A clinician's guide to effects of obesity on childhood asthma and into adulthood.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity, one of the most common chronic conditions affecting the human race globally, affects several organ systems, including the respiratory system, where it contributes to onset and high burden of asthma. Childhood onset of obesity-related asthma is associated with high persistent morbidity into adulthood. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we discuss the disease burden in children and adults to highlight the overlap between symptoms and pulmonary function deficits associated with obesity-related asthma in both age ranges, and then discuss the potential role of three distinct mechanisms, that of mechanical fat load, immune perturbations, and of metabolic perturbations on the disease burden. We also discuss interventions, including medical interventions for weight loss such as diet modification, that of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory therapies, as well as that of surgical intervention on amelioration of burden of obesity-related asthma. EXPERT OPINION: With increase in obesity-related asthma due to increasing burden of obesity, it is evident that it is a disease entity distinct from asthma among lean individuals. The time is ripe to investigate the underlying mechanisms, focusing on identifying novel therapeutic targets as well as consideration to repurpose medications effective for other obesity-mediated complications, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation.

RAM Cannula Versus Bi-Nasal Prongs as Respiratory Device Interfaces in Neonates of Thirty-Two or More Weeks of Gestation With Respiratory Distress: The First "ProRAM" Randomized Trial Report.

Background: Using bilateral short nasal prongs as an interface for noninvasive respiratory support is challenging, and it is associated with nasal injury. We aimed to compare RAM cannula with nasal prongs in delivering noninvasive ventilation to newborn infants. Methods: This is a single-center randomized trial (trial registry: ISRCTN10561691). The setting involves a tertiary neonatal unit with a capacity of 30 beds and more than 13 years of experience in neonatal noninvasive ventilation. We included 50 infants born at ≥ 32 weeks of gestation, who had respiratory distress at birth. We excluded those with major congenital anomalies and those who required intubation in the delivery room. Primary outcomes were intubation rate and use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV); other outcomes included air leak and nasal injury rate. The infants were assigned using randomly generated numbers into bi-nasal prong and RAM canula groups in a 1:1 ratio. Results: Two and four babies in the RAM and prong groups, respectively, were upgraded to NIPPV (P = 0.600). One versus no baby in the RAM vs. prong groups was intubated (P = 1.000). Newborns in the prong group required oxygen support for a longer period (mean duration: 154.6 ± 255.2 h) than those in the RAM group (40.7 ± 72.6 h, P = 0.030). None of the patients in the RAM group had traumatic nasal injury compared to five babies in the prong group (P = 0.050). Four babies in our study developed air leaks, with two in each group. Conclusions: The use of RAM cannula in delivering noninvasive ventilation to newborns ≥ 32 weeks of age did not affect the noninvasive ventilation failure rate or incidence of air leak. The use was associated with a shorter duration of respiratory support and a reduced risk of nasal septal injury.

All-cause mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit at a teaching hospital in Amman, Jordan.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the main causes of admission to a general pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and examine the main causes of mortality in this patient population. In addition, we describe the percentage of patients who died following a failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cohort study with a chart review of admissions and mortality cases that occurred in the PICU. Mortality rates in pediatric admissions are reported with a description of demographics, diagnosis, length of stay, use of mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive agents, preexisting comorbidities, the presence of a DNR order, and final cause of mortality. Modes of mortality were described as failed CPR or a DNR order. RESULTS: During the study period there were 1,523 admissions to the PICU. Of those, 102 patients died with an overall mortality rate of 6.7%. Patients who died tended to be younger, and the majority (85%) had a preexisting comorbidity, with neuromuscular disease being the most common. The majority of the patients who died (69%) required invasive ventilation. The most common immediate cause of mortality was respiratory disease and the highest case fatality was among those with cardiac disease. Of those patients who died, 90% had failed CPR and 10% had a DNR order. Care was not withdrawn from any patient. CONCLUSION: This study describes the diagnostic categories of children admitted to the PICU, with respiratory disease being the most common cause of admission and mortality. The majority of children who died had an existing comorbidity and did not have a DNR order at the time of their death.