Effect of mechanical power on mortality in invasively ventilated ICU patients without the acute respiratory distress syndrome: An analysis of three randomised clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The mechanical power of ventilation (MP) has an association with outcome in invasively ventilated patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Whether a similar association exists in invasively ventilated patients without ARDS is less certain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of mechanical power with mortality in ICU patients without ARDS. DESIGN: This was an individual patient data analysis that uses the data of three multicentre randomised trials. SETTING: This study was performed in academic and nonacademic ICUs in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: One thousand nine hundred and sixty-two invasively ventilated patients without ARDS were included in this analysis. The median [IQR] age was 67 [57 to 75] years, 706 (36%) were women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the all-cause mortality at day 28. Secondary outcomes were the all-cause mortality at day 90, and length of stay in ICU and hospital. RESULTS: At day 28, 644 patients (33%) had died. Hazard ratios for mortality at day 28 were higher with an increasing MP, even when stratified for its individual components (driving pressure ( P  < 0.001), tidal volume ( P  < 0.001), respiratory rate ( P  < 0.001) and maximum airway pressure ( P  = 0.001). Similar associations of mechanical power (MP) were found with mortality at day 90, lengths of stay in ICU and hospital. Hazard ratios for mortality at day 28 were not significantly different if patients were stratified for MP, with increasing levels of each individual component. CONCLUSION: In ICU patients receiving invasive ventilation for reasons other than ARDS, MP had an independent association with mortality. This finding suggests that MP holds an added predictive value over its individual components, making MP an attractive measure to monitor and possibly target in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02159196, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02153294, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03167580.

Noninvasive respiratory support in the hypoxaemic peri-operative/periprocedural patient: A joint ESA/ESICM guideline.

: Hypoxaemia is a potential life-threatening yet common complication in the peri-operative and periprocedural patient (e.g. during an invasive procedure with risk of deterioration of gas exchange, such as bronchoscopy). The European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) have developed guidelines for the use of noninvasive respiratory support techniques in the hypoxaemic patient in the peri-operative and periprocedural period. The panel outlined five clinical questions regarding treatment with noninvasive respiratory support techniques [conventional oxygen therapy (COT), high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)] for hypoxaemic patients with acute peri-operative/periprocedural respiratory failure. The goal was to assess the available literature on the various noninvasive respiratory support techniques, specifically studies that included adult participants with hypoxaemia in the peri-operative/periprocedural period. The literature search strategy was developed by a Cochrane Anaesthesia and Intensive Care trial search specialist in close collaboration with the panel members and the ESA group methodologist. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to assess the level of evidence and to grade recommendations. The final process was then validated by both ESA and ESICM scientific committees. Among 19 recommendations, the two grade 1B recommendations state that in the peri-operative/periprocedural hypoxaemic patient, the use of either NIPPV or CPAP (based on local expertise) is preferred to COT for improvement of oxygenation; and that the panel suggests using NIPPV or CPAP immediately postextubation for hypoxaemic patients at risk of developing acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery.

Mechanical ventilation strategies for the surgical patient.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize clinical evidence for intraoperative ventilation settings, which could protect against postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in surgical patients with uninjured lungs. RECENT FINDINGS: There is convincing evidence for protection against PPCs by low tidal volumes: benefit was found in several randomized controlled trials, and was recently confirmed in meta-analyses. Evidence for protection against PPCs by high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is less definite. Although benefit was found in several randomized controlled trials, most of them compared a bundle of low tidal volume and high level of PEEP with conventional ventilation; one recent large randomized controlled trial that compared high with low levels of PEEP showed that ventilation with high level of PEEP did not protect against PPCs but caused intraoperative complications instead. A recent individual patient data meta-analysis of trials comparing bundles of low tidal volume and high levels of PEEP to conventional intraoperative ventilation suggested that protection against PPCs comes from tidal volume reductions, and not from increasing levels of PEEP. SUMMARY: The understanding on the protective roles of tidal volume and PEEP settings against PPCs has rapidly expanded. During intraoperative ventilation, low tidal volumes are protective, the protective role of high levels of PEEP is uncertain.

Como determinar a volemia em pacientes com lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo / Determining blood volume in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

A morbidade e a mortalidade de pacientes com lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) ou síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) permanecem elevadas. Devido às alterações na membrana alvéolo-capilar, assim como uma possível elevação da pressão hidrostática, a reposição volêmica passa a ter extrema importância. Para tal, são necessárias avaliações precisas do estado volêmico e da predição da resposta hemodinâmica.Estudos recentes enfatizam a indução de um balanço negativo em pacientes com LPA que não se encontram em choque circulatório. Novos estudos têm focado em alternativas menos invasivas e mais precisas na abordagem de fluidos em pacientes com LPA/SDRA. Nesse contexto, recentes estudos têm demonstrado a superioridade de parâmetros dinâmicos sobre parâmetros estáticos na responsividade de fluidos. Além disso, parâmetros que forneçam informações importantes de pré-carga cardíaca e do grau de edema pulmonar têm sido enfatizados por alguns ensaios clínicos de pequeno porte.Indica-se a restrição de fluidos em pacientes com LPA/SDRA desde que não haja choque circulatório. Nessa situação, considera-se o uso de parâmetros dinâmicos para determinar a quantidade e o tipo de fluido administrados. Para a determinação de edema pulmonar, lança-se mão da medida da água extravascular pulmonar, sabendo de suas potencialidades e limitações.

The morbidity and mortality remain elevated in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Hemodynamic stabilization in such patients may require fluid resuscitation, but the increase in hydrostatic pressure may worsen lung edema in presence of increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the fluid state and prediction of the hemodynamic response are essential. Recent studies have focused on the induction of a negative fluid balance in ALI patients who are not in circulatory shock. Other studies of ALI/ARDS patients have focused on fluid management strategies that are less invasive and more accurate. In this context, recent studies have demonstrated the superiority of dynamic parameters over static parameters in determining the hemodynamic response. In addition, parameters that furnish useful data regarding cardiac preload and the degree of pulmonary edema have been emphasized in recent small clinical trials. In ALI/ARDS patients, fluid restriction is indicated if there are no clinical signs of circulatory shock. In such cases, the nature and quantity of fluid administered should be determined on the basis of the dynamic parameters. To screen for pulmonary edema, extravascular lung water can be measured, assuming that its potential and limitations are borne in mind.