Effect of a Single Dose of Deflazacort on Postoperative Pain, Swelling, and Trismus after Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery: Randomised Clinical Trial.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a single preoperative dose of deflazacort on pain, swelling, and trismus after impacted lower third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomised, prospective, double-blind, split-mouth clinical study included 26 healthy individuals with bilaterally impacted lower third molars. Group 1 was given a placebo (single-dose vitamin C tablet), and group 2 was given a single 30 mg dose of deflazacort 1 h prior to surgery. Pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale for 1 week postoperatively. Oedema (in mm) and trismus (in mm) were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative days 2 and 7. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied for group analyses. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the deflazacort group at the 6th and 12th hours after surgery (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in trismus between the groups at any time point (p > 0.05). There was less oedema in the deflazacort group on postoperative days 2 and 7, without any statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A single preoperative dose of 30 mg deflazacort was found to be clinically effective in reducing pain and oedema after extraction of impacted lower third molars.

Comparison of the effects of submucosal hyaluronidase and dexamethasone on postoperative edema, pain, trismus, and infection following impacted third molar surgery.

BACKGROUND: Limiting postoperative edema, pain, trismus, and infection is crucial for smooth healing. This prospective, controlled clinical trial investigated and compared the effectiveness of dexamethasone and hyaluronidase in relieving these complications. METHODS: In groups Ia and IIa, 8 mg of dexamethasone and 150 IU of hyaluronidase were administered following the removal of impacted teeth, respectively. The contralateral sides (groups Ib and IIb) were determined as control groups. Edema, pain, trismus, and infection were clinically evaluated on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th postoperative days. RESULTS: 60 patients were enrolled in the study. Hyaluronidase provided significantly more edema relief than dexamethasone on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th postoperative days (P = 0.031, 0.002, 0.000, and 0.009, respectively). No statistical difference was found between dexamethasone and hyaluronidase in VAS and rescue analgesic intake amount values for all time points. Hyaluronidase was more effective in reducing trismus than dexamethasone on the 2nd and 3rd postoperative days (P = 0.029, 0.024, respectively). Neither of the agents significantly increased the postoperative infection rate. CONCLUSIONS: Hyaluronidase can be selected when postoperative excessive edema and trismus are anticipated. Dexamethasone may be a cost-effective option if postoperative pain control is merely targeted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Protocol Registration and Results System (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number: NCT05466604) on 20/07/2022.

Effect of a Thermosensitive Hydroxybutyl Chitosan Hydrogel on Postoperative Sequalae and Quality of Life After Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Extraction.

BACKGROUND: Third molar (M3) extraction is a common surgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and composite wound dressings such as hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC) may improve postoperative sequala following M3 removal. PURPOSE: The study purpose was to measure and compare differences in pain, swelling, trismus, wound healing, and quality of life (QOL) between the HBC and the control sides in patients undergoing M3 removal. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This study is a double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial. Patients who required M3 removal between June 2022 and May 2023 were included. Exclusion criteria included seafood allergies, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and systemic diseases. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable was the socket treatment technique. Subjects were randomly assigned to the HBC or control (physiological saline) side. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The primary outcome variables, including pain assessed by visual analog scale, swelling, and maximal incisional opening, were measured on the first, third, and seventh postoperative days. The secondary outcome variables included QOL and wound healing score measured on the third and seventh days after surgery. COVARIATES: The covariates included age, sex, and operation time. ANALYSES: The Shapiro‒Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the data distribution. The paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was adopted. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: The study included 60 patients (mean age: 25.81 ± 4.91; 23 (38%) males, 37 (62%) females). A statistically significant difference in the level of pain (HBC: 37.58 ± 4.39 mm, control: 47.00 ± 4.33 mm, day 1, P < .001; 21.88 ± 3.25 mm, 35.95 ± 1.57 mm, day 3, P < .001), maximal incisional opening (23.92 ± 1.38 mm, 18.22 ± 1.82 mm, day 1, P < .001; 30.00 ± 1.61 mm, 23.78 ± 1.70 mm, day 3, P < .001), and swelling (6.86 ± 0.70 mm, 7.15 ± 0.80 mm, day 3, P = .006) was detected after surgery. A statistically significant difference in QOL was detected (HBC: 13.70 ± 1.65, control: 18.60 ± 2.14, day 3, P < .001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The application of HBC hydrogels to wounds after impacted mandibular M3 extraction reduces postoperative sequalae, promotes wound healing and improves postoperative QOL.

Systematic review of adherence to swallow and trismus exercises during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.

Understanding the barriers and facilitators for prophylactic swallowing and trismus exercises for patients undergoing radiation to the head and neck may help exercise adherence. The analysis reviews all published reports of exercise adherence with a critical appraisal following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 137 potential papers were identified; 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported facilitators for swallowing and trismus exercises were regular clinician contact and online resources to reinforce instructions, set goals, and manage radiation toxicities. Social support and perceived benefit from exercises were also reported to be of help. The most common barriers to exercise were radiation toxicities, anxiety, feeling overwhelmed with information, and not understanding the reason for the exercises. Understanding facilitators and barriers to adherence is critical when designing exercise interventions for patients undergoing radiation for head and neck cancer.

IS THE PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING POST-SURGICAL SIDE EFFECTS AFTER THE EXTRACTION OF MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

OBJECTIVES: The extraction of third molars is one of the most performed surgical procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Pain, oedema, and trismus are the most frequently complications related in the surgical postoperative period. The literature has indicated PBM as a potential adjuvant method to reduce these complications. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is evaluate the PBM, as an optimal method to improve patient experience and minimize postoperative morbidity. Additionally, we seek to determine which wavelength, site, and frequency of application are most effective. METHODS: This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023429966) and followed PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in the main databases, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Lilacs, including reviews in the most important journals in the area of oral surgery and laser applied to oral surgery. In addition, all article references and also gray literature were reviewed. After the studies selection, the relevant data was collected. All the studies were randomized controlled trials and the patients were allocated into two groups: active PBM and inactive PBM. The statistical analysis was carried out using Stata v.16, and the methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed by the Jadad scale and RoB 2.0, respectively. RESULTS: Where included 22 studies and 989 subjects, to all with a minimum follow-up of 7 days. Pain and oedema showed statistically significant results in favor to the active PBM group. Especially when laser applied in infrared mode, for pain and oedema at 48 h, MD = -1.80 (CI95% -2.88, -0.72) I²â€¯= 92.13% and MD = -1.45 (CI95% -2.42, -0.48) I²â€¯= 65.01%, respectively. The same is not true for trismus at 48 h, MD = 0.07 (CI95% -0.06, 0.21) I²â€¯= 3.26%. The meta-analysis also presented results in respect of laser site of application and number of PBM sessions. CONCLUSIONS: PBM with infrared laser, in a combination intraoral and extraoral application, in one session in the immediate postoperative period, has been shown to be effective to achieve the objectives of reducing pain and oedema after third molar extraction.

How effective are concentrated growth factor and injectable platelets in reducing complications following impacted third molar surgery?

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the impact of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (iPRF) and concentrated growth factor on postoperative pain, edema, trismus, and quality of life in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. The primary aim of this study was to minimize common sequelae following third molar surgery by using iPRF and concentrated growth factor. The secondary objective was to compare the postoperative effects of these products. METHOD AND MATERIALS: This study represents a single-center, randomized prospective clinical trial conducted at the Ordu University Faculty of Dentistry. It involved patients who underwent third molar surgery for various reasons between July and October 2022. The predictor variables were the use of concentrated growth factor and i-PRF. They were categorized as concentrated growth factor, i-PRF, and control groups. The outcome variables include pain levels and analgesic consumption measured on a visual analog scale, distances between predetermined anatomical points, maximum mouth opening capacity, and data from the postoperative symptom severity (PoSSe) scale. Some statistical tests were performed with a 95% confidence interval, which was considered significant. RESULTS: Total analgesic use was notably lower in the concentrated growth factor group (P = .044). Concentrated growth factor and iPRF outperformed the control group in all edema measurements by postoperative day 7 (tragus-pogonion, lateral canthus-angulus, tragus-commissura; P < .05). Concentrated growth factor significantly reduced trismus on days 2 and 7. Quality of life was notably higher in the concentrated growth factor group than in the control group (P = .026), although iPRF group differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that concentrated growth factor has a limited impact on postoperative pain, but significantly reduces edema, trismus, and enhances quality of life. The iPRF group experienced positive effects on pain, edema, and trismus, although the statistically significant differences observed with concentrated growth factor highlight its potential for use instead of iPRF after third molar surgery. An increased sample size is essential for more comprehensive results.

Is Diclofenac Transbuccal Mucoadhesive Patch Superior to Oral Diclofenac for the Management of Postoperative Sequelae After Third Molar Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Pain, swelling, and trismus are the most common sequalae following the surgical removal of mandibular third molars. They pose significant challenges for clinicians, prompting the exploration of efficacious management approaches. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of transbuccal mucoadhesive patch of diclofenac sodium versus an oral tablet in controlling the aforesaid sequelae. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: A prospective split-mouth, single-blinded study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad. The study sample included patients of either sex, aged 18 to 45 years, requiring surgical removal of bilaterally symmetrical mandibular third molars under local anesthesia. Patients who had consumed analgesics within 24 hours prior to the procedure were excluded. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The primary predictor variable was the route of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The study group received transbuccal mucoadhesive patches containing 20 mg diclofenac sodium, whereas the control group received oral tablets of 50 mg. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: Postoperative pain, measured with visual analog scale, was the primary outcome variable, whereas swelling, mouth opening, onset of analgesic effect, and adverse events were assessed as secondary outcome variables. COVARIATES: Two categories of covariates were considered. First, demographic: age and gender. Second, perioperative: pattern of impaction. ANALYSES: Intergroup comparison was made using a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test, while intragroup differences were assessed with a one-way ANOVA and a paired t-test. P value ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 146 patients screened initially, the final study sample included 37 subjects with a mean age of 26.08 ± 5.09 years (21 (56.75%) males and 16 (43.25%) females). The study group exhibited a significantly lower postoperative pain score compared to the control group on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 postoperatively (P ≤ .05). No statistically significant difference was observed in reduction of facial swelling and improvement in mouth opening on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days postoperatively between both the groups (P ≥ .05). The mean onset of analgesia was statistically significant in the study group (19.96 ± 5.40 minutes) compared to the control group (52.56 ± 6.33 minutes) (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Transbuccal mucoadhesive patch of diclofenac sodium offers effective pain control with quicker analgesia and fewer side effects compared to an oral tablet.

Do Platelet-Rich Concentrates Improve the Adverse Sequelae of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Removal?

BACKGROUND: Several measures have been implemented to minimize the side effects of impacted third molar (M3) removal including the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of three modifications of PRF (leukocyte-PRF [L-PRF], advanced-PRF [A-PRF], and advanced-PRF plus [A-PRF +]) on the side effects of impacted M3 removal. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, AND SAMPLE: This double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Oral Surgery Department of Kashan University between September 2022 and May 2023 on patients undergoing mandibular impacted M3 removal. Exclusion criteria were age over 30, local inflammation and infection, medication usage, and systemic disease. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The independent variable was the PRF product grouped into four categories (control, L-PRF, A-PRF, and A-PRF+). Study subjects were randomly distributed among the four groups. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE(S): The main outcome variables were postoperative sequelae including measures of soft tissue healing, pain, analgesic use, alveolar osteitis, trismus, and swelling. Subjects were assessed at baseline and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 postsurgery. COVARIATES: Age, sex, duration of surgery, and side of surgery were the covariates. ANALYSES: Changes at different time points were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were performed if significant. P values ≤.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 64 subjects (16 per group). All three modifications of PRF yielded significantly better soft tissue healing index than the control group on days 2, 3, 7, and 14 postoperatively (P > .05). A-PRF and A-PRF + had significantly better healing index than L-PRF on the third day (P = .02, P = .01). All the study groups significantly reduced visual analog scale pain score than the control group on days 1, 2, and 3. A-PRF and A-PRF + had significantly lower visual analog scale scores than L-PRF on the second day (P = .003, P = .02). No significant difference was found in maximum mouth opening during follow-up sessions (P = .2). Study groups had less facial swelling on days 2 and 3 than the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: L-PRF, A-PRF, and A-PRF + can improve postoperative outcomes after M3 removal but may not impact trismus. A-PRF and A-PRF + may be more effective than L-PRF in promoting soft tissue healing and reducing pain. A-PRF and A-PRF + have comparable results.

Comparing pre- and postoperative etoricoxib administration versus only postoperative on third molar extraction sequelae and oral health quality of life: a prospective quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the impact of pre- and postoperative etoricoxib administration versus only postoperative on third molar extraction sequelae and oral health quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective quasi experimental study involved 56 patients, divided into a study group receiving preemptive etoricoxib 120 mg before surgery and postoperative etoricoxib 120 mg (n = 28), and a control group receiving preemptive placebo before surgery and postoperative etoricoxib 120 mg (n = 28). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3- and 7-days post-surgery, recording swelling, trismus, and adverse events. Patients rated perceived pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) and completed an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaire at specified intervals. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests (i.e., the Mann-Whitney test, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon sign test) with P < 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly lower VAS scores were reported in the study group throughout the follow-up period (P < 0.05). Pharmacological protocol did not have a significant impact on postoperative edema and trismus (P > 0.05). However, double etoricoxib intake significantly improved postoperative quality of life on day 3 after surgery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and postoperative etoricoxib 120 mg intake in third molar surgery reduced postoperative pain and enhanced postoperative quality of life on day 3 after surgery. Importantly, it was equally effective in managing swelling and trismus compared to exclusive postoperative intake. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preemptive etoricoxib use may decrease patient discomfort following impacted mandibular third molar extraction.

An Evaluation of the Effects of Pineapple-Extract and Bromelain-Based Treatment after Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized Three-Arm Clinical Study.

A three-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted to assess the impact of lyophilized pineapple extract with titrated bromelain (Brome-Inf®) and purified bromelain on pain, swelling, trismus, and quality of life (QoL) following the surgical extraction of the mandibular third molars. Furthermore, this study examined the need for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) by comparing their effects with a placebo group. This study enrolled 42 individuals requiring the extraction of a single mandibular third molar under local anesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned to receive Brome-Inf®, purified bromelain, or a placebo orally, initiating treatment on the day of surgery and continuing for the next 7 days. The primary outcome measured was the requirement for NSAIDs in the three groups. Pain, swelling, and trismus were secondary outcome variables, evaluated postoperatively at 1, 3, and 7 days. This study also assessed the comparative efficacy of freeze-dried pineapple extract and single-component bromelain. Ultimately, the placebo group showed a statistically higher need for ibuprofen (from days 1 to 7) at the study's conclusion (p < 0.0001). In addition, reductions in pain and swelling were significantly higher in both the bromelain and pineapple groups (p < 0.0001 for almost all patients, at all intervals) than in the placebo group. The active groups also demonstrated a significant difference in QoL compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001). A non-significant reduction in trismus occurred in the treatment groups compared to the placebo group. Therefore, the administration of pineapple extract titrated in bromelain showed significant analgesic and anti-edema effects in addition to improving QoL in the postoperative period for patients who had undergone mandibular third molar surgery. Moreover, both bromelain and Brome-Inf® supplementation reduced the need for ibuprofen to comparable extents, proving that they are good alternatives to NSAIDs in making the postoperative course more comfortable for these patients. A further investigation with larger samples is necessary to assess the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory impacts of the entire pineapple phytocomplex in surgical procedures aside from mandibular third molar surgery.

PREEMPTIVE INTRAVENOUS IBUPROFEN AND LOCAL KETAMINE IMPROVE POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA FOLLOWING THIRD MOLAR SURGERY: A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDY.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of preemptive ibuprofen, local ketamine, and their combination in managing postoperative pain and trismus following third molar surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred patients were randomly divided into 4 groups. The Intrafen Group had their impacted third molars surgically removed under local anesthesia after receiving intravenous (IV) ibuprofen for preemptive effect. The Ketamine Group received an IV placebo before the surgery, and the extraction process was completed with a local anesthetic-ketamine combination. The Combined Group received preemptive IV ibuprofen before the procedure, and the surgery was performed with a local anesthetic-ketamine combination. The Control Group received an IV placebo before the procedure and then had their impacted third molars removed under local anesthesia. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values, corresponding to the patients' pain levels at the 2nd and 12th postoperative hours and the total amount of analgesic dose used in the first 24 hours, were recorded, and evaluated. The maximum mouth opening of the patients was measured immediately before the procedure, and on the second and seventh postoperative days. The level of patient satisfaction in all groups was assessed during the procedure. RESULTS: The mean VAS value corresponding to the second-hour pain level of the combined group was statistically significantly lower than the other groups (P = .003). A statistically significant difference was found in the mean VAS values corresponding to the pain levels of the groups, favoring the combined group compared to the other groups (P ≤ .001). A significant difference was observed between the VAS difference values corresponding to the pain levels of the Intrafen group and the Ketamine group, favoring the Intrafen group (P = .038). The Ketamine group consumed the most analgesic on average over the first 24 hours, whereas the Combined group consumed the least. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean trismus levels of the groups on days 0-2 (P = .528) and days 0-7 (P = .129). The intraoperative patient satisfaction level of the combined group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P = .030). CONCLUSION: Preemptive Intrafen is an effective regimen for postoperative pain management and is superior to the local anesthetic-ketamine regimen. The most effective method to reduce postoperative pain following third molar surgery is to use a combination of these 2 regimens. However, none of the treatment methods used in the study had a positive effect on postoperative trismus.

Pilot Study of Intensive Trismus Intervention Using Restorabite™ During Unilateral Adjuvant Radiation for Head and Neck Cancer.

Trismus commonly arises after surgery for head and neck cancer (HNC) and its severity is potentiated by postoperative radiotherapy. While the benefit of trismus rehabilitation after surgery and radiotherapy is well established, the evidence during radiotherapy is less clear. This may be due to poor adherence to trismus exercises secondary to acute mucositis. This study assessed the feasibility of using a novel trismus device during adjuvant radiotherapy for HNC in patients with acute postoperative trismus. Prospective single-arm cohort feasibility study. Eligible patients had undergone surgery with curative intent for HNC, planned for adjuvant radiotherapy, and were suitable for trismus rehabilitation. Participants completed a 10-week exercise program using a novel jaw stretching device. Study outcomes were adherence, maximal incisal opening (MIO), and trismus-related function and quality of life scores, assessed at baseline, 10 weeks, and 6 months after commencing exercises. Nine patients diagnosed with trismus after primary surgery were recruited. The mean increase in MIO at 10 weeks was 7.8 mm (range -4 to 15 mm, p = 0.03), and at 6 months was 10.6 mm (range 1-26 mm, p = 0.03). Significant improvements were observed in trismus-related quality of life (Gothenburg Trismus Questionnaire; p = 0.04). Adherence to the exercises was 100% in week 1-2, 67% in weeks 3-6, and 100% at 10 weeks (1 month post radiation). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a novel jaw stretching device during adjuvant radiotherapy. Further evaluation is warranted to assess the effectiveness of early intervention and prevention of trismus during HNC radiotherapy.Level of Evidence: IV.

Mannitol Reduces Pain and Trismus After Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The removal of the lower third molar is a routine procedure in oral surgery, yet it often leads to postoperative side effects, particularly inflammation. Despite various interventions explored in prior studies, there is still a need for effective strategies, such as anti-inflammatory substances, to address postoperative side effects. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to answer the following clinical question: Does the local injection of 0.9 M mannitol reduce postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling in patients undergoing bilateral symmetrically impacted mandibular third molar extraction? STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This prospective, single-blind, split-mouth study at Hamadan Dental School involved 30 patients with bilateral symmetrically impacted mandibular third molars. Inclusion criteria were: no current medication, no anesthesia allergies, bilateral symmetrically impacted mandibular third molars, non-smokers, and the absence of systemic diseases. Exclusion criteria were: poor oral hygiene, alcohol/cigarette use, drug consumption, diabetes, systemic/gastrointestinal disorders, infection at the surgical site, lack of patient cooperation, and mannitol/anesthetic allergy. PREDICTOR/EXPOSURE/INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The predictor variable was therapeutic injection, and it was grouped into two categories, 0.9 M mannitol solution or distilled water. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The primary outcome variable was pain. Secondary outcomes are trismus, swelling, patient satisfaction, and analgesic consumption. COVARIATES: Covariates included demographic information and operative details. ANALYSES: Statistical analyses included repeated measures and paired t-tests with a significance level set at P < .05. RESULTS: The study comprised 30 participants (mean age: 22.6 ± 3.59 years; 6 men, 24 women). In the test group, pain intensity significantly decreased from 5.30 on surgery day to 0.00, with subsequent values of 2.97, 1.30, 0.40, 0.17, and 0.03. The control group also decreased from 7.68 to 0.00, with values of 4.73, 2.67, 0.97, 0.23, and 0.07. The difference was statistically significant (P < .001). No significant swelling differences at T1, T3, T5, and T7 (P > .05). The intervention group had improved maximum mouth opening at T1, T3, T5, and T7 (P = .011) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Mannitol infiltration significantly reduces postoperative pain and trismus in impacted third molar surgery. This finding underscores the potential for improved patient comfort and recovery in this context.

Piezosurgery versus conventional rotary surgery for impacted third molars: A randomised, split-mouth, clinical pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have compared the effects of piezosurgery and conventional rotary surgery for impacted wisdom teeth on the quality of life. Among these studies, the inclusion parameters and evaluation methods have varied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study aimed to compare the effects of piezosurgery and conventional rotary instruments on the quality of life using a standardised method. Patients with bilateral and symmetric mandibular impacted wisdom teeth were included based on the Winter and Pell-Gregory scale and Yuasa difficulty index criteria. The primary objective was to assess the effects of the methods on the quality of life using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire. Secondary objectives included comparisons of swelling, trismus, pain, and total operative times. The study was conducted between October 2021 and March 2022. The clinical trial protocol was recorded in the United States National Library of Medicine clinical trial registry (NCT05545553). RESULTS: We enrolled 20 patients (40 wisdom teeth) and found that the removal of impacted teeth using the piezosurgery method positively affected the quality of life and considerably improved swelling, trismus, and pain scores. However, piezosurgery may affect postoperative morbidities such as increased total operative times. CONCLUSIONS: Piezosurgery appears to have advantages over conventional rotary surgery for impacted wisdom tooth extraction in terms of quality of life and postoperative symptoms. However, further research should investigate potential drawbacks and confirm these findings.

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, edema, and trismus after surgical removal of impacted third molars: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) stimulus inhibits the activity of nociceptive neurons of the central nervous system. Pain relief is achieved by increasing the pulse amplitude of TENS to induce a non-painful paranesthesia beneath the electrodes. This study aimed to assess the effect of TENS on acute pain, edema, and trismus after surgical removal of impacted third molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized, double blind, split-mouth clinical trial was conducted on 37 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars. The angle and body of mandible at the site of surgery in one randomly selected quadrant underwent TENS immediately after surgery (50 Hz, 100-µs short pulse, 15 minutes for 6 days). The TENS stimulator device was used in off mode for the placebo quadrant. The pain score (primary outcome) was measured for 7 days postoperatively, and edema and trismus (secondary outcomes) were assessed at 2, 4 and 7 days, postoperatively. The results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using R software (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: The overall mean pain score was significantly lower in the TENS than the placebo group (P<0.05). The number of taken analgesics in the first 3 days was significantly lower in the TENS group (P<0.001). Postoperative edema in the TENS group was lower than the placebo group but only the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). The inter-incisal distance, as an index to assess trismus, was not significantly different between the two group at day 2, but it was significantly higher in the TENS group after the second day (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TENS effectively decreased pain and trismus following impacted third molar surgery, and may be recommended as a non-pharmaceutical method to relieve postoperative symptoms.

Can Topical Agents (Arnica and Mucopolysaccharide Polysulfate) Reduce Postoperative Pain, Edema and Trismus Following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative supplemental maintenance following mandibular third molar surgery remains an area of interest. PURPOSE: Topical agents can modulate inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to determine if topical application of arnica or mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPSP) reduces pain, trismus, and edema following the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single center randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. The patients were randomized into three groups: the control group (standard therapy [ST]: antibiotic + nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs twice a day), the arnica group (arnica + ST), and the MPSP group (MPSP + ST). The patients' pain, trismus, and edema values were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 10. Sex, age, and operation time were also included. Analyses included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, post hoc tests, and determinations of intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Sixty patients with a mean age of 26.98 ± 10.88 years were included in the study; 55% were females and 45% were males. The mean operation time was 23.8 ± 3.27 minutes. According to the visual analogue scale scores (in centimeter units), the arnica and MPSP groups felt less pain than the control group until day 5 (0.6 ± 0.88, 3.75 ± 1.16, 4.75 ± 1.29, and 1.05 ± 1.10, respectively, for the arnica group; 0.35 ± 0.59, 3.25 ± 1.62, 5.0 ± 1.65, and 1.50 ± 1.32 for the MPSP group; and 1.30 ± 1.17, 5.75 ± 1.37, 7.05 ± 1.10, and 3.15 ± 1.53 for the control group; P < .05). The trismus was lower on days 1, 3, and 5 in the arnica group (-8.05 ± 2.82, -12.15 ± 3.1, and -2.15 ± 1.81, respectively) than in the control group (-12 ± 3.82, -15.65 ± 4.81, and -4±2.81, respectively) (P < .05). The edema was lower on days 1 and 3 in the MPSP group (0.95 ± 2.2 and 1.75 ± 3.7, respectively) than in the control group (2.45 ± 0.9 and 3.6 ± 0.8, respectively) (P < .05). Arnica and MPSP had similar pain-relieving action, but arnica was more effective at reducing trismus, while MPSP was more effective at reducing edema. CONCLUSIONS: Topical application of arnica or MPSP may have a beneficial effect on relieving pain 5 days after surgery, but arnica was also effective at reducing trismus, while MPSP was also effective at reducing edema. Both arnica and MPSP reduced postoperative sequelae.

Is Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin Really Effective in Reducing Expected Side Effects of Removing Impacted Third Molar Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Common side effects of third molar (M3) operations including pain, edema, and trismus have an adverse effect on patient quality of life. Injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) may ameliorate some of the side effects of the operation. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study is to measure and compare differences in pain, swelling, trismus, and quality of life between i-PRF side and a control side of subjects undergoing M3 removal. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING AND SAMPLE: This study is a single-center, split-mouth, randomized prospective clinical trial conducted at Ordu University Faculty of Dentistry. Patients who presented between March and August 2022 for the extraction of impacted third molars due to various reasons were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were local conditions and systematic comorbidities. Additionally, patients with differences that could cause bias between the sides were excluded from the study. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable is treatment i-PRF or control. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The outcome variables of interest are the pain level and analgesic consumption values on the Visual Analog Scale, the distance between determined reference points, maximum mouth opening, and the Postoperative Symptom Severity scale data. A Postoperative Symptom Severity scale was created using questions commonly employed in the clinical evaluation of patients following the extraction of third molars. This scale was further divided into subscales corresponding to the 7 primary adverse effects identified in a prior study. COVARIATES: Covariate variables, sex, age, and operation times. ANALYSES: The normality of the distribution of the study data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Depending on whether the data exhibited a normal distribution or not, the data were analyzed using either the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 35 patients with a mean age of 19.97 ± 2.07 years. The i-PRF side significant success in postoperative edema measurements. There was a statistically significant difference observed between the control side and the i-PRF side on the second day (control: 9.74 ± 0.57 mm, i-PRF: 9.46 ± 0.51 mm) and seventh day (control: 9.33 ± 0.59 mm, i-PRF: 9.12 ± 0.50 mm) in lateral canthus-angulus measurements (P: .01 and P: .04, respectively). Additionally, on the second day, there was a statistically significant difference in tragus-commisura measurements (control: 11.53 ± 0.62 mm, i-PRF: 11.31 ± 0.58 mm) with a P value of .02. There was no significant difference observed between the sides in terms of postoperative pain (P > .05). However, analgesic consumption in the i-PRF side was significantly lower at the sixth hour (control: 1.8 ± 0.58 dose, i-PRF: 1.14 ± 0.35 dose), 24th hour (control: 1.77 ± 0.54 dose, i-PRF: 1.14 ± 0.35 dose), and second day (control: 1.8 ± 0.47 dose, i-PRF: 1.4 ± 0.73 dose) postoperatively (P: .000, P: .000, and P: .012). Mouth opening was significantly lower in the i-PRF side on the second day (control: 27.88 ± 6.48 mm, i-PRF: 25.51 ± 5.56 mm) (P: .025). However, i-PRF had no significant effect on postoperative quality of life (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the study results, i-PRF had a limited effect on the management of postoperative pain, but i-PRF was effective in reducing postoperative edema. Further studies with larger patient sides are now needed to yield more detailed findings on the subject.

Efficacy of auriculotherapy in the control of pain, edema, and trismus following surgical extraction of the lower third molars: a split-mouth, randomized, placebo-controlled, and triple-blind study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this split-mouth, randomized, placebo-controlled, and triple-blind study was to evaluate whether auriculotherapy had any effect on the post-operative course after the extraction of third molars in terms of the control of pain, edema, and trismus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 patients (84 teeth) who had undergone a surgical extraction of the lower third molars. In each patient, the two extractions were randomly assigned to two study groups. In the therapy group, the patients underwent auriculotherapy with vaccaria seeds applied with patches in 6 ear points. In the control group, the patches were applied, without seeds, to the same ear points. After the extraction, the patients were asked to stimulate the ear points three times a day and whenever they felt pain. The patients were asked to keep a diary in which they assessed their pain by means of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for 8 days. Edema and trismus were assessed 1, 2, 3, and 8 days after surgery. RESULTS: The differences between the two groups were statistically significant at the 12-h control (auriculotherapy group (AG) VAS 5.5 [IQR 4.25-6.75], placebo group (PG) VAS 6 [IQR 5-8], p = 0.040), after 24 h (AG VAS 5 [IQR 4-6], PG VAS 6 [IQR 4.25-7], p = 0.024), after 2 days (AG VAS 4 [IQR 3-5], PG VAS 4.5 [IQR 4-6], p = 0.044), and after 3 days (AG VAS 3 [IQR 0-5], PG VAS 4 [IQR 3-5], p = 0.024). Throughout the observation period, the AG took a significantly lower number of painkillers than the PG (AG 6 [IQR 4.25-7]; PG 8 [IQR 8-9], p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the levels of edema and trismus between the two groups throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results of the present study, auriculotherapy can be considered as a cost-effective adjuvant pain reliever treatment in patients undergoing an extraction of the lower third molars.

Efficacy of Kinesio taping in post operative sequalae after surgical removal of mandibular third molars: a split mouth randomized control study.

BACKGROUND: The surgical removal of impacted lower third molars produces a significant degree of trauma to the soft tissue and bony structures of the oral cavity, which can initiate considerable inflammatory reaction. Consequently, patient experiences pain, swelling, hemorrhage, nerve paraesthesia, limited mouth opening etc. The kinesiologic tape (KT) can help with blood and lymphatic circulation and has shown acceptable outcomes in reducing pain and in managing post-operative muscle spasm. METHODOLOGY: The study was aimed to compare the effects of kinesiologic tape on post operative pain, swelling and trismus following surgical removal of mandibular third molar when compared to control group. 15 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molar were included in the split mouth study. One side was randomly assigned as Group A where patient's face was subjected to Kinesio tape application post extraction. The other was Group B where Kinesio tape was not applied. After extraction each patient was evaluated in terms of post op pain, swelling and trismus in post-op day 1,2 and 7th. RESULTS: The pain was found to be significantly less (p = 0.042) in group A when compared to group B on the first day. The mean pain was 5.07 in KT group and 6.20 in No KT group on day 2nd. Post OP Swelling was statistically significantly less (p < 0.01) in Group A on 2nd & 3rd day. The postoperative mouth opening was more from the 2nd day in group A with mean of 26.07 mm and 20.33 mm in group B (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The kinesiologic taping originates from sports medicine, but can also used therapeutically for reducing post operative sequelae as demonstrated in our study. Kinesiologic tape (KT) enables patients to have a comfortable time post-operatively and helps to regain better quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in Clinical Trial Registry-India. Registration number-CTRI/2021/05/033359, registration date - 04/05/2021.

An Evaluation of the Effect of Using Irrigations at Different Temperatures on Pain, Edema, and Trismus during the Extraction of Bilateral Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The surgical extraction of impacted wisdom teeth is a standard practice in dentistry. Unfortunately, inflammatory reactions such as discomfort, edema, and trismus frequently jeopardize patients' well-being after the extraction of third molars. Saline solutions at room temperature (25°C) are routinely used in impacted tooth extraction. Refrigerated saline solutions were used to work with cold solutions, and as the refrigerator temperature was 4°C, this study was designed to have a cold solution temperature of 4°C. This study aimed to assess the influence of saline irrigation at various temperatures (4°C, 25°C) on postoperative edema, pain, and trismus after the extraction of impacted third molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with bilateral symmetrical mandibular impacted third molars were enrolled in this split-mouth, randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial. For each patient, one side was irrigated with a saline solution (% 0.9 isotonic sodium chloride) at 4°C (test), and the other side was irrigated with a saline solution at room temperature (25°C) (control). Pain, trismus, and facial edema were noted on the 2nd, 4th, and 7th days. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare pairs, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare groups. RESULTS: The two groups had no considerable differences in terms of pain levels and facial edema (P > 0.05). Regarding trismus, the maximum mouth opening for cold irrigation (4°C) was significantly higher than for room temperature irrigation (25°C) across all postoperative periods (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cold irrigation therapy (4°C) exerts beneficial effects more than room temperature (25°C) irrigation on the trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery.