Endovascular treatments of atherosclerotic renovascular disease: a narrative review and literature search.

In recent years, endovascular treatments have become more common in patients with renal artery stenosis and aneurysm. Although the treatment algorithms are not universally accepted, endovascular therapy can be readily utilized for the appropriate indications in the context of surgical treatment for renovascular diseases. The most important factor to consider is that the correct indication is applied for such treatment. Although the applied procedures are believed to have minimal risk, any complications that occur may result in major problems. Moreover, the pathology that is being treated (e.g., hypertension, high serum creatinine concentration, or low glomerular filtration rate) must be well defined. As stent and balloon technologies continue to be developed, more positive results are expected in the coming years. In the present study, we reviewed the endovascular treatment algorithms for atherosclerotic renovascular disease and performed a narrative review of the current literature.

SYNTAX and Coronary Artery Calcium Score Predict Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation in the Ascending Aorta.

BACKGROUND: There is no study about the relationship between the complexity of coronary artery disease (SYNTAX SCORE; SS), and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, accompanied with aortic calcium score (ACS) levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the preoperative SS and CAC scores accompanying ACS in isolated CABG patients and their postoperative clinical results. METHODS: This study included 130 consecutive CABG patients. The mean age of the patients was 62.3 ± 8.62 years (range: 47-84 years). SS was measured using coronary angiography by an experienced cardiologist. We investigated the ACS accompanied with CAC scores using a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the same session, preoperatively. Measurements of the CAC score and ACS were measured by an experienced radiologist, who was unaware of the study in the same session. In order to investigate aortic wall pathology in patients with positive aortic calcification, we provided aortic tissue samples prior to the proximal anastomosis of bypass grafts using No:11 scalpel. RESULTS: Overall median SS was 39 ± 7.2 (range: 15-41). CAC score was zero in 34 patients (26.1%). For the patients with a CAC score of zero, the median SS was 32 ± 9.4. There was no evidence of aortic calcification or plaque formation in 62 patients (47.6%). In these patients, the median SS was 35.6 ± 11.3. No significant difference was found when both groups were compared and for those patients with a calcific score of zero (P = .85). The median CAC score and ACS were 238 ± 122 AU (range: 0-1238 AU) and 112 ± 40 AU (range: 0-730 AU), respectively (P = .0033). For patients with a CAC score and ACS ≥400 AU, the mean SYNTAX score was ≥ 37. SS was correlated with CAC score (R:0.585; P < .0001). SYNTAX was correlated with ACS (R:0.557; P < .001). In multivariate analysis of SS (OR 1.053, 95% CI: 1.003-1.106, P = .039), gender (OR 0.189, 95% CI: 0.053-0.678, P = 0.011), age (OR 1.454, 95% CI: 1.256-1.632, P = .012), and diabetes mellitus (OR 0.341, 95% CI: 1.006-1.124, P = .014) were independent predictors for CAC score and aortic calcification. CONCLUSIONS: CAC score and ACS are strongly correlated with the complexity of coronary arteries in CABG patients. The total CAC score (≥ 400 AU) was independently associated with the degree of SS (>37). To prevent MACCE and mortality in CABG patients, we suggest the measurement of CAC score accompanied with ACS using MDCT as a non-invasive method. Highlight points: • Atherosclerotic plaque formation in aorta and coronary arteries are the main risk factors for stroke and infarction in CABG operations. •SYNTAX score value and aortic atherosclerosis levels are directly correlated. •SYNTAX score may predict the complications due to atherosclerosis during heart surgery.

Safety of low-dose prolonged infusion of tissue plasminogen activator therapy in patients with thromboembolic events in the intensive care unit.

Objective Thromboembolic events such as acute coronary syndrome related prosthetic heart valve thrombosis, pulmonary artery embolism and renal artery embolism are a rare condition but a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In this study we discussed low-dose thrombolytic therapy, in patients with thromboembolic events in the intensive care unit.Methods The study was performed on 12 consecutive patients [8 female; 50.3±16.0 (35-95) years] with acute thromboembolism including acute coronary syndrome related prosthetic heart valve thrombosis, acute pulmonary embolism and acute renal embolism who were treated with low-dose (25 mg) and slow infusion (6 hours) of t-PA. We evaluated mainly in-hospital safety and also effectiveness.Total treatment episodes was 1.66±0.88 (1-4) times.Results All thromboembolic events have been successfully treated with low-dose (25 mg) and slow infusion (6 hours) of t-PA. The success criteria were clinically improvement and radiologically lysis. None of the patients had ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, embolism (peripheral and recurrence of coronary artery embolism), bleeding requiring transfusion. The most frequent in-hospital complication was a gum bleeding without need for transfusion (two patients).Conclusions In our case series low-dose (25 mg) and slow infusion (6 hours) of t-PA have been performed successfully for thromboembolic events including acute coronary syndrome related prosthetic heart valve thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and renal embolism in patients with in the intensive care unit. Safety is promising and if efficacy will be proved; this method may be a valuable alternative to standard fibrinolytic regimen.