CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant is superior to Freund's in eliciting ovine polyclonal antibodies against human tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

INTRODUCTION: Passive immunotherapy using polyclonal antibodies plays an important role in preventing and treating antigenic and pathogenic diseases. Polyclonal antibodies are used for therapeutic, diagnostic and investigational purposes, with adjuvants employed to enhance the immune response against proteins that are poorly antigenic or self-antigens. This study aimed to optimize current immunization methods by evaluating the novel adjuvant CoVaccine HT™ against the established Freund's at producing ovine polyclonal antibodies against pro-inflammatory cytokine human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). METHODS: Castrated male Aberfield cross sheep were immunized with TNF-α in CoVaccine HT™ or Freund's adjuvant. The binding titer of antibodies for TNF-α and neutralization titer were determined in vitro, as well as the strength of antibody binding by a simple small scale affinity chromatography elution experiment. Animal welfare was monitored through inspection of immunization site reactions at regular time points and graded according to reaction size. The second part of the study looked at re-immunization using Freund's adjuvant alone every 4- or 8-weeks. RESULTS: Freund's generated significantly higher antibody binding titers than CoVaccine HT™ but were less effective at neutralizing TNF-alpha which is a better indicator of functional potency. CoVaccine HT™ also caused fewer immunization site reactions, while no statistical difference was observed in the binding strength of antibodies. Re-immunization every 4- and 8-weeks showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that CoVaccine HT™ is superior to Freund's adjuvant for the production of antibodies to TNF-α, and supports the use of this alternative adjuvant for clinical and experimental use. The outcomes gained through this study are applicable to passive and active immunotherapy for the generation of polyclonal antibodies in human and veterinary medicine.

A New Look at the Purported Health Benefits of Commercial and Natural Clays.

Clays attributed to have medicinal properties have been used since prehistoric times and are still used today as complementary medicines, which has given rise to unregulated "bioceutical" clays to treat skin conditions. Recently, clays with antibacterial characteristics have been proposed as alternatives to antibiotics, potentially overcoming modern day antibiotic resistance. Clays with suggested antibacterial properties were examined to establish their effects on common wound-infecting bacteria. Geochemical, microscopical, and toxicological characterization of clay particulates, their suspensions and filtered leachates was performed on THP-1 and HaCaT cell lines. Cytoskeletal toxicity, cell proliferation/viability (MTT assays), and migration (scratch wounds) were further evaluated. Clays were assayed for antibacterial efficacy using minimum inhibitory concentration assays. All clays possessed a mineral content with antibacterial potential; however, clay leachates contained insufficient ions to have any antibacterial effects. All clay leachates displayed toxicity towards THP-1 monocytes, while clay suspensions showed less toxicity, suggesting immunogenicity. Reduced clay cytotoxicity on HaCaTs was shown, as many leachates stimulated wound-healing responses. The "Green" clay exhibited antibacterial effects and only in suspension, which was lost upon neutralization. pH and its interaction with clay particle surface charge is more significant than previously understood to emphasize dangers of unregulated marketing and unsubstantiated bioceutical claims.

Appropriation of GPIbα from platelet-derived extracellular vesicles supports monocyte recruitment in systemic inflammation.

Interactions between platelets, leukocytes and the vessel wall provide alternative pathological routes of thrombo-inflammatory leukocyte recruitment. We found that when platelets were activated by a range of agonists in whole blood, they shed platelet-derived extracellular vesicles which rapidly and preferentially bound to blood monocytes compared to other leukocytes. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicle binding to monocytes was initiated by P-selectin-dependent adhesion and was stabilised by binding of phosphatidylserine. These interactions resulted in the progressive transfer of the platelet adhesion receptor GPIbα to monocytes. GPIbα+-monocytes tethered and rolled on immobilised von Willebrand Factor or were recruited and activated on endothelial cells treated with TGF-ß1 to induce the expression of von Willebrand Factor. In both models monocyte adhesion was ablated by a function-blocking antibody against GPIbα. Monocytes could also bind platelet-derived extracellular vesicle in mouse blood in vitro and in vivo Intratracheal instillations of diesel nanoparticles, to model chronic pulmonary inflammation, induced accumulation of GPIbα on circulating monocytes. In intravital experiments, GPIbα+-monocytes adhered to the microcirculation of the TGF-ß1-stimulated cremaster muscle, while in the ApoE-/- model of atherosclerosis, GPIbα+-monocytes adhered to the carotid arteries. In trauma patients, monocytes bore platelet markers within 1 hour of injury, the levels of which correlated with severity of trauma and resulted in monocyte clearance from the circulation. Thus, we have defined a novel thrombo-inflammatory pathway in which platelet-derived extracellular vesicles transfer a platelet adhesion receptor to monocytes, allowing their recruitment in large and small blood vessels, and which is likely to be pathogenic.

Prolonged systemic inflammation and damage to the vascular endothelium following intratracheal instillation of air pollution nanoparticles in rats.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease, including increased morbidity and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to assess the effect, in rats, of intratracheal instillation of particulate air pollution on biomarkers of leucocyte activation and vascular endothelial damage. METHODS: Air pollution particles (PM10) were instilled into rats, and blood samples were taken three days and six weeks post instillation. Plasma neutrophil elastase and Von Willebrand factor were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Plasma neutrophil elastase increased from 175±44 ng/ml at baseline to 288±26 ng/ml 3 days post instillation (p = 0.038). vWF increased from 0.160±0.015 IU/ml at baseline to 0.224±0.015 IU/ml at 3 days post and 0.208±0.01 IU/ml at 6 weeks post (p = 0.006, ANOVA). sICAM-1 increased from 17.75±0.70 ng/ml at baseline to 19.03±0.33 ng/ml at 3 days post and 21.72±1.16 ng/ml at 6 weeks post (p = 0.009, ANOVA). CONCLUSION: Instillation caused prolonged systemic inflammation, activation of blood leucocytes and damage to the vascular endothelium.

Heterogeneous responses of personalised high intensity interval training on type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk in young healthy adults.

Hypertension, decreased glucose tolerance, adverse lipid profiles and low physical activity levels are associated with increased type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. High intensity interval training (HIIT), a low volume, reduced time, high intensity programme, may be a useful alternative to current government guidelines which specify a minimum of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. We describe a personalised programme of high intensity exercise which provides significant improvements in CVD risk markers. Healthy volunteers undertook 6 weeks of HIIT. T2DM and CVD risk predictors including glucose tolerance, VO2max, blood pressure (BP), and lipids were measured before and after HIIT. HIIT training was associated with beneficial changes in a range of predictors of blood flow and cardiovascular risk. There was a heterogeneous response to HIIT, with some subjects responding with favourable changes and others being non-responders to HIIT. In responders, HIIT was associated with a statistically significant (p = 0.023) increase in VO2max, from 45.4 (38.4,52.5) to 56.9 (51.2,65.7) (median (interquartile range)(ml/min/kg)). In responders HIIT resulted in a decrease in systolic BP from 127 (126,129) to 116 (106,122) (mmHg) with p = 0.026 and a decrease is diastolic blood pressure from 72 (69,74) to 57 (56,66) with p = 0.026. There was also some evidence of a beneficial change in blood lipid and glucose concentrations with HIIT. In conclusion, personalised HIIT has potential as an intervention to improve blood flow and cardiovascular health.

Increased monocyte actin polymerization in rat blood after intratracheal instillation of air pollution particles.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanism by which exposure increases risk is poorly understood but could involve changes in the flow properties of blood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to assess the effect, in rats, of intratracheal instillation of particulate air pollution on leukocyte flow properties by measurement of polymorphonucleocyte (PMN) and monocyte actin polymerisation. METHODS: Rats were exposed to particulate air pollution by intratracheal instillation of PM10. Blood was collected from test and control animals at 3 days (n=10) and 6 weeks (n=10) after dust instillation. Partial differential leukocyte counts were performed. The intracellular F-actin content of blood PMNs and monocytes was determined by staining with FITC-phalloidin and flow cytometric determination of mean florescence intensity (MFI). RESULTS: There were no significant changes in PMN MFI (p=0.369, ANOVA) or cell counts (p=0.753, ANOVA). There was a significant increase in monocyte MFI (p=0.004, ANOVA) and a decrease in monocyte cell count (p=0.003, ANOVA) in instilled rats. CONCLUSIONS: Intratracheal instillation of air pollution particles resulted in an increase in blood monocyte actin polymerisation, which may cause trapping of monocytes. This could be a mechanism by which exposure to air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

The effect of physical activity on haematological predictors of cardiovascular risk: evidence of a dose response.

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Large epidemiological studies have reported a strong association between increases in haematological factors and increased cardiovascular risk. Haematological risk factors predicted cardiovascular disease at least as strongly as traditional risk factors such as blood lipid concentrations. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity level could significantly reduce risk. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of physical activity level on haematological predictors of cardiovascular risk. Healthy subjects (156) were recruited. Physical activity in subjects was assessed by IPAQ physical activity questionnaire. Blood was collected and blood cell counts were determined by automated cell counter; neutrophil elastase was determined by ELISA. Increased levels of physical activity were associated with reduced red cell (p = 0.001), white cell (p = 0.002) and platelet counts (p = 0.001) and with reduced plasma neutrophil elastase concentration (p = 0.001). There was a continuous linear relationship between increase in physical activity and decrease in haematological risk factors. Hence, the authors conclude that increased levels of physical activity improve the flow properties of blood and thus reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even small increases in activity result in some reduction in cardiovascular risk.

Inflammation, edema, and peripheral blood changes in lung-compromised rats after instillation with combustion-derived and manufactured nanoparticles.

Increased exposure to pollution has been implicated in cardiovascular malfunction, and although studies show a relationship between PM10 and mortality, the exact biological causes are unclear. This study investigated how compromised lungs respond to instillation of nanoparticles, and the links between exposure to nanoparticles and the subsequent effects on the blood. Instillation of diesel exhaust particles and Cabosil caused significant permeability and inflammatory changes in both bleomycin-treated and control lungs, as shown by increased lung surface protein and lung:body weight ratio. This was true in edematous and maximally repairing lungs, but without significant hematological alterations. Plasma viscosity, a renowned marker for cardiovascular disease, correlated strongly statistically with free cell numbers, type I cell marker rT140, and lung acellular protein. These correlations are a new and novel insight into the mechanisms linking air pollution to cardiovascular mortality.