Association between tunneled catheter placement and catheter-associated deep venous thrombosis in adults with inflammatory bowel disease receiving home parenteral nutrition: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of thrombosis. They often need parenteral nutrition (PN) requiring intravenous access for prolonged periods. We assessed the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and tunneled catheters for patients with IBD receiving home PN (HPN). METHODS: Using the Cleveland Clinic HPN Registry, we retrospectively studied a cohort of adults with IBD who received HPN between June 30, 2019 and January 1, 2023. We collected demographics, catheter type, and catheter-associated DVT (CADVT) data. We performed descriptive statistics and Poisson tests to compare CADVT rates among parameters of interest. We generated Kaplan-Meier graphs to illustrate longevity of CADVT-free survival and a Cox proportional hazard model to calculate the hazard ratio associated with CADVT. RESULTS: We collected data on 407 patients, of which, 276 (68%) received tunneled catheters and 131 (32%) received PICCs as their initial catheter. There were 17 CADVTs with an overall rate of 0.08 per 1000 catheter days, whereas individual rates of DVT for PICCs and tunneled catheters were 0.16 and 0.05 per 1000 catheter days, respectively (P = 0.03). After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidity, CADVT risk was significantly higher for PICCs compared with tunneled catheters, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.962 (95% CI=1.140-7.698; P = 0.025) and adjusted incidence rate ratio of 3.66 (95% CI=2.637-4.696; P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that CADVT risk is nearly three times higher with PICCs compared with tunneled catheters. We recommend tunneled catheter placement for patients with IBD who require HPN infusion greater than 30 days.

Transition from pediatric to adult care in patients with chronic intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition: How to do it right?

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy of children with chronic intestinal failure (CIF) on home parenteral nutrition has greatly improved. Children are now able to grow into adulthood which requires transfer from pediatric to adult health care. A guideline for structured transition is lacking and the demand for a more standardized care for this patient group is necessary. Therefore, we investigated the perceptions of health care professionals from various disciplines working in this specific field, concerning effective interventions regarding transition to adult health care. AIM: To create a standardized protocol which provides practical guidance for health care professionals in order to bridge the gap between pediatric and adult health care and to facilitate successful transition of children with chronic intestinal failure. METHODS: A survey consisting of 20 interventions for transition was sent out to members of the Intestinal Failure working group of European Reference Network for Rare Inherited Congenital (gastrointestinal and digestive) Anomalies (ERNICA) and the Network of Intestinal Failure and Intestinal Transplant in Europe (NITE) group - European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) healthcare professionals in 48 medical centers in various countries. Next to 20 interventions, an open-ended question to fill in any other suggestion with respect to most effective intervention was included. Interventions scoring higher than 80% by the participants were included in the protocol. Interventions scoring between 50% and 80% and other own suggestions were discussed during a consensus meeting and included when consensus, defined as unanimous agreement, was reached. Interventions scoring as effective by < 50% of participants were excluded directly. RESULTS: A total of 80 healthcare professionals from 33 medical centers (participation rate 69%) participated. The protocol consisted of modifiable components expected to be targets of interventions. The most important key outcomes of the survey were: 1) assessment of patient's transition readiness and provision of knowledge to the patient by the pediatric team, 2) involvement of parents in the transition process, and 3) collaboration between the pediatric and adult chronic intestinal failure team. In addition it is advised that the transition process should start 1-2 years before transfer. A nurse specialist working in both services should form a bridge. All interventions must be tailor-made and based on the maturity of the patient. CONCLUSION: This study provides a protocol describing transition of children with chronic intestinal failure from pediatric to adult care. This international protocol will serve as practical guidance for pediatric chronic intestinal failure which will provide a more structured, optimal transition process. It is advised to use this protocol as a formal checklist that can be placed in the patient's chart to review and track the transition process by CIF team members. Future research investigating transition readiness of CIF patients is needed.

When parenteral nutrition is the answer: The case of pediatric intestinal rehabilitation.

In pediatric patients with intestinal failure, parenteral nutrition is lifesaving but also has several associated risks. The goals of intestinal rehabilitation include promoting growth, minimizing complications associated with intestinal failure, and reaching enteral autonomy, if possible. Pediatric intestinal rehabilitation programs are interdisciplinary teams that strive to provide optimal care for children dependent on parenteral nutrition. The provision of parenteral nutrition requires close monitoring of patients' growth, nutrition concerns, clinical status, and laboratory parameters. Recent advances in the field of intestinal rehabilitation include new lipid emulsions, considerations regarding enteral feeding, advances in micronutrient provision, and central venous catheter preservation techniques. Challenges in the field remain, including improving overall quality of life with home parenteral nutrition administration and preventing recently recognized complications such as chronic intestinal inflammation.

Sleep and home parenteral nutrition in adults: A narrative review.

Infusions of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are often cycled at night coinciding with sleep episodes. Adult consumers of HPN are known to experience poor sleep attributed to frequent awakenings and long durations of wakefulness after falling asleep. Consequently, most consumers do not meet recommendations for sleep duration and quality or daytime napping. The primary underlying pathophysiology resulting in sleep problems is nocturia; however, other factors also exist, including disruptions caused by medical equipment (ie, pump alarms), comorbid conditions, dysglycemia, and medication use. Early guidance on sleep is imperative because of the central role of sleep in physical health and wellbeing, including mitigating complications, such as infection risk, gastrointestinal problems, pain sensitivity, and fatigue. Clinicians should routinely inquire about the sleep of their patients and address factors known to perturb sleep. Nonpharmacologic opportunities to mitigate sleep problems include education on healthy sleep practices (ie, sleep hygiene); changes in infusion schedules, volumes, rates, and equipment; and, possibly, behavioral interventions, which have yet to be examined in this population. Addressing comorbid conditions, such as mood disorders, and nutrition deficiencies may also help. Pharmacologic interventions and technological advancement in HPN delivery are also needed. Research on sleep in this population is considered a priority, yet it remains limited at this time.

Body composition of adults with chronic intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition: A descriptive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) refers to the long-lasting reduction of gut function below the minimum necessary to absorb macronutrients, water, and/or electrolytes. Patients with CIF likely develop various forms of malnutrition and dehydration, yet studies that focus primarily on body composition are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the body composition of adult patients with CIF. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive cohort study was performed at the Radboud University Medical Center, a tertiary referral center for CIF treatment in the form of home parenteral nutrition. We collected available bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data from routine care between 2019 and 2023. The primary outcome was body composition, which was evaluated by assessing body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and fat percentage (fat%). RESULTS: Overall, 147 adult patients with CIF were included with a median (interquartile range) age of 58 (25-68) years; 69% were female. The mean (SD) BMI was 22.1 (4.3) kg/m2, FFMI was 14.2 (1.9) kg/m2 in females and 17.0 (2.0) kg/m2 in males, and fat% was 33.7% (6.8%) in females and 24.6% (6.4%) in males. 63% had an FFMI below references, and 48% had a high fat%. CONCLUSION: This study found that most adult patients with CIF have an unfavorable body composition characterized by a high fat% and low FFMI despite having a normal mean BMI. These results highlight the necessity for in-depth nutrition assessment, including BIA measurement. Moreover, future studies should focus on exercise interventions to increase FFMI and improve body composition and function.

Avoiding the use of long-term parenteral support in patients without intestinal failure: A position paper from the European Society of Clinical Nutrition & Metabolism, the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility and the Rome Foundation for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction.

The role of long-term parenteral support in patients with underlying benign conditions who do not have intestinal failure (IF) is contentious, not least since there are clear benefits in utilising the oral or enteral route for nutritional support. Furthermore, the risks of long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are significant, with significant impacts on morbidity and mortality. There has, however, been a recent upsurge of the use of HPN in patients with conditions such as gastro-intestinal neuromuscular disorders, opioid bowel dysfunction, disorders of gut-brain interaction and possibly eating disorders, who do not have IF. As a result, the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), the European Society of Neuro-gastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) and the Rome Foundation for Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction felt that a position statement is required to clarify - and hopefully reduce the potential for harm associated with - the use of long-term parenteral support in patients without IF. Consensus opinion is that HPN should not be prescribed for patients without IF, where the oral and/or enteral route can be utilised. On the rare occasions that PN commencement is required to treat life-threatening malnutrition in conditions such as those listed above, it should only be prescribed for a time-limited period to achieve nutritional safety, while the wider multi-disciplinary team focus on more appropriate biopsychosocial holistic and rehabilitative approaches to manage the patient's primary underlying condition.

Catheter salvage or removal in catheter-related bloodstream infections with Staphylococcus aureus in children with chronic intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition and the use of prophylactic taurolidine catheter lock solution: A descriptive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Children with chronic IF require long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN), administered through a central venous catheter. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) with Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a serious infection with a high mortality rate and risk of complications. A standardized protocol on the management of S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN is lacking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the current management in an HPN expertise center in the Netherlands. METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive cohort study between 2013 and 2022 on children 0-18 years of age with chronic IF requiring long-term HPN. Our primary outcomes were the incidence of S aureus CRBSI per 1000 catheter days, catheter salvage attempt rate, and successful catheter salvage rate. Our secondary outcomes included complications and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients (39 male; 53%) were included, covering 327.8 catheter years. Twenty-eight patients (38%) had a total of 52 S aureus CRBSIs, with an incidence rate of 0.4 per 1000 catheter days. The catheter salvage attempt rate was 44% (23/52). The successful catheter salvage rate was 100%. No relapse occurred, and no removal was needed after catheter salvage. All complications that occurred were already present at admission before the decision to remove the catheter or not. No patients died because of an S aureus CRBSI. CONCLUSION: Catheter salvage in S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN can be attempted after careful consideration by a multidisciplinary team in an HPN expertise center.

Parenteral nutrition at home/long-term parenteral nutrition.

PURPOSE: Some diseases require that patients receive parenteral nutrition (PN) over a prolonged time period. Long-term administration of PN can further complicate an already complex therapy, posing additional risk of potential complications. This article is based on presentations and discussions held at the International Safety and Quality of PN Summit, providing insights into aspects of home PN (HPN) and examples of good HPN practice. SUMMARY: One critical step in the HPN process is when patients transition from a hospital to a home setting, and vice versa. Generally, electronic PN ordering is not feasible in an HPN setting, leading to potential difficulties in communication and coordination. HPN requires that patients (or their home caregivers) administer PN, and thus their education and competency are crucial. Likewise, the choice of PN formulation is of great importance. For example, using more modern intravenous lipid emulsions containing medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and/or fish oil can provide benefits in terms of liver function during long-term HPN. Internationally, there are wide variations in delivery of HPN, with compounded PN dominating in some countries while others make greater use of market-authorized multichamber bags (MCBs). Patient-related factors, institutional considerations, and the availability of different MCB formulations, are also contributing factors guiding formulation and delivery system preferences. CONCLUSION: Education and communication remain key components of a successful HPN process. The information shared here may help to motivate efforts to improve HPN processes and to consider the often-differing perspectives of patients and their healthcare professionals.

A scoping review of parenteral requirements (macronutrients, fluid, electrolytes and micronutrients) in adults with chronic intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition.

INTRODUCTION: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) prescriptions should be individualised in adults with chronic intestinal failure (IF). The aims of the review were to explore HPN requirements and available guidelines and to determine whether adults (≥ 18 years) receive recommended parenteral nutrient doses. METHODS: Online databases searches identified empirical evidence (excluding case-reports), reviews and guidelines (Published 2006-2024 in English language). Additional reference lists were hand-searched. Older studies, cited in national guidelines were highlighted to map evidence source. Two reviewers screened 1660 articles independently, with 98 full articles assessed and 78 articles included (of which 35 were clinical studies). Citation tracking identified 12 older studies. RESULTS: A lack of evidence was found assessing parenteral macronutrient (amounts and ratios to meet energy needs), fluid and electrolyte requirements. For micronutrients, 20 case series reported serum levels as biomarkers of adequacy (36 individual micronutrient levels reported). Studies reported levels below (27 out of 33) and above (24 out of 26) reference ranges for single micronutrients, with associated factors explored in 11 studies. Guidelines stated recommended parenteral dosages. Twenty-four studies reported variable proportions of participants receiving HPN dosages outside of guideline recommendations. When associated factors were assessed, two studies showed nutrient variation with type of HPN administered (multichamber or individually compounded bags). Five studies considered pathophysiological IF classification, with patients with short bowel more likely to require individualised HPN and more fluid and sodium. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights substantial evidence gaps in our understanding of the parenteral nutritional requirements of adult receiving HPN. The conclusions drawn were limited by temporal bias, small samples sizes, and poor reporting of confounders and dose. Optimal HPN nutrient dose still need to be determined to aid clinical decision-making and further research should explore characteristics influencing HPN prescribing to refine dosing recommendations.

High Dose Fish Oil Added to Various Lipid Emulsions Normalizes Superoxide Dismutase 1 Activity in Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients.

(1) Objectives: Intestinal failure in home parenteral nutrition patients (HPNPs) results in oxidative stress and liver damage. This study investigated how a high dose of fish oil (FO) added to various lipid emulsions influences antioxidant status and liver function markers in HPNPs. (2) Methods: Twelve HPNPs receiving Smoflipid for at least 3 months were given FO (Omegaven) for a further 4 weeks. Then, the patients were randomized to subsequently receive Lipoplus and ClinOleic for 6 weeks or vice versa plus 4 weeks of Omegaven after each cycle in a crossover design. Twelve age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included. (3) Results: Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity and oxidized-low-density lipoprotein concentration were higher in all baseline HPN regimens compared to HCs. The Omegaven lowered SOD1 compared to baseline regimens and thus normalized it toward HCs. Lower paraoxonase 1 activity and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) concentration and, on the converse, higher alkaline phosphatase activity and cholesten concentration were observed in all baseline regimens compared to HCs. A close correlation was observed between FGF19 and SOD1 in baseline regimens. (4) Conclusions: An escalated dose of FO normalized SOD1 activity in HPNPs toward that of HCs. Bile acid metabolism was altered in HPNPs without signs of significant cholestasis and not affected by Omegaven.

Risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients with intestinal failure undergoing home parenteral nutrition: a single-center study.

PURPOSE: The incidence and risk factors of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in patients with intestinal failure (IF) have not been established, partly because catheter management methods vary from different facilities. This study aimed to identify the risk factors and incidence rate of CRBSIs in patients with IF who were given prophylactic treatment. METHODS: Sixteen patients with IF who required home parenteral nutrition were enrolled in this study. Prophylactic management of CRBSI included monthly ethanol lock therapy and standardized infection prevention education. The outcomes included the incidence and risk factors of CRBSI. RESULTS: The median incidence rate of CRBSI was 1.2 per 1000 catheter days. Univariate analysis showed that the risk of developing CRBSI was significantly associated with short bowel syndrome (< 30 cm) (p = 0.016). Other relevant findings included a significant negative correlation between serum albumin and CRBSI rate (r = - 0.505, p = 0.046), and past history of mixed bacterial infections was significantly associated with increased CRBSI rate (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: CRBSIs can still develop despite undergoing prophylactic management. Risk factors for CRBSI include the residual intestinal length, nutritional status, and susceptibility to certain microorganisms.

Implementation of a parenteral nutrition home care programme in a tertiary hospital.

Introduction: Aim: the objective of this study was to describe the results of the implementation of a home parenteral nutrition (HPN) care programme (Nutrihome©) in a cohort of patients treated at a tertiary hospital. Methods: retrospective study of the patients included in Nutrihome© at Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. Nutrihome consists of different modules including pre-discharge nursing hospital visits and nursing home visits, deliveries of the infusion pump, consumables and parenteral nutrition bags, patient training, weekly scheduled nursing home visits, scheduled nursing phone calls, stock control phone calls and 24-hour on-call line manned by the nurses. Results: the study included 8 (75 % women) and 10 (70 % women) patients in the Nutrihome© pilot and Nutrihome© programme, respectively. A total 37 adverse events were reported during Nutrihome© pilot, 26 of which were technical, 9 clinical, 1 was catheter-related and 1 other event. Nutrihome© programme registered a total of 107 adverse events reported, 57 of which were technical, 21 clinical, 16 were catheter-related and 13 were other events. A total of 99 % of these events were solved by Nutrihome© via phone calls or home visits. Conclusions: Nutrihome© programme has been extremely useful during this pandemic, facilitaing both the start of HPN and training at the patient home without the need for hospitalisation. Additionally, the adverse events reported and solved by Nutrihome© not only reduced the physicians' burden during those tough times and the patients´ stress of being hospitalised during a pandemic, but supported the entire healthcare system.

Introducción: Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados de la implementación de un programa de cuidados de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) (Nutrihome©) en una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en un hospital terciario. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes incluidos en Nutrihome© en el Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón de Madrid (España). Nutrihome consta de diferentes módulos que incluyen visitas de enfermería previas al alta y visitas al domicilio, entregas de la bomba de infusión, consumibles y bolsas de nutrición parenteral, formación del paciente, visitas semanales al domicilio programadas, llamadas telefónicas de enfermería programadas, llamadas telefónicas de control de existencias y atención telefónica de enfermería las 24 horas al día. Resultados: el estudio incluyó a 8 (75 % mujeres) y 10 (70 % mujeres) pacientes en el piloto Nutrihome© y en el programa Nutrihome©, respectivamente. Durante el piloto, se registraron un total de 37 eventos adversos, de los cuales 26 fueron técnicos, 9 clínicos, 1 relacionado con el catéter y 1 otro evento. Durante el programa Nutrihome©, se registró un total de 107 eventos adversos, de los cuales 57 fueron técnicos, 21 clínicos, 16 relacionados con el catéter y 13 otros eventos. El 99 % de estos eventos fueron resueltos por Nutrihome© por teléfono o mediante visitas a domicilio. Conclusiones: el programa Nutrihome© ha sido de gran utilidad durante esta pandemia, posibilitando tanto el inicio de la NPD como la formación en el domicilio del paciente sin necesidad de hospitalización. Además, los eventos adversos descritos y resueltos por Nutrihome© no solo redujeron la carga de los médicos durante esos tiempos difíciles y el estrés de los pacientes derivado de estar hospitalizados durante la pandemia, sino que fue un apoyo para todo el sistema de salud.

Home Parenteral Nutrition for Children: What Are the Factors Indicating Dependence and Mortality?

Parenteral nutrition (PN) in children with short bowel syndrome is crucial and lifesaving. Taking care of such patients requires interprofessional practice and multiple team resource management. Home PN (HPN) usage allows patients and families to live regular lives outside hospitals. We share our experiences for the last two decades and identify the risk factors for complications and mortality. A retrospective study of HPN patients was conducted between January 2000 and February 2022. Medical records of age, body weight, diagnosis, length of residual intestines, HPN period, central line attempts, complications, weaning, and survival were collected and analyzed. The patients were classified as HPN free, HPN dependent, and mortality groups. A total of 25 patients received HPN at our outpatient clinic, and one was excluded for the adult age of disease onset. There were 13 patients (54.1%) who were successfully weaned from HPN until the record-enroled date. The overall mortality rate was 20.8% (five patients). All mortality cases had prolonged cholestasis, Child Class B or C, and a positive Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score. For HPN dependence, extended resection and multiple central line placement were two significant independent factors. Cholestasis, Child Class B or C, and positive PELD score were the most important risk factors for mortality. The central line-related complication rate was not different in all patient groups. The overall central line infection rate was 1.58 per 1000 catheter days. Caution should be addressed to prevent cholestasis and intestinal failure-associated liver disease during the HPN period, to prevent mortality. By understanding the risks of HPN dependence and mortality, preventive procedures could be addressed earlier.

Quality of life and home parenteral nutrition: a survey of UK healthcare professionals' knowledge, practice and opinions.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the assessment of health-related quality of life (QoL) in the care of patients treated with home parenteral nutrition (HPN). However, it is not known whether healthcare professionals (HCPs) have embedded QoL assessment into routine clinical practice in line with current guidelines to favour a more holistic approach to HPN care. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, current practice and the opinions of HCPs regarding QoL in care of patients on HPN. METHODS: An online survey was distributed via email to HCPs working with HPN patients throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Participants were identified using a mailing list for the British Intestinal Failure Alliance, a specialist group within the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 67 professionals comprising 24 dietitians, 17 nurses, 14 gastroenterologists, 6 pharmacists, 5 surgeons and 1 psychologist. Of these, 54 (80%) participants agreed that the measurement of QoL is useful. In contrast, 38 (57%) of all participants, including 27 (50%) of those participants who agreed that the measurement of QoL was useful, never measured QoL. Knowledge of QoL literature was rated as poor or very poor by 27 (40%) participants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the perceived usefulness and importance of QoL assessment, very few HCPs embed it into clinical practice. Knowledge of QoL literature and QoL tools is variable, and there is significant variability in QoL practice. This is clear in terms of the frequency of QoL assessments and heterogeneity in methodology. In contrast, there was almost unanimous agreement that the complications associated with HPN contribute to poorer QoL. There is a need for specific, evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines detailing how to define and measure QoL in this patient population.

Effect of home parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of our research was to determine the impact of clinical nutrition in the form of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in patients with nutritional disorders, most often caused by diseases of the digestive tract, with the risk of developing malnutrition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 39 patients from the Gastroenterology Clinic and the Home Parenteral Nutrition Center of the University Hospital Bratislava, whose nutritional status was evaluated based on the determination of the body mass index (BMI), the completed nutritional risk screening (NRS) questionnaire and the determination of performance status. Subsequently, after fulfilling the criteria for HPN, the initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN) followed, implemented in a domestic environment for the following two years as HPN. During this period, we did a monthly check-up of the objective condition and laboratory parameters of the enrolled patients, which were the basis for adjusting the nutritional treatment. We also evaluated the occurrence of infectious and thrombotic complications clinically and on the basis of laboratory parameters focused on culture and hemocoagulation examination. After two years, we performed control exit examinations, which we compared with the entrance examinations and statistically evaluated the success of the treatment. We evaluated the obtained data using standard statistical methods. RESULTS: During HPN, there was a statistically significant elevation of the individual monitored values ​​(BMI, absolute lymphocytes count, cholesterol, cholinesterase, total proteins, albumins), which clearly proves correctly indicated and managed HPN. We recorded vein thrombosis in v. subclavia and v. jugularis in 6 (15 %) patients. Subsequent catheter extraction was necessary after unsuccessful catheter insertion. In 13 (33 %) patients, tunneled catheter replacement was required due to infection. The mortality rate in our group was 8 % (3 patients). These were female patients aged 39, 42, and 66 years. The cause of death in all of these patients was the underlying diagnosis (oncohematological disease, systemic connective tissue disease, and repeated resections of the digestive tract for inflammatory GIT disease with the development of severe malnutrition). We recorded a positive effect of applied HPN in all three patients until death.We did not register any factors that would have a relevant influence on the success of administered HPN. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we can conclude that the patients included in the HPN were correctly indicated, and all of them, based on the monitored parameters (regardless of gender, age, initial diagnosis, or BMI value), benefited from the applied treatment, which was correctly chosen based on their individual needs. Our results clearly document the irreplaceable role of HPN in the management of patients with nutritional intake disorders leading to the development of malnutrition (Tab. 2, Fig. 10, Ref. 44). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: malnutrition, nutritional risk screening, clinical nutrition, home parenteral nutrition, complications.

Infusion timing and sleep habits of adults receiving home parenteral and enteral nutrition: A patient-oriented survey study.

BACKGROUND: The emerging field of chrononutrition investigates the effects of the timing of nutritional intake on human physiology and disease pathology. It remains largely unknown when patients receiving home nutrition support routinely administer home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and/or home enteral nutrition (HEN). METHODS: The present descriptive study included data collected from a patient-oriented survey designed to assess the timing of infusions and sleep habits of patients receiving HPN and HEN in the United States. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included. Patients had a mean age of 44.1 years and 81% were female. Among 73 patients supported with HPN and 27 patients supported with HEN, 86% and 44% reported overnight infusions, respectively. The median start and end times of overnight infusions were 2100 (interquartile range [IQR] = 1900-2200) and 0800 (IQR = 0700-1000), respectively, for HPN and 2000 (IQR = 1845-2137) and 0845 (IQR = 0723-1000), respectively, for HEN. Overnight infusions started 2.0 h (IQR = 1.1-3.0) and 2.0 h (IQR = 0.6-3.3) before bedtime for HPN and HEN, respectively, and stopped 12.9 min (IQR = -21.3 to 29.1) and 30.0 min (IQR = -17.1 to 79.3) after wake time for HPN and HEN, respectively. Sleep disruption because of nutrition support or urination was most common among patients receiving infusions overnight compared with those receiving infusions continuously or during the daytime. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey study focusing on a novel and medically relevant dimension of nutrition found that most HPN-dependent and HEN-dependent patients receive infusions overnight while asleep. Our findings suggest that overnight infusions coinciding with sleep may result in sleep and circadian disruption.

Mortality and parenteral nutrition weaning in patients with chronic intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition: A 30-year retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the standard treatment for patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF). Mortality and weaning rates of these patients differ widely among cohorts; however, these outcomes were often considered independent-rather than competing-events, leading to an upward bias of the retrieved estimates. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate, evaluating through a competing risk analysis, the rates and predictors of mortality and weaning in CIF patients from an Italian referral center. METHODS: All adult patients with CIF receiving > 3 mo HPN from 1985 until 2016 were enrolled. Clinical information was collected from the database of the Intestinal Failure Unit of Torino, Italy. Patients were stratified according to the presence or not of short bowel syndrome (SBS). RESULTS: The cumulative incidences of death and weaning were 27.3% and 32.3% and 39.0% and 33.7% at 5 and 10 y from HPN initiation, respectively. At multivariable competing risk analyses, mortality was predicted by age (sub-distribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.65 per 10-y increase; 95% CI, 1.35-2.01), type 3 SBS (SHR = 0.38; 0.15-0.94), small bowel length ≥ 100 cm (SHR = 0.42; 0.22-0.83), and reconstructive surgery (SHR = 0.11; 0.02-0.64) in SBS patients, and by age (SHR = 1.38 per 10-y increase; 1.16-1.64) and presence of stoma (SHR = 0.30; 0.12-0.78) in non-SBS patients. In the same model, weaning was predicted by type 3 SBS (SHR = 6.86; 3.10-15.16), small bowel length ≥ 100 cm (SHR = 3.54; 1.99-6.30), and reconstructive surgery (SHR = 2.86; 1.44-5.71) in SBS patients, and by age (SHR = 0.79 per 10-y increase; 0.66-0.94) and presence of stoma (SHR = 2.64; 1.38-5.07) in non-SBS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical procedures strongly affected mortality and weaning risk in CIF patients.

Taurolidine-related adverse events in patients on home parenteral nutrition frequently indicate catheter-related problems.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a serious complication of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) treatment. Despite taurolidine's frequent use as catheter lock solution (CLS) to prevent CRBSIs and its presumed favourable safety profile, data on taurolidine-related adverse events (AEs) and the clinical implications thereof remain merely anecdotal. Aim of this study was to explore taurolidine-related AEs in our large cohort of HPN patients and to develop an algorithm on how to deal with these AEs in clinical practice. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study comprised all adult HPN patients who used taurolidine as a CLS between 2006 and 2021 at our national HPN referral centre. Primary outcome was to identify taurolidine-related AEs. Secondary outcomes were median time to a taurolidine-related AEs and development of a clinical algorithm. A taurolidine-related AE was defined as an event that occurred directly after instillation of taurolidine in the CVAD or at start of fluid/PN infusion. RESULTS: In total, 470 patients used taurolidine during 700.232 catheter days. In 89 (19%) patients, 103 mild- to severe AEs related to taurolidine were observed. Six patients developed an allergic reaction. Reported AEs compromised vascular access device-related problems (group A) or taurolidine-related problems (group B) in 53 (51%) and 50 (49%), patients, respectively. In groups A and B, 51 (85%) and 21 (18%) patients presented with taurolidine infusion-related pain. Upon rechallenge, 45 (85%) and 16 (32%) patients, respectively, successfully resumed taurolidine locking without residual symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, use of taurolidine as CLS was generally safe. Most reported AEs were vascular access device-related, and the majority of symptoms concerned pain. Upon rechallenge, a substantial number of patients, especially those in whom pain was the main symptom, could resume CLS locking after addressing the underlying catheter-related problem. Based on these results, we present a clinical algorithm for patients with possible taurolidine-related symptoms.

Increase of recurrent central line-associated bloodstream infections in children with home parenteral nutrition in a rehabilitation care facility compared to home.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are the main complication in children with home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and some patients develop recurrent CLABSIs (REC-CLABSIs), defined as two or more infections within six months. Our aims were to assess the incidence and to characterize the risk factors of REC-CLABSIs in children with HPN. METHODS: We characterized 79 HPN children from 2014 to 2019 and calculated the incidence of CLABSIs. To minimize the risk of bias related to the exposure time of the septic risk, we paired the patients according to their central venous catheter (CVC) dwell time. After analyzing the whole cohort, a univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression was performed on the paired cohort. RESULTS: We included 75 (94.9%) children with a mean age of 7.11 years. The rate of septicemia was 1.55/1000 CVC days, mainly with Staphyloccocus sp. The patients with recurrent CLABSIs (REC group) represented 25% of the cohort, with an incidence of 2.99/1000 CVC days. In the whole cohort, a higher risk of recurrent infections was significantly associated with a longer CVC dwell time (OR = 1.04, IC 95% [1.01-1.06], p = 0.004), and with care located in rehabilitation care facilities (RCF) compared to home (OR = 6, IC 95% [1.5-26.6], p = 0.012). When children were paired according to their CVC dwell time, only in univariate analysis did the care in RCF remain significant (OR = 6.27, IC 95% [1.21-32.5], p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent CLABSIs incidence was 2.99/1000 CVC days. Our study suggests that preventive measures should be implemented especially in RCFs to reduce the proportion of children with recurrent infections. A multicenter study is needed to confirm our results in a larger cohort with several RCFs.

Sleep patterns of patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: A home-based observational study.

BACKGROUND: Patients supported with home parenteral nutrition (HPN) often report poor sleep; however, limited research has been conducted to objectively measure sleep patterns of HPN-dependent patients. METHODS: We aimed to characterize the sleep patterns of patients receiving HPN through 7-day actigraphy in a home-based observational study. Sleep measures of clinical importance were derived from actigraphy, including sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset. Participants also completed validated sleep surveys. RESULTS: Twenty participants completed all study procedures (mean [SD]: age = 51.6 [13.9] years, body mass index = 21.4 [4.6], and 80% female). The population median (IQR) for sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset was 6.9 (1.1) h, 83.3% (7.8%), 11.8 (7.1) min, and 57.2 (39.9) min, respectively, and 55%, 60%, 35%, and 100% of participants did not meet the recommendations for these measures from the National Sleep Foundation. Sixty-five percent of participants reported napping at least once during the 7-day period. Based on the Insomnia Severity Index, 70% of participants were classified as having subthreshold or more severe insomnia. Based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 85% were classified as having significant sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION: Most HPN-dependent patients likely have disrupted sleep largely driven by difficulty maintaining sleep. The extent to which HPN contributed to poor sleep cannot be elucidated from this observational study. Addressing known factors that contribute to sleep disruption and considering sleep interventions may improve the overall quality of life of patients receiving HPN.