Salivary interleukin-1ß as a biomarker to differentiate between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal diagnosis is based on recording clinical parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). These techniques may be prone to errors due to different factors. Available biomarkers in the oral biofluid such as interleukin (IL)-1ß could provide solutions for these issues. The study aimed to determine the potential of salivary IL-1ß to differentiate periodontal health from disease and between gingivitis and periodontitis. METHODS: Patients with gingivitis (N.=25), periodontitis (N.=50), and healthy periodontium (N.=25) were recruited for this study. For each patient, whole unstimulated saliva was collected followed by recording periodontal parameters namely; Plaque Index (PI), BOP, PPD, CAL. Level of salivary IL-1ß was assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sensitivity and specificity of IL-1ß, to differentiate any given condition, was determined by Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Both BOP and PI were significantly higher in association with gingivitis and periodontitis groups as compared to controls. Concentration of salivary IL-1ß in periodontal health was significantly lower than gingivitis and periodontitis groups. The biochemical analyses showed that salivary IL-1ß differentiated periodontal health from gingivitis (AUC 0.949) and periodontitis (AUC 0.852) but could not discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis (AUC 0.532). The proposed cut-off points to differentiate periodontal health from gingivitis was 103.8 pg/mL, while the value of the biomarker to differentiate periodontal health from periodontitis was 102.0 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary IL-1ß could be a reliable biomarker with a good level of accuracy to differentiate periodontal health from disease but not to discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis.

Diagnostic potential of salivary interleukin-17, RANKL, and OPG to differentiate between periodontal health and disease and discriminate stable and unstable periodontitis: A case-control study.

Background and Aims: Limitations of the conventional diagnostic techniques urged researchers to seek novel methods to predict, diagnose, and monitor periodontal disease. Use of the biomarkers available in oral fluids could be a revolutionary surrogate for the manual probing/diagnostic radiograph. Several salivary biomarkers have the potential to accurately discriminate periodontal health and disease. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of salivary interleukin (IL)-17, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANKL/OPG for differentiating (1) periodontal health from disease and (2) stable and unstable periodontitis. Methods: Participants with periodontitis (n = 50) and gingivitis (n = 25), both diseases represented the cases, and subjects with healthy periodontium (n = 15) as a control were recruited for this study. Periodontitis cases were further equally subdivided into stable and unstable. Whole unstimulated salivary sample were collected from all participants. Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and number of missing teeth were recorded. The protein levels of salivary IL-17, RANKL, and OPG were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays technique. Results: Salivary IL-17, OPG, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG showed high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate periodontal health from gingivitis and periodontitis. Similar pattern was observed in discriminating stable and unstable periodontitis. Salivary IL-17 and RANKL showed a good accuracy to differentiate gingivitis from periodontitis. However, OPG and RANKL/OPG did not exhibit enough sensitivity and specificity to differentiate the latter conditions. Conclusion: Salivary IL-17, RANKL, OPG, and RANKL/OPG system are potential candidates for differentiating periodontal health and disease and discriminate stable and unstable periodontitis.