Synthesis and Biological Activities of 11- and 12-Substituted Benzophenanthridinone Derivatives as DNA Topoisomerase IB and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibitors.

Herein, a series of 11- or 12-substituted benzophenanthridinone derivatives was designed and synthesized for the discovery of dual topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibitors. Enzyme-based assays indicated that two compounds 12 and 38 showed high TOP1 inhibitory potency (+++), and four compounds 35, 37, 39 and 43 showed good TDP1 inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 10 to 18 µM. 38 could induce cellular TOP1cc formation, resulting in the highest cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cells (0.25 µM). The most potent TDP1 inhibitor 43 (10 µM) could induce cellular TDP1cc formation and enhance topotecan-induced DNA damage and showed strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/TDP1 cells.

Alkyne Activation in the Diversity Oriented Synthesis of sp2 -Rich Scaffolds: A Biased Library Approach for Targeting Polynucleotides (DNA/RNA).

Polynucleotides, DNA and RNA (mRNA and non-coding RNAs) are critically involved in the molecular pathways of disease. Small molecule binding interactions with polynucleotides can modify functional polynucleotide topologies and/or their interactions with proteins. Current approaches to library design (lead-like or fragment-like libraries) are based on protein-ligand interactions and often include careful consideration of the 3-dimensional orientation of binding motifs and exclude π-rich compounds (polyfused aromatics) to avoid off-target R/DNA interactions. In contrast to proteins, where π,π-interactions are weak, polynucleotides can form strong π,π-interactions with suitable π-rich ligands. To assist in designing a polynucleotide-biased library, a scaffold-divergent synthesis approach to polyfused aromatic scaffolds has been undertaken. Initial screening hits that form moderately stable polynucleotide-ligand-protein ternary complexes can be further optimized through judicious incorporation of substituents on the scaffold to increase protein-ligand interactions. An example of this approach is given for topoisomerase-1 (TOP1), generating a novel TOP1 inhibitory chemotype.

Resolution of R-loops by topoisomerase III-ß (TOP3B) in coordination with the DEAD-box helicase DDX5.

The present study demonstrates how TOP3B is involved in resolving R-loops. We observed elevated R-loops in TOP3B knockout cells (TOP3BKO), which are suppressed by TOP3B transfection. R-loop-inducing agents, the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, and the splicing inhibitor pladienolide-B also induce higher R-loops in TOP3BKO cells. Camptothecin- and pladienolide-B-induced R-loops are concurrent with the induction of TOP3B cleavage complexes (TOP3Bccs). RNA/DNA hybrid IP-western blotting show that TOP3B is physically associated with R-loops. Biochemical assays using recombinant TOP3B and oligonucleotides mimicking R-loops show that TOP3B cleaves the single-stranded DNA displaced by the R-loop RNA-DNA duplex. IP-mass spectrometry and IP-western experiments reveal that TOP3B interacts with the R-loop helicase DDX5 independently of TDRD3. Finally, we demonstrate that DDX5 and TOP3B are epistatic in resolving R-loops in a pathway parallel with senataxin. We propose a decatenation model for R-loop resolution by TOP3B-DDX5 protecting cells from R-loop-induced damage.

From Antarctica to cancer research: a novel human DNA topoisomerase 1B inhibitor from Antarctic sponge Dendrilla antarctica.

Nature has been always a great source of possible lead compounds to develop new drugs against several diseases. Here we report the identification of a natural compound, membranoid G, derived from the Antarctic sponge Dendrilla antarctica displaying an in vitro inhibitory activity against human DNA topoisomerase 1B. The experiments indicate that membranoid G, when pre-incubated with the enzyme, strongly and irreversibly inhibits the relaxation of supercoiled DNA. This compound completely inhibits the cleavage step of the enzyme catalytic mechanism by preventing protein binding to the DNA. Membranoid G displays also a cytotoxic effect on tumour cell lines, suggesting its use as a possible lead compound to develop new anticancer drugs.

TOP1-DNA Trapping by Exatecan and Combination Therapy with ATR Inhibitor.

Exatecan and deruxtecan are antineoplastic camptothecin derivatives in development as tumor-targeted-delivery warheads in various formulations including peptides, liposomes, polyethylene glycol nanoparticles, and antibody-drug conjugates. Here, we report the molecular pharmacology of exatecan compared with the clinically approved topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors and preclinical models for validating biomarkers and the combination of exatecan with ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) inhibitors. Modeling exatecan binding at the interface of a TOP1 cleavage complex suggests two novel molecular interactions with the flanking DNA base and the TOP1 residue N352, in addition to the three known interactions of camptothecins with the TOP1 residues R364, D533, and N722. Accordingly, exatecan showed much stronger TOP1 trapping, higher DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death than the classical TOP1 inhibitors used clinically. We demonstrate the value of SLFN11 expression and homologous recombination (HR) deficiency (HRD) as predictive biomarkers of response to exatecan. We also show that exatecan kills cancer cells synergistically with the clinical ATR inhibitor ceralasertib (AZD6738). To establish the translational potential of this combination, we tested CBX-12, a clinically developed pH-sensitive peptide-exatecan conjugate that selectively targets cancer cells and is currently in clinical trials. The combination of CBX-12 with ceralasertib significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potency of exatecan as a TOP1 inhibitor and its clinical potential in combination with ATR inhibitors, using SLFN11 and HRD as predictive biomarkers.

Synthesis of 11-aminoalkoxy substituted benzophenanthridine derivatives as tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors and their anticancer activity.

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is an enzyme that repairs DNA lesions caused by the trapping of DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1)-DNA break-associated crosslinks. TDP1 inhibitors have synergistic effect with TOP1 inhibitors in cancer cells and can overcome cancer cell resistance to TOP1 inhibitors. Here, we report the synthesis of 11-aminoalkoxy substituted benzophenanthridine derivatives as selective TDP1 inhibitors and show that six compounds 14, 16, 18, 20, 25 and 27 exhibit high TDP1 inhibition potency. The most potent TDP1 inhibitor 14 (IC50 = 1.7 ±â€¯0.24 µM) induces cellular TDP1cc formation and shows synergistic effect with topotecan in four human cancer cell lines MCF-7, A549, H460 and HepG2.

Topoisomerase I (TOP1) dynamics: conformational transition from open to closed states.

Eukaryotic topoisomerases I (TOP1) are ubiquitous enzymes removing DNA torsional stress. However, there is little data concerning the three-dimensional structure of TOP1 in the absence of DNA, nor how the DNA molecule can enter/exit its closed conformation. Here, we solved the structure of thermostable archaeal Caldiarchaeum subterraneum CsTOP1 in an apo-form. The enzyme displays an open conformation resulting from one substantial rotation between the capping (CAP) and the catalytic (CAT) modules. The junction between these two modules is a five-residue loop, the hinge, whose flexibility permits the opening/closing of the enzyme and the entry of DNA. We identified a highly conserved tyrosine near the hinge as mediating the transition from the open to closed conformation upon DNA binding. Directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of the hinge flexibility, and linked the enzyme dynamics with sensitivity to camptothecin, a TOP1 inhibitor targeting the TOP1 enzyme catalytic site in the closed conformation.

2-Arylquinolines as novel anticancer agents with dual EGFR/FAK kinase inhibitory activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modelling insights.

In this study, different assortments of 2-arylquinolines and 2,6-diarylquinolines have been developed. Recently, we have developed a new series of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-alkoxy-2-arylquinolines as Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors with potent anticancer activity. Utilising the SAR outputs from this study, we tried to enhance anticancer and TOP1 inhibitory activities. Though target quinolines demonstrated potent antiproliferative effect, specifically against colorectal cancer DLD-1 and HCT-116, they showed weak TOP1 inhibition which may be attributable to their non-coplanarity. Thereafter, screening against kinase panel revealed their dual inhibitory activity against EGFR and FAK. Quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, and 20f were the most potent EGFR inhibitors (IC50s = 25.39, 20.15, 22.36, and 24.81 nM, respectively). Meanwhile, quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, 16d, and 20f exerted the best FAK inhibition (IC50s = 22.68, 14.25, 18.36, 17.36, and 15.36 nM, respectively). Finally, molecular modelling was employed to justify the promising EGFR/FAK inhibition. The study outcomes afforded the first reported quinolines with potent EGFR/FAK dual inhibition.

PARylation prevents the proteasomal degradation of topoisomerase I DNA-protein crosslinks and induces their deubiquitylation.

Poly(ADP)-ribosylation (PARylation) regulates chromatin structure and recruits DNA repair proteins. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to track topoisomerase I (TOP1) in live cells, we found that sustained PARylation blocked the repair of TOP1 DNA-protein crosslinks (TOP1-DPCs) in a similar fashion as inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). PARylation of TOP1-DPC was readily revealed by inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), indicating the otherwise transient and reversible PARylation of the DPCs. As the UPS is a key repair mechanism for TOP1-DPCs, we investigated the impact of TOP1-DPC PARylation on the proteasome and found that the proteasome is unable to associate with and digest PARylated TOP1-DPCs. In addition, PARylation recruits the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7 to reverse the ubiquitylation of PARylated TOP1-DPCs. Our work identifies PARG as repair factor for TOP1-DPCs by enabling the proteasomal digestion of TOP1-DPCs. It also suggests the potential regulatory role of PARylation for the repair of a broad range of DPCs.

Synthesis of Methoxy-, Methylenedioxy-, Hydroxy-, and Halo-Substituted Benzophenanthridinone Derivatives as DNA Topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) Inhibitors and Their Biological Activity for Drug-Resistant Cancer.

As a recently discovered DNA repair enzyme, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) removes topoisomerase IB (TOP1)-mediated DNA protein cross-links. Inhibiting TDP1 can potentiate the cytotoxicity of TOP1 inhibitors and overcome cancer cell resistance to TOP1 inhibitors. On the basis of our previous study, herein we report the synthesis of benzophenanthridinone derivatives as TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors. Seven compounds (C2, C4, C5, C7, C8, C12, and C14) showed a robust TOP1 inhibitory activity (+++ or ++++), and four compounds (A13, C12, C13, and C26) showed a TDP1 inhibition (half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 15 or 19 µM). We also show that the dual TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitor C12 induces both cellular TOP1cc, TDP1cc formation and DNA damage, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis at a sub-micromolar concentration. In addition, C12 showed an enhanced activity in drug-resistant MCF-7/TDP1 cancer cells and was synergistic with topotecan in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/TDP1 cells.

The synthesis of furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives as selective Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) inhibitors.

Based on our previous study on the development of the furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione TDP2 inhibitors, the further structure-activity relationship (SAR) was studied in this work. A series of furoquinolinedione and isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives were synthesized and tested for enzyme inhibitions. Enzyme-based assays indicated that isoxazoloquinolinedione derivatives selectively showed high TDP2 inhibitory activity at sub-micromolar range, as well as furoquinolinedione derivatives at low micromolar range. The most potent 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)isoxazolo[4,5-g]quinoline-4,9-dione (70) showed TDP2 inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.46 ± 0.15 µM. This work will facilitate future efforts for the discovery of isoxazoloquinolinedione TDP2 selective inhibitors.

Design and synthesis of C-aryl angular luotonins via a one-pot aza-Nazarov-Friedlander sequence and their Topo-I inhibition studies along with C-aryl vasicinones and luotonins.

A facile one-pot synthesis of C-ring substituted angular luotonins has been realized via a methanesulfonic acid mediated aza-Nazarov-Friedlander condensation sequence on quinazolinonyl enones. Topoisomerase I (topo-I) inhibition studies revealed that the angular luotonin library (7a-7l) and their regioisomeric analogs (linear luotonins, 8a-8l) are weak negative modulators, compared to camptothecin. These results would fare well for the design of topo-I-inert luotonins for non-oncological applications such as anti-fungal and insecticide lead developments. Surprisingly, the tricyclic vasicinones (9h, 9i, and 9j) showed better topo-I inhibition compared to pentacyclic C-aryl luotonins providing a novel pharmacophore for further explorations.

Discovery of 4-alkoxy-2-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyquinolines as a new class of topoisomerase I inhibitors endowed with potent in vitro anticancer activity.

In our attempt to develop potential anticancer agents targeting Topoisomerase I (TOP1), two novel series of 4-alkoxy-2-arylquinolines 14a-p and 19a-c were designed and synthesized based on structure activity relationships of the reported TOP1 inhibitors and structural features required for stabilization of TOP1-DNA cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs). The in vitro anticancer activity of these two series of compounds was evaluated at one dose level using NCI-60 cancer cell lines panel. Compounds 14e-h and 14m-p, with p-substituted phenyl at C2 and propyl linker at C4, were the most potent and were selected for assay at five doses level in which they exhibited potent anticancer activity at sub-micromolar level against diverse cancer cell lines. Compound 14m was the most potent with full panel GI50 MG-MID 1.26 µM and the most sensitive cancers were colon cancer, leukemia and melanoma with GI50 MG-MID 0.875, 0.904 and 0.926 µM, respectively. Melanoma (LOX IMVI) was the most sensitive cell line to all tested compounds displaying GI50 from 0.116 to 0.227 µM, TGI from 0.275 to 0.592 µM and LC50 at sub-micromolar concentration against almost of the tested compounds. Compounds 14e-h and 14m-p were assayed using TOP1-mediated DNA cleavage assay to evaluate their ability to stabilize TOP1ccs resulting in cancer cell death. The morpholino analogs 14h and 14p exhibited moderate TOP1 inhibitory activity compared to 1 µM camptothecin suggesting their use as lead compounds that can be optimized for the development of more potent anticancer agents with potential TOP1 inhibitory activity. Finally, Swiss ADME online web tool predicted that compounds 14h and 14p possessed good oral bioavailability and druglikeness characteristics.

DNA and RNA Cleavage Complexes and Repair Pathway for TOP3B RNA- and DNA-Protein Crosslinks.

The present study demonstrates that topoisomerase 3B (TOP3B) forms both RNA and DNA cleavage complexes (TOP3Bccs) in vivo and reveals a pathway for repairing TOP3Bccs. For inducing and detecting cellular TOP3Bccs, we engineer a "self-trapping" mutant of TOP3B (R338W-TOP3B). Transfection with R338W-TOP3B induces R-loops, genomic damage, and growth defect, which highlights the importance of TOP3Bcc repair mechanisms. To determine how cells repair TOP3Bccs, we deplete tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases (TDP1 and TDP2). TDP2-deficient cells show elevated TOP3Bccs both in DNA and RNA. Conversely, overexpression of TDP2 lowers cellular TOP3Bccs. Using recombinant human TDP2, we demonstrate that TDP2 can process both denatured and proteolyzed TOP3Bccs. We also show that cellular TOP3Bccs are ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase TRIM41 before undergoing proteasomal processing and excision by TDP2.

Topoisomerase I-driven repair of UV-induced damage in NER-deficient cells.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes helix-destabilizing adducts including ultraviolet (UV) lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). In comparison with CPDs, 6-4PPs have greater cytotoxicity and more strongly destabilizing properties of the DNA helix. It is generally believed that NER is the only DNA repair pathway that removes the UV lesions as evidenced by the previous data since no repair of UV lesions was detected in NER-deficient skin fibroblasts. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) constantly creates transient single-strand breaks (SSBs) releasing the torsional stress in genomic duplex DNA. Stalled TOP1-SSB complexes can form near DNA lesions including abasic sites and ribonucleotides embedded in chromosomal DNA. Here we show that base excision repair (BER) increases cellular tolerance to UV independently of NER in cancer cells. UV lesions irreversibly trap stable TOP1-SSB complexes near the UV damage in NER-deficient cells, and the resulting SSBs activate BER. Biochemical experiments show that 6-4PPs efficiently induce stable TOP1-SSB complexes, and the long-patch repair synthesis of BER removes 6-4PPs downstream of the SSB. Furthermore, NER-deficient cancer cell lines remove 6-4PPs within 24 h, but not CPDs, and the removal correlates with TOP1 expression. NER-deficient skin fibroblasts weakly express TOP1 and show no detectable repair of 6-4PPs. Remarkably, the ectopic expression of TOP1 in these fibroblasts led them to completely repair 6-4PPs within 24 h. In conclusion, we reveal a DNA repair pathway initiated by TOP1, which significantly contributes to cellular tolerance to UV-induced lesions particularly in malignant cancer cells overexpressing TOP1.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-aminoethyl benzophenanthridone derivatives as DNA topoisomerase IB inhibitors.

DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1) regulates DNA topological structure in many cellular metabolic processes and is a validated target for development of antitumor agents. Our previous study revealed that the benzophenanthridone scaffold is a novel chemotype for the discovery of TOP1 inhibitors. In this work, a series of novel 5-aminoethyl substituted benzophenanthridone derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for TOP1 inhibition and cytotoxicity. Compound 12 exhibits the most potent TOP1 inhibition (+++) and cytotoxicity in human cancer cell lines with GI50 values at nanomolar concentration range. 12 induces the cellular TOP1cc formation and DNA damage, resulting in HCT116 cell apoptosis. The pharmacokinetics, acute toxicity and antitumor efficiency in vivo of 12 were also studied.

The antitumor activity of CYB-L10, a human topoisomerase IB catalytic inhibitor.

DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1) is a validated target for discovery and development of antitumor agents. Four TOP1 poisons are clinically used for tumor treatment now. In spite of their effectiveness in solid tumors, these camptothecin (CPT) poisons suffer from many shortcomings. Therefore, many investigations have focused on the discoveries of non-CPT poisons and catalytic inhibitors. Herein, we systematically study the antitumor activity of CYB-L10, a novel indolizinoquinolinedione TOP1 catalytic inhibitor discovered in our laboratory. The results indicated that CYB-L10 mainly acts on TOP1 in cancer cells and is not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein. In addition, CYB-L10 can induce apoptosis of HCT116 cells, shows high cytotoxicity against 60 human clinical cancer cell lines (NCI60) with the mean-graph midpoint for growth inhibition of all cancer cell lines of 0.050 µM concentration and obvious antitumor efficiency in vivo in the HCT116 xenograft model.

Application of Sequential Palladium Catalysis for the Discovery of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Benzo[ c]pyrrolo[2,3- h][1,6]naphthyridin-5-one (BPN) Series.

The present account describes the discovery and development of a new benzo[ c]pyrrolo[2,3- h][1,6]naphthyridin-5-one (BPN) JAK inhibitory chemotype that has produced selective JAK inhibitors. Sequential palladium chemistry was optimized for the rapid access to a focused library of derivatives to explore the structure-activity relationships of the new scaffold. Several compounds from the series displayed potencies in the low nanomolar range against the four members of the JAK family with various selectivity profiles. Compound 20a, with an azetidine amide side chain, showed the best selectivity for JAK1 kinase vs JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2, with low nanomolar potency (IC50 = 3.4 nM). On the other hand, BPNs 17b and 18 had good general activity against the JAK family with excellent kinome selectivity profiles. Many of the new BPNs inhibited JAK3-mediated STAT-5 phosphorylation, the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the proliferation of primary T cells. Moreover, BPN 17b showed very similar in vivo results to tofacitinib in a rheumatoid arthritis animal model.

Discovery, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Oxynitidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), and Potential Antitumor Agents.

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a recently discovered enzyme repairing DNA lesions resulting from stalled topoisomerase IB (TOP1)-DNA covalent complex. Inhibiting TDP1 in conjunction with TOP1 inhibitors can boost the action of the latter. Herein, we report the discovery of the natural product oxynitidine scaffold as a novel chemotype for the development of TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors. Three kinds of analogues, benzophenanthridinone, dihydrobenzophenanthridine, and benzophenanthridine derivatives, were synthesized and evaluated for both TOP1 and TDP1 inhibition and cytotoxicity. Analogue 19a showed high TOP1 inhibition (+++) and induced the formation of cellular TOP1cc and DNA damage, resulting in cancer cells apoptosis at nanomolar concentration range. In vivo studies indicated that 19a exhibits antitumor efficiency in HCT116 xenograft model. 41a exhibited additional TDP1 inhibition with IC50 value of 7 µM and synergistic effect with camptothecin in MCF-7 cells. This work will facilitate future efforts for the discovery of natural product-based TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors.

Novel Fluoroindenoisoquinoline Non-Camptothecin Topoisomerase I Inhibitors.

Contrary to other anticancer targets, topoisomerase I (TOP1) is targeted by only one chemical class of FDA-approved drugs: topotecan and irinotecan, the derivatives of the plant alkaloid, camptothecin. The indenoisoquinolines LMP400, LMP744, and LMP776 are novel noncamptothecin TOP1 inhibitors in clinical trial, which overcome the limitations of camptothecins. To further improve metabolic stability, their methoxy groups have been replaced by fluorine, as in the fluoroindenoisoquinolines NSC 781517 (LMP517), NSC 779135 (LMP135), and NSC 779134 (LMP134). We tested the induction and stability of TOP1 cleavage complexes (TOP1cc), and the induction and persistence of DNA damage measured by histone H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) compared with their parent compounds LMP744 and LMP776 in leukemia CCRF-CEM and colon carcinoma HCT116 cells. The fluoroindenoisoquinolines induced TOP1cc and γH2AX at nanomolar concentrations, and at higher levels than the parent indenoisoquinolines. The fluoroindenoisoquinoline LMP135 showed greater antitumor activity than topotecan in small-cell lung cancer cell H82 xenografts. It was also more potent than topotecan in the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel. Bioinformatics tools (http://discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminercdb) were used to investigate the following: (i) the correlations of fluoroindenoisoquinolines activity with other drugs, and (ii) genomic determinants of response in the NCI-60. The activity of the fluoroindenoisoquinolines was mostly correlated with camptothecin derivatives and the parent indenoisoquinolines, consistent with TOP1 targeting. Genomic analyses and activity assays in CCRF-CEM SLFN11-deleted cells showed that SLFN11 expression is a dominant determinant of response to LMP135. This study shows the potential value of the fluoroindenoisoquinolines for further development as novel anticancer agents targeting TOP1. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1694-704. ©2018 AACR.