally successful at inducing and maintaining weight loss. Many of these dietary programs are based on sound scientific evidence and follow contemporary principles of weight loss. Others simply eliminate 1 or more of the essential food groups or recommend consumption of 1 type of food at the expense of other foods with little to no supporting evidence. The focus of this review is on weight loss diets, specifically those with the most supporting scientific evidence and those that are most likely to succeed in achievement and maintenance of desirable body weight. The effects of weight loss diets on energy expenditure, body weight, body composition, and metabolic parameters will be evaluated. Ultimately, the best diet is the one the patient will follow and incorporate into his or her daily life for lifelong maintenance of a healthy body weight.
Subject(s)
Diet, Reducing , Energy Intake , Energy Metabolism , Evidence-Based Medicine , Obesity/diet therapy , Overweight/diet therapy , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Adult , Bariatric Surgery/adverse effects , Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects , Comorbidity , Contraindications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Diet, Reducing/adverse effects , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Metabolic Syndrome/therapy , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/therapy , Overweight/epidemiology , Overweight/metabolism , Overweight/therapy , Satiety Response , Weight LossABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present study examines seasonal and temporal patterns in food-related content of two UK magazines for young women focusing on food types, cooking and weight loss. DESIGN: Content analysis of magazines from three time blocks between 1999 and 2011. SETTING: Desk-based study. SUBJECTS: Ninety-seven magazines yielding 590 advertisements and 148 articles. RESULTS: Cluster analysis of type of food advertising produced three clusters of magazines, which reflected recognised food behaviours of young women: vegetarianism, convenience eating and weight control. The first cluster of magazines was associated with Christmas and Millennium time periods, with advertising of alcohol, coffee, cheese, vegetarian meat substitutes and weight-loss pills. Recipes were prominent in article content and tended to be for cakes/desserts, luxury meals and party food. The second cluster was associated with summer months and 2010 issues. There was little advertising for conventional foods in cluster 2, but strong representation of diet plans and foods for weight loss. Weight-loss messages in articles focused on short-term aesthetic goals, emphasising speedy weight loss without giving up nice foods or exercising. Cluster 3 magazines were associated with post-New Year and 2005 periods. Food advertising was for everyday foods and convenience products, with fewer weight-loss products than other clusters; conversely, article content had a greater prevalence of weight-loss messages. CONCLUSIONS: The cyclical nature of magazine content - indulgence and excess encouraged at Christmas, restraint recommended post-New Year and severe dieting advocated in the summer months - endorses yo-yo dieting behaviour and may not be conducive to public health.
Subject(s)
Cooking , Diet, Reducing , Food , Nutrition Policy , Periodicals as Topic , Adolescent , Adult , Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Obesity Agents/economics , Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use , Cluster Analysis , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Diet, Reducing/adverse effects , Diet, Vegetarian/adverse effects , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Dietary Supplements/economics , England , Fast Foods/adverse effects , Fast Foods/economics , Female , Humans , Overweight/diet therapy , Patient Education as Topic , Periodicals as Topic/economics , Weight Loss , Young AdultSubject(s)
Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence , United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & jurisprudence , United States Food and Drug Administration/organization & administration , Amines/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Bevacizumab , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Dietary Supplements/economics , Dietary Supplements/standards , Disclosure , Drug Approval/economics , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Federal Government , Humans , Public Health , Time Factors , Treatment Failure , United States , United States Dept. of Health and Human Services/legislation & jurisprudence , United States Food and Drug Administration/economicsSubject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Dental Caries/etiology , Dentist-Patient Relations , Mouth Diseases/etiology , Adolescent , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Body Piercing/adverse effects , Confidentiality , Dental Caries/diagnosis , Diet Fads/adverse effects , Feeding and Eating Disorders/complications , Humans , Mouth/injuries , Mouth Diseases/diagnosis , Sexual Behavior , Smoking/adverse effects , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Tooth Erosion/diagnosis , Tooth Erosion/etiology , Tooth Injuries/etiologyABSTRACT
The endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of obesity. However, the clinical use of cannabinoid antagonists has been recently stopped because of its central side-effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a chronic treatment with the CB(1) cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant or the CB(1) inverse agonist taranabant in diet-induced obese female rats to clarify the biological consequences of CB(1) blockade at central and peripheral levels. As expected, chronic treatment with rimonabant and taranabant reduced body weight and fat content. Interestingly, a decrease in the number of CB(1) receptors and its functional activity was observed in all the brain areas investigated after chronic taranabant treatment in both lean and obese rats. In contrast, chronic treatment with rimonabant did not modify the density of CB(1) cannabinoid receptor binding, and decreased its functional activity to a lower degree than taranabant. Six weeks after rimonabant and taranabant withdrawal, CB(1) receptor density and activity recovered to basal levels. These results reveal differential adaptive changes in CB(1) cannabinoid receptors after chronic treatment with rimonabant and taranabant that could be related to the central side-effects reported with the use of these cannabinoid antagonists.