The morphological investigations on the heart and some vessels of bovine foetus between the 15th and 25th weeks of gestation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to define the morphological and morphometric development of the foetus heart obtained from the domestic cattle in the gestation period of 15-25 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, a total of 30 hearts belonging to cattle foetuses (15 males, 15 females) were used. The ages of foetuses were calculated according to the forehead-to-tail length and examined in three different groups. After dissection; biometric, macroanatomic, morphometric and histological findings were obtained from the foetal hearts according to the groups. In addition, mean values of the morphometric findings were determined. RESULTS: As a result of the study, it was found that with the advancing age the convexity of margo ventricularis dexter increased and margo ventricularis sinister transformed from a convex-concave shape to a flat shape. The heart-to-body weight ratio was determined as 0.08% for Group II female foetuses and 0.09% for all other groups. The heart heights for Groups I, II, and III females were identified as 26.21, 41.00, and 46.27 mm, respectively, and for the males 26.45, 34.89, and 47.15 mm, respectively. In the statistical analysis, it was determined that all the morphometric values measured from the heart correlated significantly with the forehead-to-tail length. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained as a result of the study is thought to help understand the morphological and morphometrical development of the heart, pioneer the attempts to create a foetal cattle heart model, and thus help in the diagnosis of the foetal heart pathologies.acielecka.

The morphology of the cervico-thoracic sympathetic system in donkeys (Equus asinus L.).

Five adult donkeys of both sexes, used in applied anatomy classes, and perfused with formalin for teaching purposes, constituted the study material. Ganglion cervicale caudale of the examined materials has observed to exhibit individually variable situation as to extend on the left side of the median line, at the alignment of the first and second intercostal spaces and on the right side between the level of the first and third costa. The ganglion extended more caudally on the right side of median line. The lateral surface of the ganglion was determined to be covered with the m. scalenus medius. On the both sides of the median plane, the ganglion cervicale caudale was seen to be situated on the lateral surface of the m. longus colli. On the left side, the ganglion overlapped the oesophagus in two cadavers and on the right side it was situated within a groove between the m. longus colli and trachea in three cadavers. The rami communicantes received by the ganglion cervicale caudale originated from the eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal segments. The ganglion cervicale caudale was formed by the coalescence of the last cervical and first three thoracic sympathetic ganglia. The ganglion cervicale caudale gave off branches that formed the rami communicantes, plexus cardiacus, n. vertebralis and ansa subclavia. One branch extended from the ganglion to the plexus brachialis. in one specimen, two sympathetic-parasympathetic communicating branches were observed to extend from the ansa subclavia and near by the origin of the truncus sympathicus to the n. vagus. In one of the donkeys examined, a branch originating from the ganglion cervicale caudale on the left side of the median plane was determined to end on the ligamentum arteriosum. A microscopic ganglion structure suggesting the existence of the ganglion cervicale medium was determined in a donkey.

The arterial vascularization of septum interventriculare in donkeys (Equus asinus L.).

In this study, arteries that supply the septum interventriculare in donkeys, their course and variations, if present, were defined. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of varying age and sex constituted the material of the study. In order to expose the arteries, latex coloured with Rotring ink was injected into a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra and dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys is supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronoria dextra, which have their origin at the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra gives off two branches: one is ramus interventricularis paraconalis, which extends into the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and the other is ramus circumflexus sinister, which lies within the sulcus coronarius. A. coronaria dextra is formed by the union of ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter. Septum interventriculare is supplied by rr. septales, which originate from ramus interventricularis paraconalis, a branch of a. coronaria sinistra, as well as rami septales which have their origin in ramus interventricularis subsinuosus, a branch of a. coronaria dextra.

The macroanatomy of coronary arteries in donkeys (Equus asinus L.).

The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.

On the gross anatomy of the cranial cervical ganglion of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Turkey.

The cranial cervical ganglion comprises neurons of especial functional importance for the head. Six specimens of heads of adult donkeys of both sexes, all of which had been exsanguinated and perfused with 10% neutral formalin for teaching purposes, were dissected to derive a gross description of the location, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale) bilaterally. The ganglion was irregular fusiform-shaped or flattened, and reddish-grey in colour. It was 1.9-2.1 mm in length and 0.7-0.8 mm in thickness. The ganglion was located beneath the mandibular gland, caudal to the ramus of the mandible and diverticle of the guttural pouch, and ventral to the atlanto-axial joint. The branches of the ganglion were the internal and external carotid nerves, the jugular nerve, and a branch communicating with the ventral branch of the first cervical nerve fibres.

Arterial supply of the penis in the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.).

In the present study, the distributional pattern of the penile artery and the vessels joining the blood supply of the penis were investigated in the New Zealand rabbit. Eight adult rabbits were used in the study. In order to exhibit the vascular network by dissection, latex was injected via the abdominal aorta. The main vessel which supplies blood to the penis, the penile artery, is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. It divides into two branches which form the deep and dorsal penile arteries at the level of the ischiadic arch. The deep penile artery penetrates the tunica albuginea, and forms the arterial network of corpus cavernosum penis. On the other hand, the dorsal penile artery gives off three small branches for the subischiocavernosus muscle and at the level of the attachment of this muscle sends two small branches for the preputium. The course of both arteries follows the dorsolateral surface of the penis to the glans and ends in an anastomosis. Hence, a caudal branch of the prostatic artery which originates from the umbilical artery joins the blood supply of the penis in the rabbit. After vascularizing the prostate complex, it ends by entering the corpus spongiosus penis at the dorsolateral surface at the level of the ischiadic arch.