Association between Dietary Intake of Phosphorus and Measures of Obesity in the Jackson Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: The relation between phosphorus (P) intake and obesity is equivocal, with hypotheses in both directions. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between P intake, assessed from a current database, and calculated bioavailable P intake, and obesity among African American adults. METHODS: We examined associations between original and bioavailable P (total, added, and natural), and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a cross-sectional study of 5306 African American adults (21-84 y) from the Jackson Heart Study. A total of 3300 participants had complete interviews, valid dietary data, and normal kidney function. Diet was assessed by FFQ. A novel algorithm was used to estimate P bioavailability. BMI or WC was regressed on each P variable, adjusting for total energy intake and potential confounders. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, original P (total and added) and bioavailable P (total and added) intakes (expressed/100 mg) were associated with BMI (ß = 0.11, 0.67, 0.31, and 0.71, respectively, all P < 0.0001). Neither original nor bioavailable natural P were significantly associated, (ß = -0.03 and 0.09, respectively, both P > 0.05). When added and natural P were included in the same model, added P (original and bioavailable) intakes remained strongly associated with BMI (0.70 and 0.73, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Similar results were seen for WC. Intake of original added P tended to be more strongly associated with BMI, in females (ß = 0.72, P < 0.0001) than in males (ß = 0.56, P = 0.003) (Pinteraction = 0.06). CONCLUSION: We found that greater intake of added, not natural, which may be a proxy for intake of processed foods was associated with higher BMI and WC. These were somewhat stronger when bioavailability was considered, and for women than for men. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the mechanisms driving these associations.

Bioavailability of phosphorus and kidney function in the Jackson Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: High phosphorus (P) exposure may have negative effects on kidney function. Nutrient databases provide total P, but bioavailability varies by source. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess natural, added, and bioavailable P intake, and to relate these to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). METHODS: A total of 3962 African-American participants of the JHS, aged 21-84 y, with urine albumin:creatinine ratio < 30 mg/g, and eGFR ≥ 60 mL · min-1 · 1.73 m-2, and without self-reported kidney disease, were included. Diet was assessed by FFQ. We assigned P in foods as naturally occurring or added, and weighted intake by P bioavailability, based on published literature. Relations between P variables and eGFR were assessed using multivariable regression. RESULTS: Mean ± SE intakes were 1178 ± 6.7 mg and 1168 ± 5.0 mg for total P, 296 ± 2.8 mg and 291 ± 2.1 mg for bioavailable added P, and 444 ± 2.9 mg and 443 ± 2.2 mg for bioavailable natural P, in participants with eGFR = 60-89 and ≥90 mL · min-1 · 1.73 m-2, respectively. Major sources of total P included fish, milk, beef, eggs, cheese, and poultry; and of added P, fish, beef, processed meat, soft drinks, and poultry. After adjustment for confounders, P intakes, including total (ß ± SE: -0.32 ± 0.15; P = 0.03), added (ß ± SE: -0.73 ± 0.27; P = 0.01), bioavailable total (ß ± SE: -0.62 ± 0.23; P = 0.01), and bioavailable added (ß ± SE: -0.77 ± 0.29; P = 0.01), were significantly associated with lower eGFR. However, neither total nor bioavailable P from natural sources were associated with eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: Added, but not natural, P was negatively associated with kidney function, raising concern about P additives in the food supply. Further studies are needed to improve estimation of dietary P exposure and to clarify the role of added P as a risk factor for kidney disease.

Risk Factors Associated with Vitamin D Status among Older Puerto Rican Adults.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with health problems globally, but there is limited information on vitamin D status and associated risk factors among adults in underserved populations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify risk factors for vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency among Puerto Rican adults from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS). METHODS: A total of 822 adults (45-75 y, at baseline) were included in these analyses. Deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <30 and insufficiency as 30 to <50 nmol/L. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Associations between risk factors, including dietary vitamin D, supplement use, ancestry, skin pigmentation, months in the past year spent in a southern climate, and serum 25(OH)D were assessed with multivariable general linear models. RESULTS: Approximately 13% of participants were deficient in 25(OH)D and another 43% insufficient. Skin pigment was associated with 25(OH)D using 3 measures, greater African ancestry (ß ± SE) (-7.74 ± 2.91, P = 0.01); interviewer assessed dark or medium, compared with white, skin tone, (-5.09 ± 2.19, P = 0.02 and -5.89 ± 1.58, P < 0.001, respectively); and melanin index of the upper inner right arm, assessed using a spectrophotometer (-2.04 ± 0.84, P = 0.02). After adjusting for ancestry, factors associated with lower serum 25(OH)D included smoking (-4.49 ± 1.58, P = 0.01); BMI (-0.21 ± 0.10, P = 0.04); and spring compared with autumn blood draw (-4.66 ± 1.68, P = 0.004). Factors associated with higher serum 25(OH)D included female sex compared with male (4.03 ± 1.58, P = 0.01); dietary vitamin D intake µg/d (0.71 ± 0.25, P < 0.004); vitamin D supplement use (4.50 ± 1.87, P = 0.02); income to poverty ratio (0.01 ± 0.01, P = 0.06), and months in a southern climate during the past year (0.96 ± 0.56, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was prevalent in this Puerto Rican population living in the northeastern USA. Several factors were associated with this, which may assist in identifying those at risk. Interventions are needed to improve serum 25(OH)D concentration, particularly among those with limited exposure to sunlight.