Biodiesel production from agricultural biomass wastes: Duroc breed fat oil, Citrillus lanatus rind, and Sorghum Bagasse.

This research study synthesized a base catalyst from the waste Citrullus lanatus rind (WCLR) for the synthesis of biodiesel from the waste pig fat oil. The high-acid-value oil (high free fatty acid: FFA) was converted to low-acid-value oil through adsorption in sorghum bagasse ash with high particle sizes. The developed base catalyst was obtained from the WCLR and was characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD-FT), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption analysis. The properties of biodiesel were compared with the recommended standard. Results reflected that the duroc breed pig fat is rich in oil, and the oil is unsaturated. Sorghum bagasse proved to be a good bio-adsorbent for the unsaturated fat FFA reduction. The catalyst produced from WCLR was found to be rich in potassium-calcium-magnesium (K-Ca-Mg) base salts. The predicted yield of 98.69 % (wt./wt.) at 69.96 min, 79.93 °C, 3.15 % (wt.), and 8.57 (vol.) at desirability of 100 % was validated as 98.52 % (wt./wt.). Catalytic strength can be recycled in five cycles. The cost implications indicated that the cost of producing 25 L of biodiesel is $2.61. This study proved to be the most economical way of producing biodiesel that is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and easy to produce for future energy needs.•Oil was obtained via rendering from duroc breed waste fat oil.•Sorghum bagasse was used as adsorbent for acid reduction of high FFA pig fat oil.•Base catalyst used was obtained from calcined waste Citrullus lanatus rind.

Dataset on acido-biocatalysis of agro solid wastes in acidic medium for the conversion of pink solo Carica papaya seed oil to biodiesel fuel.

In an attempt to find a single stage conversion of high free fatty acid (FFA) of Pink Solo Carica papaya oilseed rather than the double steps, acidic catalyst was derived from burnt fermented sweet corn stock powder immersed in acidic environment, and was used to convert Pink Solo Carica papaya oilseed to biodiesel. The derived catalyst was characterized using TGA, ZETA, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRF-FS, and BET analysis. Process modeling and optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The produced biodiesel was quantified by determining its physicochemical parameters, and the strength of acidified catalyst (AC) was tested in reusability cycles. Dataset show the extracted oil is acidic (acid value >3.0 mg KOH/g oil). The produced AC showed the presence of Quartz (68%), Orthoclase (7.1%), ibise (9.8%), and illite (15%). Process modeling and optimization validated the optimum biodiesel yield of 99.02% (wt./wt.) at X1 = 78.42 (min), X2 = 2.19 (%wt.), and X3 = 5.969 for RSMBBD, and 99.97% (wt./wt.) at X1 = 70.41 (min), X2 = 5.40 (%wt.), and X3 = 6.00 for ANNFA. Catalyst recyclability test data undergoes 10 recycles, and the produced biodiesel qualities were in line with the recommended standard. The study concluded that the burnt sweet corn stock powder, when immersed in acid, can convert high FFA oil of Pink Solo Carica papaya to biodiesel in a single stage.

Bunch Ash biomass source for the synthesis of Al2(SiO4)2 magnetic nanocatalyst and as alkali catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel production.

This work employed the Admixture of oil from winter squash seed oil and duck waste fat for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived heterogeneous catalyst from burnt Arecaceae kernel empty bunch (BAKEB). The admixture oil was obtained using the gravity ratio method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed BAKEB was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Transesterification of the admixture oil to biodiesel was carried out in a single transesterification batch reactor, while Process optimization was carried out via RSM-CCD with four constraint variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The spent catalyst was recycled and reused and the quality of the produced biodiesel was compared with the recommended standard. Results showed the admixture oil ratio of 48:52 was sufficient to produce a validated optimum biodiesel yield of 99.42% (wt./wt.) at the reaction time of 55 min, catalyst conc. of 3.00 (%wt.), reaction temperature of 60 °C, and E-OH/OMR of 5.5:1 (vol./vol.), respectively. ANOVA analysis indicated that all variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001.The developed BAKEB was found to contain high percentages of Al-K-Na-Ca. The catalyst recyclability test indicated that BAKEB can be refined and reused. The produced biodiesel qualities have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel when compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214. The study concluded that the blending of winter squash seed oil with duck waste fat in the ratio of 48:52 as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis is viable.

Biodiesel synthesized from the blend of Thai red and Elaeis guineensis oil: An application of calcined base, optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters studies.

The study emphasized the use of the mixed oil (MO) extracted from Elaeis guineensis and Thai Red oilseeds for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived bio-base catalyst from calcined Littorina littorea shell powder. The MO properties were determined with a view to examine its quality for biodiesel production. The derived calcined catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET adsorption analysis, and Hammett indicator. Process optimization of biodiesel synthesized was carried out by considering four constraint variables: reaction time (60-80 min), catalyst conc. (2-6% wt.), reaction temp.(55-75 °C), and ethanol/oil molar ratio (E-OH/OMR) (4-8 vol./vol.) using design expert STAT EASE 360. For the rate of reaction, degree of disorderliness, and the activation energy of the transesterification process, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were considered using Eyring Polanyi and Gibb's Duhem equations, while the qualities of biodiesel as well as its economic appraisal were also carried out. Results obtained showed the API gravity ratio of the mixed oil of 2:3, which indicated a perfect blend ratio. Statistical analysis validation via response surface methodology indicated a biodiesel yield of 98.90% (wt./wt.) was obtained at 69.83 (min), 5.86% (wt.), 68.17 °C, and 7.04 (vol./vol.). Kinetic parameter evaluation showed the activation energy (Ea) of transesterification of the mixed oil to biodiesel to be 55.44 kJ mol-1 while thermodynamic parameters (Gibb's free- Δ G θ ) were obtained as follows: 184.87 kJ mol-1, 179.77 kJ mol-1, and 174.67 kJ mol-1, at enthalpy ( Δ H θ ) value of 53.38 kJ mol-1 and entropy ( Δ S θ ) of -509.64 J mol-1, respectively. Catalyst reusability test was altered at 7th cycles, while the qualities of biodiesel were found comparable with biodiesel recommended standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).

Synthesis of biodiesel from Annona muricata - Calophyllum inophyllum oil blends using calcined waste wood ash as a heterogeneous base catalyst.

Naturally, biodiesel synthesized from highly viscous and high-density vegetable oil is usually unsuitable as fuel in the internal combustion engine. However, mixing/blending of two or more oils as a feedstock for biodiesel production could produce a low viscous fuel suitable for the engine. This study produced a novel heterogeneous base catalyst from waste wood ash (WWA) and applied it to synthesis of biodiesel from Annona muricata and Calophyllum inophyllum oilseed blend. The production route was via a two-step process due to the high free fatty acid of the blended oil. Process optimization of the transesterification step was carried out via response surface methodology (RSM). The strength of the developed catalyst was tested through catalyst regeneration and recyclability. The quality of the biodiesel was compared with biodiesel recommended standard.•Waste wood ash contained a high percentage of calcium carbonate•Blended oil produced oil of low viscosity•Two-step production route was used for biodiesel synthesis•Process optimization via hybrid design produced optimum biodiesel yield.

Datasets on process transesterification of binary blend of oil for fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthesized via the ethanolysis of heterogeneous doped catalyst.

The data employed the blend of waste used oil and beef tallow for the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via ethanolysis of developed catalyst from calcined fermented cocoa pod husk powder (CFCPHP) doped with burnt cocoa pod husk powder (BCHP). Characterization of the developed doped catalyst (DDC) was carried out using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET adsorption analysis, while the basic strength of the DDC was tested through reusability test data. Mathematical optimization of the process condition was carried out through Box-Behnken Experimental Design (BBED) in 29 runs with variations in four variables as catalyst concentration (1.5 to 3.5 wt.%), reaction time (60 to 100 min), ethanol/oil molar ratio (EtOH/OMR) of 3 to 7, and reaction temperature (60 to 80 °C). The FAEE quality was ascertained by determining its fuel properties. The data showed that the binary blend ratio of 42:58 of Waste Used oil: Beef Tallow oil (WUO: BTO) was obtained through API gravity ratio formulation. The developed doped catalyst (DDC) produced a high CaO-base of 84.30 (wt.%), with a high total basic site of 210 µmole.g-1 via BET and XRD analysis. The SEM analysis dataset showed non-uniform sizes, highly porous and crystalline sample, while the dataset on FTIR analysis data confirmed the presence of wagging and twisting CO3 2-, the bending vibration of O-Ca-O, the sp2 of C = O, C = C, the sp of C  ≡  C and C  ≡  N, the bending structure of O-H, and the O=O, N ≡ O of Amines, and Amides. Based on the experiment, the maximum experimental yield of 97.80 (%wt.) at runs 7, and low yield of 89.50 (%wt.) at run 17 was obtained for FAEE. Mathematical optimization in 10 solutions predicted the FAEE yield of 97.7999 (%wt.) at the catalyst concentration of 3.10 (wt.%), the reaction time of 68.09 min, the EtOH/OMR of 3.01, and the reaction temperature of 72.21 °C. This data was validated in replicate, and the average mean value of FAEE was 97.68 (%wt.). Dataset on ANOVA and parametric analysis showed that the variable factors considered were significant at p-value <0.0001, with high R2 of 99.14%, R2-predicted of 98.32%, R2-adjusted of 98.28%, and adequate precision of 51.152, respectively. Catalyst reusability test data showed that the cycle number was stopped at the 5th cycle due to the decrease in catalyst basic strength. The produced FAEE dataset was within the recommended standard, and the data showed the developed doped catalyst successfully converted binary blend oil to FAEE, and the fermentation process increased the CaO-based conversion of DDC.

Data on the derived mesoporous based catalyst for the synthesized of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from ternary oil blend: An optimization approach.

This work presents datasets on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesized from the ternary blend of Cucurbita pepo-chrysophyllum albidum -papaya mix oils via methanolysis of mesoporous CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from the mixture of Citrullus lanatus and Musa acuminate peels. The oils were extracted from the milled powdered using the solvent extraction method. Ternary oil mixed ratio of 33:33:34 with low acid value and density was achieved using simplex lattice design software. Characterization of the mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) at 700 °C for 4 h was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and BET analysis. The thermal decomposition of mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) produced 78.74% CaO with a strong basic site of 143 (µmole.g-1). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized through the based catalyst transesterification of a derived catalyst by considering four variables data (reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and methanol/oil molar ratio) using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum experimental FAME data of 94.29 (wt. %) was achieved at run 16, but the central composite design (CCD) software predicted value of 98.00 (wt. %) at a reaction time of 70 min, reaction temperature of 80 °C, catalyst amount of 5.0 (wt.) and methanol to oil molar ratio (MeOH/OMR) of 6.97, at the desirability of 97.90%. This was validated in triplicate, and the average FAME data obtained was 93.45 (wt. %). The produced FAME properties dataset meets the standard recommended value of ASTM and EN14214.

Modeling and optimization of lucky nut biodiesel production from lucky nut seed by pearl spar catalysed transesterification.

In 2015, the Worldatlas recorded 50 countries whose source of income is fossil fuel and its derivatives. Surprisingly, these countries solely depend on this source of energy up to 100% (Omar, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) because of technology improvement. It's so sadden that apart from its adverse effect on the economics of the countries, fossil fuels harmful effects on the universe cannot be overlooked. Meanwhile, the use of renewable energy as a replacement for fossil fuel and its derivatives are faced by the high oil price, high cost of investment for alternative energy, and unfathomed electricity prices. This research work evaluates desirability of making use of alternative source of energy sources by making use of biomass oil over the use of fossil fuel and its derivatives for electricity generation. Lucky nut is an agricultural non edible seed that was employed as raw material for biofuel production. The non-edible oil was extracted from the seeds and the oil was further converted to Lucky nut biofuel via a heterogeneous based catalyst produced from calcinated pearl spar. For modelling and optimization, design expert coupled with genetic algorithms were used to generate experimental designs so as to correlate the variable factors considered for production. The extraction of Lucky nut seed revealed the optimum production yield of 50.80% (v/v) and the oil is highly unsaturated. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrophotometer analyses and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the calcined catalyst obtained from pearl spar showed the major component found in the pearl spar was K with relative abundance of 58.48%, which favoured the yield of Lucky nut biodiesel (91.00% (v/v)). Based on predicted values, the optimum validated Lucky nut biodiesel by RSMED and ANNED were 89.68% (v/v) and 92.87% (v/v), respectively. Produced properties of biofuel conformed to the biofuel standard. The study concluded that Lucky nut seed is a good source of oil, and its transformation to alternative fuel via a using calcined catalyst proved its fitness as a replacement for fossil fuel.