Accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT's free version answers about endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT's free version answers about endometriosis for the first time. METHODS: Detailed internet searches to identify frequently asked questions (FAQs) about endometriosis have been performed. Scientific questions were prepared in accordance with the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) endometriosis guidelines. An experienced gynecologist gave a score of 1-4 for each ChatGPT answer. The repeatability of ChatGPT answers about endometriosis was analyzed by asking each question twice, and the reproducibility of ChatGPT was accepted as scoring the answer to the same question in the same score category. RESULTS: A total of 91.4% (n = 71) of all FAQs were answered completely, accurately, and sufficiently. ChatGPT had the highest accuracy in the symptom and diagnosis category (94.1%, 16/17 questions) and the lowest accuracy in the treatment category (81.3%, 13/16 questions). Furthermore, of the 40 questions based on the ESHRE endometriosis guidelines, 27 (67.5%) were classified as grade 1, seven (17.5%) as grade 2, and six (15.0%) as grade 3. The reproducibility rate of FAQs in the prevention, symptoms, and diagnosis, and complications categories was the highest (100% for all categories). The reproducibility rate was the lowest for questions based on the ESHRE endometriosis guidelines (70.0%). CONCLUSION: ChatGPT accurately and satisfactorily responded to more than 90% of the questions about endometriosis, but to only 67.5% of questions based on the ESHRE endometriosis guidelines.

Gene pathway analysis of the endometrium at the start of the window of implantation in women with unexplained infertility and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: is unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss a subset of unexplained infertility?

This study aims to understand differences/similarities in the genetic profile of the endometrium at the start of window of implantation (WOI) in women with unexplained infertility (UI) and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (uRPL). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the endometrium were evaluated using gene expression array and pathway enrichment analysis was performed to analyse gene expression pathways involved in both conditions. We found 2,171 genes arranged in 117 pathways and 730 genes arranged in 33 pathways differentially expressed in endometrium of patients in UI and uRPL, respectively. Complement-coagulation cascades, morphine addiction pathway, and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway were predominantly differentially expressed in UI. Cancer pathways, NF-κB signalling pathway, and actin cytoskeleton regulation pathway showed significant changes in uRPL. Forty-eight percent of DEGs and 84% of differentially expressed pathways in uRPL were found in the endometrium of UI patients. Unexpected close association in gene expression pathways between UI and uRPL is observed supporting the hypothesis 'uRPL is a clinical subset of UI'. Yet 100% DEGs overlap wasn't found suggesting the endometrium has still some different gene expression patterns at start of WOI in UI and uRPL. Lastly, diagnostic tools may be developed for uRPL because more specific genes-pathways are involved compared with UI, which shows broader genetic expression profile.

Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic technique for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrium, the layer of tissue that usually covers the inside of the uterus, grows outside the uterus. One of its severe effects is sub-fertility. The exact reason for endometriosis is still unknown and under investigation. Tracking the symptoms is not sufficient for diagnosing the disease. A successful diagnosis can only be made using laparoscopy. During the disease, the amount of some molecules (i.e., proteins, antigens) changes in the blood. Raman spectroscopy provides information about biochemicals without using dyes or external labels. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method for endometriosis. The Raman spectra of 94 serum samples acquired from 49 patients and 45 healthy individuals were compared for this study. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), k- Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used in the analysis. According to the results (using 80 measurements for training and 14 measurements for the test set), it was found that kNN-weighted gave the best classification model with sensitivity and specificity values of 80.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Testing the model with unseen data yielded a sensitivity value of 100% and a specificity value of 100%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which Raman spectroscopy was used in combination with PCA and classification algorithms as a non-invasive method applied on blood sera for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Investigation of resistin 420 and 62 gene polymorphism in patients with endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess resistin gene polymorphisms, namely 420C > G and 62G > A and their effect on the risk of endometrial cancer (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2012 and January 2015, of the total of 183 patients diagnosed with EC, 94 patients were enrolled into the study. Patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and history of any other cancer were excluded. To identify the importance of nucleotide polymorphism including 420C > G and 62G > A in the resistin gene, 94 healthy volunteers were included as the control group. RESULTS: Among the Resistin 420 gene polymorphism profiles, 420 GC (47.9%) was the most common gene polymorphism in the EC group. Also, the polymorphism of 420 CC (57.7%, p: 0.002) lead the list in the control group followed by the 420GC (37.5%) polymorphism. Resistin 62 gene polymorphism analysis demonstrated that the 62GC polymorphism was significantly more common in the EC group (p < 0.01), while 62 AG (52.9%) was observed most frequently in the control group bringing about a reduction in the risk of EC (p < 0.01, Odds Ratio:0.37). Additionally, the alleles of 420G+ and 62A + were significantly more common in the EC group and the control group, respectively (p:0.02 and p<:0.01). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the presence of 420G + allele increased the EC risk 1.99 fold while the presence of 62A + allele was shown to decrease the risk of EC (p<:0.01 Odds Ratio:0.038). CONCLUSION: Our study for the first time had demonstrated that Resistin 420G > C and 62G > A gene polymorphisms play a role in EC development.

Comparison of 2 Methods of Vaginal Cuff Closure at Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Their Effect on Female Sexual Function and Vaginal Length: A Randomized Clinical Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the laparoscopic approach versus the vaginal route for the management of vaginal cuff closure during total laparoscopic hysterectomy on female sexual function in premenopausal patients with benign gynecologic conditions. DESIGN: A prospective study with a randomized, double-blind design (Canadian Task Force Classification I). SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients who were scheduled to have total laparoscopic hysterectomy because of benign conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to vaginal cuff closure via the vaginal route versus the laparoscopic approach. The study included a total of 70 patients; 34 underwent the laparoscopic approach in the management of vaginal cuff closure, and 36 underwent the vaginal route. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Female sexual function and vaginal length were measured. The duration of total surgery was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic approach group compared with the vaginal route group (112.2 ± 36.5 vs 122.7 ± 53.6, p < .05). The total Female Sexual Function Index scores preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively were similar between the laparoscopic approach and vaginal route groups (all p > .05). Vaginal lengths 3 months postoperatively were significantly longer in the laparoscopic approach group compared with the vaginal route group (8.39 ± 0.90 vs 7.34 ± 1.17, p < .05). The duration of cuff closure was significantly shorter in the vaginal route group compared with the laparoscopic approach group (8.92 ± 2.23 vs 7.51 ± 2.5, p < .05). Preoperative vaginal lengths were significantly longer in comparison with 3 months postoperatively both in the laparoscopic approach and the vaginal route groups (all p < .05). The preoperative total Female Sexual Function Index scores were significantly higher in comparison with 3 months postoperatively both in the laparoscopic approach and the vaginal route groups (all p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the laparoscopic approach for vaginal cuff closure might be preferable because of better postoperative vaginal length and a shorter duration of total surgery time.