Essential oil combinations against Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum - the causative agents of gas gangrene.

AIMS: The inhibitory and bactericidal effect of a wide range of essential oils, and their selected combinations against two pathogens (Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum), the causative pathogens of gas gangrenous infections were investigated. Fractional inhibitory indices were also calculated to determine the interactions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays were used to determine the efficacy of the essential oils. Santalum austrocaledonicum demonstrated the highest activity inhibiting both Clostridial pathogens at the lowest concentration of 0·02 mg ml-1 . Santalum austrocaledonicum combined with Cymbopogon martinii had the strongest inhibition against C. perfringens (MIC 0·02 mg ml-1 ) and C. septicum (MIC 0·01 mg ml-1 ). Selected combinations demonstrated synergy (ΣFIC ≤ 0·50) in combination against both pathogens tested. Antagonism was also observed in many combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Selected essential oils, when studied either individually or in combination, have high inhibitory and bactericidal effects against both Clostridial strains. Nine combinations have proven to be synergistic with 23 combinations additive; 96 indifferent and 77 having an antagonistic effect against the pathogenic strains. Some combinations demonstrated extreme antagonism and as such, careful consideration needs to be given to essential oil selection against these pathogens. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Very few essential oils have been antimicrobially screened (MIC and MBC) against Clostridial strains and furthermore, the efficacies in combination are not known.

Partial Heel Pad Avulsion with Open Calcaneal Tuberosity Fracture with Tendo-achilles Rupture: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: The management of heel pad avulsion injuries has been challenging because of the precarious blood supply. The difficulties get compounded when it is associated with tendo-achilles rupture and calcaneal fracture. Here, it is a description of a case with the above features managed with a unique technique. CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old woman presented to casualty with injury to right ankle after a road traffic accident. On clinical and radiological examination, there was avulsion of heel pad with calcaneal tuberosity fracture and tendo-achilles rupture. It was managed with debridement of the wound, repair of tendo-achilles, and fixation of calcaneal tuberosity and heel pad. The functional outcome was assessed in terms of the ability of the patient to return to painless barefoot weight bearing. The uniqueness of this method is the combined use of suture material (Ethibond) and stainless steel (cannulated cancellous screws [CCS]), by tying the Ethibond from tendo-achilles to the head of CCS rather than bone. When the CCS were tightened, two things were achieved; one being the reduction of the fracture and the second to bring a good apposition of tendo-achilles with the calcaneum. As this method worked on tension band principle and Ethibond was used instead of stainless steel wire, if no objections, this technique can be called as "soft tension band technique." CONCLUSION: This case report illustrates a method of preserving heel pad when it is viable along with definitive treatment of associated soft tissue and bony injuries by a simple technique. This method has described the fixation of open fracture of calcaneal tuberosity with tendo-achilles rupture with heel pad avulsion in one sitting with excellent clinical results.