Analysis of post-migration traumatic events influence on immigrants and their personality traits.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse the way immigrants and their personality traits get affected by traumatic events in the post-migration process. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted through Google Forms with the involvement of 2,509 immigrants. A descriptive questionnaire, the "IFOMA Post-Migration Post-Traumatic Effect Scale" and the "GADOT Personality Types Determination Scale" were used to collect the research data. Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and related sample Friedman's two-way analysis tests were used in data analysis. RESULTS: Immigrants were exposed to significant effects in all sub-dimensions of the Post-Migration Post-Traumatic Effect Scale. Experiencing post-traumatic stress was found to be significantly related to the research parameters, which, respectively, are gender, age, marital status, educational background, legal status, years of living in the current country, employment status, ethnicity, Turkish language proficiency, and post-migration psychological problems (p < 0.05); 42.8% of the immigrants had the Type 9 personality, and all personality types were affected by the Psychological Affection, Physical Affection, Anxiety, and Social Adaptation sub-dimensions, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: By analysing the impact of migration-induced trauma on immigrants within their society, it can be recommended to implement initiatives specific to immigrants' personality traits and to carry out protective/preventive projects that will minimize immigrants' exposure to trauma and encourage their participation in social adaptation processes.

Health Belief Scale for Urinary Incontinence and Kegel Exercise: A Reliability and Validity Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an instrument based on the Health Belief Model that measures urinary incontinence awareness and beliefs regarding pelvic floor muscle (Kegel) exercises. DESIGN: Evaluation of validity and reliability of the novel instrument and analysis of sociodemographic variables based on responses to this 49-item scale. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The sample used to validate the instrument (n = 527) was drawn from patients cared for at the gynecology and obstetrics and urology polyclinic at Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital. A majority of participants were female (n = 431, 81.8%) and their average age was 33.8 years (SD 12.3). The university is located in Samsun, a city located in northern Turkey. Data were collected between October 2019 and December 2020. METHODS: The Health Belief Scale for Urinary Incontinence and Kegel Exercise's validity was analyzed using a content validity index approach with 8 experts. Psychometric measurements were obtained using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's α reliability analysis. Exploratory factor analysis incorporated principal component analysis and varimax rotation. t Tests and 1-way analysis of variance were used to compare subdimensions of the Health Belief Scale for Urinary Incontinence and Kegel Exercise with some variables (sex, education status, marital status, make Kegel exercises regularly, etc). RESULTS: Results supported a scale having 49 items and 6 subscales per factor analysis explaining 59.8% of total variance. With exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.899 and Barlett test result was χ² = 18389.424 (P = .001). Cronbach's α coefficients for the scale varied between 0.79 and 0.94. Factor loadings per underlying dimensions ranged from 0.42 to 0.84. CONCLUSION: The Health Belief Scale for Urinary Incontinence and Kegel Exercise is a valid and reliable instrument.

The effect of the Incontinence Health Belief Development Program on women's urinary incontinence awareness and health beliefs: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This study is aimed at determining the effects of the Incontinence Health Belief Development Program (IHBDP) on the urinary incontinence awareness and health beliefs of women in the pre-menopausal period. METHODS: This randomized controlled study was conducted in 160 eligible women. The pre-test and post-test data of the study were collected from experimental and control groups using the Socio-Demographic Characteristics Information Form, the Incontinence Awareness Scale, the Health Belief Scale on Urinary Incontinence and Kegel Exercise, and the Broome Pelvic Muscle Self-Efficacy Scale. The IHBDP was implemented with members of the experimental group for 5 weeks. RESULTS: The women in the experimental group showed a significant difference in mean scores at the end of the program on the UI Awareness Scales, the Health Belief Scale on UI, and the Kegel Exercise compared with pre-training scores (p<0.05). In the experimental group, the factor scores and the total score of the Broome Pelvic Muscle Self-Efficacy Scale also increased. Furthermore, a statistically significant total score increase (p<0.05) was observed at the end of the program (79.8±8.8) compared with before the program (35.2±19.6). CONCLUSIONS: The training given to the women in the pre-menopausal period based on the Health Belief Model appears highly effective in raising awareness about UI, fostering beliefs about Kegel exercises and increasing pelvic floor muscle self-efficacy.

Urinary Incontinence Awareness and Attitude Scale (URINAS): A Reliability and Validity Study.

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to develop an instrument, the Urinary Incontinence Awareness and Attitude Scale (URINAS), to measure incontinence awareness and attitude, and to evaluate its reliability and validity. DESIGN: Instrument development and psychometric evaluation. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The URINAS was validated in a group of individuals cared for at a family health center in Samsun, in northern Turkey. The sample comprised 637 respondents. Nearly three-fourths of participants (74.3%, n = 473) were female; their average age was 30.2 years. More than one-third of participants (35.6%, n = 227) reported urinary incontinence (UI). METHODS: Participants completed a questionnaire designed for the study that queried demographic and pertinent clinical data; they also completed the URINAS and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6). Explanatory factor analysis was then performed to evaluate validity of the URNAS. Parallel from reliability was evaluated by comparing URINAS and UDI-6 scores to determine parallel form reliability, and the Cronbach α was used to evaluate internal consistency. RESULTS: The URINAS comprises 26 items, divided into 5 subdimensions. The total explanatory variance of the scale is 65.3%, and the factor loadings of the scale items range from 0.38 to 0.85. A significant relationship was found in the correlation analysis between the UDI-6 used for the parallel form and the URINAS. Cronbach α coefficients vary from 0.60 and 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: The URINAS is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for measuring awareness and attitudes toward UI.

Non-medication coping strategies for urinary incontinence in older adults: factors associated with frequency of use.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of the use of non-medication coping strategies for urinary incontinence in older adults. METHODS: This methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted in 320 older adults. The data of the study were collected using a personal information form and a urinary incontinence questionnaire form regarding the frequency of the use of non-medication coping strategies for urinary incontinence. Within the scope of the validity and reliability study of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis tests, KMO, Bartlett's test, and principal components analysis were used. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, ANOVA, and correlation test were also used for data. The statistical accepted significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in the study was 75.54 ± 9.34 years. Older adults who are illiterate, who are single, who have a chronic disease, who are at an advanced age, who are women, who describe having urinary incontinence during activities, who always experience leaking urine, whose diapers or underwear get wet, who share these issues with their relatives, and who do not consult a doctor because they are afraid of being examined were all found to have a higher frequency of use of coping strategies for urinary incontinence (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study recommends carrying out studies to raise awareness about urinary incontinence in older adults. In addition, this study suggests that the questionnaire applied to older adults study subjects regarding the frequency of the use of non-medication coping strategies for urinary incontinence might be used for all age groups.