Genome-Wide Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Genes in Daucus carota: Novel Insights Into Structure, Expression, and Binding Interaction With Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Under Abiotic Stress Condition.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) proteins are important antioxidant enzymes that help plants to grow, develop, and respond to a variety of abiotic stressors. SOD gene family has been identified in a number of plant species but not yet in Daucus carota. A total of 9 DcSOD genes, comprising 2 FeSODs, 2 MnSODs, and 5 Cu/ZnSODs, are identified in the complete genome of D. carota, which are dispersed in five out of nine chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, SOD proteins from D. carota were categorized into two main classes (Cu/ZnSODs and MnFeSODs). It was predicted that members of the same subgroups have the same subcellular location. The phylogenetic analysis was further validated by sequence motifs, exon-intron structure, and 3D protein structures, with each subgroup having a similar gene and protein structure. Cis-regulatory elements responsive to abiotic stresses were identified in the promoter region, which may contribute to their differential expression. Based on RNA-seq data, tissue-specific expression revealed that DcCSD2 had higher expression in both xylem and phloem. Moreover, DcCSD2 was differentially expressed in dark stress. All SOD genes were subjected to qPCR analysis after cold, heat, salt, or drought stress imposition. SODs are antioxidants and play a critical role in removing reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). DcSODs were docked with H2O2 to evaluate their binding. The findings of this study will serve as a basis for further functional insights into the DcSOD gene family.

Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibilities and risk factors of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy bovines.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis pathogen in dairy cows, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found in dairy farms all over the world. The study carried out on bovines from three governorates in Egypt, with the goal of determining the prevalence of MRSA in positive milk samples of subclinical mastitis, performing an antibiotic susceptibility test against MRSA isolates and determining the risk factors associated with MRSA. A total of 350 quarter milk samples (n = 200 mixed breed cow; n = 150 water buffalo) were collected and examined for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT) before being exposed to standard microbiological procedures for S. aureus isolation. The disc diffusion method was used to phenotypically analyse the positive S. aureus isolates for MRSA, which was verified by a PCR assay targeting the mecA gene. According to the findings of the study, 41.4% (145/350) milk samples were positive based on CMT, while 35.7% (125/350) of positive samples identified as MRSA based on PCR assay. However, the obtained results revealed non-significant disparity between cattle and buffalo and all predicted risk factors were strongly associated with prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that cefoxitin was completely resistant, whereas linezolid, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole were sensitive against the MRSA isolates. The relevance of S. aureus to public health, as well as the development of resistance to antibiotics like methicillin, needs ongoing testing of antimicrobial medications against MRSA isolates.

Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

Information regarding the germination and seedling growth behavior of a potential weed species is an important tool to manage weeds without the use of agricultural chemicals that cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. A series of experiments were directed to investigate the influence of different environmental factors (temperature, pH, NaCl, moisture stress, and seed burial depth) on germination and seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under controlled conditions. Results suggested that 25 °C is the optimum temperature for maximum germination (95%) and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass, however, a quick decline was observed at 35 °C. Seed germination was unaffected by pH levels ranging from 5 to 10. The 92% seed germination was recorded where no salt stress was applied and germination was reduced by 87% at 250 mMNaCl concentration. Seed germination was unaffected by osmotic potential ranges from 0 to - 0.4 MPa thereafter declined and completely inhibited at - 0.8 or - 1.0 MPa. No seed emerged at the soil surface or a soil depth of 6 or 7 cm and 90% emergence occurred at 1 cmsoil depth. The germination and seedlings parameters like time to initial germination, mean germination time, time taken to 50% germination and germination index, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot are significantly affected with the environmental factors. The information obtained in this study will be helpful to develop better management strategies for germination and the emergence of perennial ryegrass in areas where it has the ability to rapidly colonize.

Chlorophyll fluorescence and grain filling characteristic of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to nitrogen application level.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to understand the influence of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters on yield of winter wheat in some areas of China. Nitrogen (N) application is believed to improve photosynthesis in flag leaf ultimately increase final yield. METHODS AND RESULTS: To understand the response of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat, flag leaf and the effect of N fertilization was carried out at booting stage under greenhouse during year 2018-2019 using winter wheat cultivar "Yunhan-20410' 'Yunhan-618". The results showed that the maximum chlorophyll content of flag leaves occurred at booting stage. Under, Yunhan-20410 condition, maximum photochemical quantum efficiency (FV/Fm), potential activity (ΦPSII), potential activity of PSII (FV/FO), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qp) showed "high-low" variation, and the maximum values were observed between May 4 and May 12. However, Yunhan-20410 showed FV/Fm, FV/FO, and qp showed "low-high-low" curve at booting stage. Compared to Yunhan-618, Yunhan-20410 at booting stage significantly decreased FV/Fm, FV/FO, qp, and ΦPSII (P<0.05), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The outcome of present investigation suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters could be valuable insight to understand yield stability under stress condition. Moreover, the investigated parameters could be useful criteria for selection of genotypes under varying nitrogen application levels.

A comparison of logistic regression and classification tree to assess brucellosis associated risk factors in dairy cattle.

Machine learning approaches have been increasingly utilized in the field of medicine. Brucellosis is one of the most common contagious zoonotic diseases with significant impacts on livestock health, reproduction, production, and public health worldwide. Therefore, our objective was to determine the seroprevalence and compare the logistic regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) data-mining analysis to assess risk factors associated with Brucella infection in the densest cattle populated Egyptian governorates. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 animals (383 cows, 17 bulls) distributed over four Governorates in Egypt's Nile Delta in 2019. The randomly selected animals from studied geographical areas were serologically tested for Brucella using iELISA, and the animals' information was obtained from the farm records or animal owners. Eight supposed risk factors (geographic location, gender, herd size, age, history of abortion, shared equipment, and disinfection post-calving) were evaluated using multiple stepwise logistic regression and CART machine-learning techniques. A total of 84 (21.0%; 95% CI 17.1-25.3) serum samples were serologically positive for Brucella. The highest seroprevalence of Brucella infection was reported among animals raised in herd size > 100 animals (65.5%), with no disinfection post-calving (61.7%), with a history of abortion (59.6%), and with shared equipment without thorough cleaning and disinfection (57.1%). The multiple stepwise logistic regression modeling identified herd size, history of abortion, and disinfection post-calving as important risk factors. However, CART modeling identified herd size, disinfection post-calving, history of abortion, and shared equipment as the most potential risk factors for Brucella infection. Comparing the two models, CART model showed a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC = 0.98; 95% CI 0.95 - 1.00) than the binary logistic regression (AUROC = 0.89; 95% CI 0.73 - 0.92). Our findings strongly imply that Brucella infection is most likely to spread among animals raised in large herds (>100 animals) with a history of abortions and bad hygienic measures post-calving. The CART data-mining modeling provides an accurate technique to identify risk factors of Brucella infection in cattle.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Theileria orientalis in cattle.

Theileria orientalis (T. orientalis) is a benign species of Theileria that is found all throughout the world, including Egypt. The purpose of this work was to determine the current status of T. orientalis infection in cattle, as well as to define T. orientalis genetic diversity using the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) genes. In 2020, blood samples from 500 asymptomatic cattle were collected, which live in four different governorates at northern Egypt and examined using PCR assay based on MPSP gene. Overall, 44 blood samples (8.8%, 44/500) were positive for T. orientalis, and the highest prevalence rate was observed in Kafer ElSheikh while it was relatively low in Gharbia governorate. Moreover, based on multivariable analysis, the risk of infection with T. orientalis infection was higher in mixed breed cattle and in animals of age group more than 3 years compared to other. Additionally, absence of acaricide application, infestation with ticks, and communal grazing system were identified as potential risk factors for T. orientalis infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates studied belonged to two MPSP genotypes, types 1 and 2. These findings reveal that the MPSP genotypes discovered in the present work displayed genetic variation that was linked to geographic area. Therefore, further research should be focused on developing an effective T. orientalis monitoring and preventive program.

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels.

Surra is a non-cyclic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and spread by biting flies. The disease has a severe impact on camel health, productivity, and market value, posing a significant threat to food safety and the economy. In a cross-sectional study, 370 blood samples were collected from camels in three Egyptian governorates. Samples were tested using parasitological (thin blood smear (TBS)), card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT), and PCR to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. evansi among examined camels was 17.3%, 18.9% and 22.7% using TBS, CATT and PCR methods, respectively. The risk of T. evansi infection in older camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odds ratio (OR) = 9; 95% CI: 3.5-23.1), particularly during spring (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1-5.7). Furthermore, females and poor conditioned camels were 2.6 and four times more likely to get infection than males and good conditioned camels, respectively. The level of agreement between diagnostics tests were perfect kappa (> 0.83). Moreover, CATT showed higher sensitivity (0.83; 95% CI: 0.74-0.91) than TBS (0.76; 95% CI: 0.66-0.85) and both had perfect specificity (100%). In conclusion, our findings revealed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three Egyptian governorates. The CATT is a good test for routine use in control program of trypanosomiasis in camels.

Adverse effect of vaccination in xenogeneic animals.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating, emerging viral disease of cattle. It causes significant economic losses due to trade restrictions that are placed on infected animals and the biological effects of the disease: infertility, dramatic loss in milk production, induction of abortion and mortality. It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Vaccination has been determined to be the most effective way to control LSD infection among livestock. However, some adverse effects have been reported in animals vaccinated with live vaccines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the systemic lesions that are associated with LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals. The aim of our study was to compare the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of a live attenuated vaccine of Romanian strain of sheeppox virus (SPPV) through study of two different routes of administration in xenogeneic animals (mice). Swiss male mice were inoculated with two doses of SPPV vaccine by two different routes intranasal (IN, through nebulisation), and intraperitoneal (IP) injection) and the levels of immunoglobulins and histopathological findings were reported. Our results showed marked increases in levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) dependent on the administration route: IgG in IP-inoculated mice and IgA in IN-vaccinated mice. IgM levels became markedly high after vaccination via both routes. Histologically, nebulisation of mice with SPPV vaccine caused more pulmonary lesions than did IP injection and promoted the proliferation of megakaryocytes in splenic tissues. In contrast, IP injection had less effect on pulmonary tissues and induced activation of extramedullary haematopoiesis (EH) in the hepatic tissues. LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals caused serious systemic complications and the severity of the lesions caused to tissue depended on the route of administration.

Characterization of fertility alteration and marker validation for male sterility genes in novel PTGMS lines hybrid rice.

Photoperiod and thermosensitive genetic male sterile (PTGMS) lines have become one of the main sources of global rice production increasing. This study was conducted to evaluate the fertility alteration and validate the male sterility genes using validation markers in novel Egyptian Indica and Japonica PTGMS lines under natural conditions. The study revealed that the new genetic male sterile lines belong to the type of photo-thermosensitive genetic male sterility (PTGMS). The fertility alteration of these lines has influenced by photoperiod and temperature interaction. The new PTGMS lines have three sensitive periods of fertility alteration; transformation, sterility, and fertility period. Furthermore, the sensitive stage of fertility transformation might be from secondary branch primordial to pollen mother cells (PMC) meiosis. Under the natural Sakha condition, the new PTGMS lines were stable sterile under the condition of day length upper 13,75 h and temperature over 25 °C, while its convert to fertile under day length under 13 h, and temperature lower than 24 °C. The co-dominant markers identified the pms3 and tms5 genes in the new PTGMS lines, indicated that the fertility alteration in these lines controlled by photoperiod and thermosensitive stages.

Biochar and jasmonic acid application attenuates antioxidative systems and improves growth, physiology, nutrient uptake and productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) irrigated with saline water.

The effect of foliar treatment with jasmonic acid at 0.5 mM (JA) and biochar (15 ton ha-1) as a soil amendment for the faba bean (Vicia faba L. Sakha 4) was studied under salinity conditions. Salt stress led to a significant decrease in leaf numbers, leaf areas and plants, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and yield parameters. In contrast, reactive oxygen species, the proline concentration, level of malondialdehyde, and amount of electrolyte leakage were noticeably increased during both seasons under salt levels of 1500 and 3000 ppm sodium chloride (NaCl). Also, enzyme activities (i.e., of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were increased, especially under a high level of salinity stress (3000 ppm). Application of biochar, jasmonic acid, or biochar + jasmonic acid significantly reduced the catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities in salt-stressed plants to values approaching those of the control (unstressed) plants, especially under 1500 ppm of NaCl stress. Biochar and jasmonic acid treatments mitigated the damaging effects of salinity and improved the plant status as indicated by the plant height, leaf area, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations. Moreover, biochar and jasmonic acid treatments of the salt-stressed plants enhanced plant productivity, number of flowers, number of seeds per plant, and weight of 100 seeds during two successive seasons. Overall, this study suggests that biochar or jasmonic acid treatments might be promising for mitigating the detrimental impact of salt stress on faba beans.

Evaluation of Silicon and Proline Application on the Oxidative Machinery in Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet.

Drought stress deleteriously affects growth, development and productivity in plants. So, we examined the silicon effect (2 mmol) and proline (10 mmol) individually or the combination (Si + proline) in alleviating the harmful effect of drought on total phenolic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chlorophyll concentration and antioxidant enzymes as well as yield parameters of drought-stressed sugar beet plants during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Our findings indicated that the root diameter and length (cm), root and shoot fresh weights (g plant-1) as well as root and sugar yield significantly decreased in sugar beet plants under drought. Relative water content (RWC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration considerably reduced in stressed sugar beet plants that compared with control in both seasons. Nonetheless, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2●-) considerably elevated as signals of drought. Drought-stressed sugar beet plants showed an increase in proline accumulation, total phenolic compounds and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to mitigate drought effects. Si and proline individually or the combination Si + proline considerably increased root and sugar yield, sucrose%, Chl concentration and RWC, MDA and EL were remarkably reduced. The treatments led to adjust proline and total phenolic compounds as well as CAT and SOD activity in stressed sugar beet plants. We concluded that application of Si + proline under drought stress led to improve the resistance of sugar beet by regulating of proline, antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and improving RWC, Chl concentration and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) contents as well as yield parameters.

Characterizing the Assemblage of Wood-Decay Fungi in the Forests of Northwest Arkansas.

The study reported herein represents an effort to characterize the wood-decay fungi associated with three study areas representative of the forest ecosystems found in northwest Arkansas. In addition to specimens collected in the field, small pieces of coarse woody debris (usually dead branches) were collected from the three study areas, returned to the laboratory, and placed in plastic incubation chambers to which water was added. Fruiting bodies of fungi appearing in these chambers over a period of several months were collected and processed in the same manner as specimens associated with decaying wood in the field. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA region was sequenced, and these sequences were blasted against the NCBI database. A total of 320 different fungal taxa were recorded, the majority of which could be identified to species. Two hundred thirteen taxa were recorded as field collections, and 68 taxa were recorded from the incubation chambers. Thirty-nine sequences could be recorded only as unidentified taxa. Collectively, the specimens of fungi collected in the forests of northwest Arkansas belong to 64 and 128 families and genera, respectively.

Bioconjugate synthesis, phytochemical analysis, and optical activity of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the removal of ciprofloxacin and Congo red from water.

In this paper, Jr.NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized first time using the leaves extract of Juglans regia via a straightforward process. The physio and phytochemical analysis of plant confirm the presence of macromolecules which function as bio-reductant and stabilize the nanoparticles. The Jr.NiFe2O4 NPs were characterized by UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy, PXRD pattern, SEM and TGA/DTA analysis. The nanoparticles proved to be optically active having a value of indirect bandgap of energy in the range of 1.53 eV. The Jr.NiFe2O4 NPs have the ability in scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radicals and showed 58.01% ± 1.2% scavenging activity at 100 µg/mL concentrations. The photocatalytic degradation study of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Congo red (CR) reveals that the highest degradation rate was acquired for CIP using pH = 3, at 254 nm, while 85% of removal rate was analysed for CR. The kinetic studies in case of CR removal followed pseudo-first-order model with thermodynamic parameters (∆G° = - 5.87 kJ mol-1 K, ΔH° = 1393.50 kJ mol-1 and ΔS° = 22.537 kJ mol-1 K) with error analysis. Overall, these data recommend an innovative inspiring application of a plant-mediated synthesis of Jr.NiFe2O4 NPs.

Synthesis of New Naphthyl Aceto Hydrazone-Based Metal Complexes: Micellar Interactions, DNA Binding, Antimicrobial, and Cancer Inhibition Studies.

In the present study, naphthyl acetohydrazide (HL) ligand was prepared and used for the synthesis of new six amorphous transition metal (Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II)) complexes. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI). The solubilization study was carried out by estimating the interaction between the metal complexes with surfactants viz. sodium stearate (SS) and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). UV-Visible spectroscopy was employed to determine partitioning and binding parameters, whereas electrical conductivity measurements were employed to estimate critical micellar concentration (CMC), the extent of dissociation, and free energy of micellization. The CT-DNA interaction of synthesized compounds with DNA represents the major groove binding. The synthesized ligand and metal complexes were also tested against bacterial and fungal strains and it has been observed that Cu(II) complex is active against all the strains except Candida albicans, while Cd(II) complex is active against all bacterial and fungal strains except Pseudomonas. Among all compounds, only the Pd(II) complex shows reasonable activity against cervical cancer HeLa cell lines, representing 97% inhibition.

Forensic applications and genetic characterization of Liaoning Han population revealed by extended set of autosomal STRs.

BACKGROUND: Microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs) are considered the gold standard for forensic investigations and autosomal STRs are used for routine forensic personal identification. AIM: To provide a precise population database on an extended set of STRs which has never been done before and explore the forensic characteristics of 20 autosomal STRs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the current study, we explored the genetic characteristics of 20 STRs loci in 1138 unrelated Han individuals using Goldeneye® 20A multiplex amplification system kit in the Liaoning Han population. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis based on the Nei's standard genetic distance was performed between the Han population and other relevant populations. RESULTS: A total of 253 alleles were observed while allelic frequencies ranged from 0.00043 to 0.5369. The combined discrimination power was 99.99999999999999999999789% and the combined exclusion power was 99.999998231%. Most of the loci were in HWE while only five pairs were out of LE. Population genetic analysis showed that the Han population has similarities with other East Asian populations. CONCLUSION: GoldenEyeTM 20A kit detects high diversity in the Liaoning Han population. These STRs which are part of this kit can be used for forensic investigations. Population genetic analysis showed that the Han population is different from the minority populations of Xinjiang.

Efficacy of Mushroom Metabolites (Pleurotus ostreatus) as A Natural Product for the Suppression of Broomrape Growth (Orobanche crenata Forsk) in Faba Bean Plants.

Broomrape parasitism on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the most destructive factor for this crop in Egypt. Pot experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the mitigation of broomrape stress on faba bean using a ten-fold dilution of 10% (w/v) spent mushroom substrate extract (SMSE) of Pleurotus ostreatus and the same dilution of culture filtrate of mushroom (MCF) grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at a rate of 48 l hectare-1 compared with the commercial herbicide Roundup (Glyphosate 48% emulsifiable concentrate) at a rate of 144 cm3 ha-1 on the two varieties (Misr3 and Sakha3) cultivated in broomrape-infested soil. The treatments include the use of mushroom products as foliar spray and/or soil amendment in addition to Roundup spraying as a recommended treatment. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) spectroscopy, our results indicate that the major components of the two mushroom products were bioactive compounds such as polyphenol and high molecular weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons that may interfere with parasite and host metabolism. These results indicated that SMSE of P. ostreatus and MCF of the same mushroom grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) gave the best control of broomrape, and increased plant height, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, relative water content and seed yield (g plant-1), as well as anatomical characters of leaves in the two faba bean varieties (Misr3 and Sakha3), such as upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue and vascular bundles. Additionally, electrolyte leakage was decreased in the treated plants compared to control plants and the plants treated with Roundup (glyphosate) because of the important role of SMSE and MCF in the improvement of faba bean water status.

New Heteroleptic 3D Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Solubilization Parameters.

The microbial resistance to current antibiotics is increasing day by day, which in turn accelerating the development of new effective drugs. Several studies have proved the high antimicrobial potential of the interaction of several organic ligands with a variety of metal ions. In the present study, a conventional method has been adopted in the synthesis of twelve new heteroleptic complexes of cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II) and zinc (II) using three aldimines, namely, (HL1 ((E)-2-((4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenylcyclopent-2-en-1-one), HL2 ((Z)-3-((4-chlorobenzylidene)amino)-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid) HL3 (2,2'-((1,2-phenylenebis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))diphenol)) as primary ligands, while phenyl glycine was the secondary ligand. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-vis, IR and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and electrical conductance. The IR study revealed the coordination of the aldimine derivatives with the -OH and N atom of imine moiety. In contrary to this, the phenyl glycine coordinated to the metal ions via oxygen of carboxylate and nitrogen of the amino group. The spectroscopic analysis unveiled the tetrahedral geometry of the synthesized metal (II) complexes, except for ligand HL3 which exhibited octahedral geometry. The synthesized compounds generally showed antibacterial activity for all microbes, except Ni (II) complexes lacking sensitivity. Furthermore, to access the bioavailability, the synthesized complexes were screened for their solubilization in the micellar media of sodium lauryl sulphate. The metal complex-surfactant interaction was revealed by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements.

Covid-19 pandemic outburst in Saudi Arabia: A glimpse.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) provoked alertness globally. Existing pandemic eruption of infections with SARS-CoV2 has been phrased as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). Worldwide pneumonia outburst attributable to new SARS-CoV2 alleged to be originated in Wuhan city of China and has affectation of enormous danger regarding civic wellbeing. As of 11 March 2020, international death toll owing to outburst of new coronavirus was approximately 3,800, and about 110,000 have been declared as confirmed cases. The novel SARS-CoV2 demonstrated competence with respect to human to human communication; therefore depicted exponential intensification of cases. As of March 23, there are 374,513 collective cases of global infections; more than 16,350 deaths and number of recovered cases is 101,554. Now Europe has turn out into new epicenter of lethal coronavirus. More than one third of the covid 19 cases are currently outside China. Presently Italy is one of worst hit countries followed by Spain. The rapid global widespread of novel covid-19 viruses lead to World Health Organization (WHO) to declare outbreak as pandemic. Given to seriousness of present scenario an accurate and rapid classification of noxious pathogenic virus is important which will lend a hand in opting for best fitting drugs. The screening program will aid saving people's lives and help to put off the pandemic situation. The scientists and researchers should collaborate nationally and internationally to win the battle against novel covid-19. We aimed to represent covid 19 outburst scenario in general and Saudi Arabia in particular. This short review report very briefly highlights covid-19 syndromes; propagation; Middle East outburst, natural products as cure for viral diseases, probable psychosomatic effects, protective measures and Islamic wisdom. SARS-CoV2 is subsequent coronavirus outburst that perturbs Middle East, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which has been originated in kingdom of Saudi Arabia in year 2002 and 2012 respectively. The report covers information and developments till 23rd of March 2020 on basis of current published data and studies published on different scientific web-pages.

Molecular insights and novel approaches for targeting tumor metastasis.

In recent years, due to the effective drug delivery and preciseness of tumor sites or microenvironment, the targeted drug delivery approaches have gained ample attention for tumor metastasis therapy. The conventional treatment approaches for metastasis therapy have reported with immense adverse effects because they exhibited maximum probability of killing the carcinogenic cells along with healthy cells. The tumor vasculature, comprising of vasculogenic impressions and angiogenesis, greatly depends upon the growth and metastasis in the tumors. Therefore, various nanocarriers-based delivery approaches for targeting to tumor vasculature have been attempted as efficient and potential approaches for the treatment of tumor metastasis and the associated lesions. Furthermore, the targeted drug delivery approaches have found to be most apt way to overcome from all the limitations and adverse effects associated with the conventional therapies. In this review, various approaches for efficient targeting of pharmacologically active chemotherapeutics against tumor metastasis with the cohesive objectives of prognosis, tracking and therapy are summarized.