Spatial pattern and determinants of anemia among women of childbearing age in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The risk of anemia in Nigeria is of public health importance, with an increasing number of women of reproductive age being anemic. This study sought to identify the spatial distribution and examine the geographical variation of anemia risk at a regional level while accounting for risk factors associated with anemia among women of childbearing age in Nigeria. The significant interest in spatial statistics lies in identifying associated risk factors that enhance the risk of infection. However, most studies make no or limited use of the data's spatial structure and possible non-linear effects of the risk factors. METHODS: The data used in this study were extracted from the 2015 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A full Bayesian semi-parametric regression model was fitted to data to accomplish the aims of the study. Model estimation and the inference was fully Bayesian approach via integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA). The fixed effects were modeled parametrically; non-linear effects were modeled non-parametrically using second-order random walk priors. RESULTS: Wealth index, level of education, type of residence, and unprotected drinking water source were found to be the risk factors associated with anemia. The risk of anemia was found to vary across different regions, with North Central, North East, and North West regions having the highest number of cases and South East with the least number of cases. The spatial analysis result indicated that statistically high hot-spots of anemia were observed in all the northern parts of the country. CONCLUSION: The study revealed associations between anemia risk and women residing in rural settlements, wealth index, women with no formal education, and unprotected drinking water sources. Community and household-related change interventions should, therefore, be pertinent to the prevention of anemia. The spatial analysis further revealed a significant anemia risk towards the Northern areas of Nigeria. We propose that interventions targeting women of reproductive age should initially focus on these regions and subsequently spread across Nigeria.

Índice de massa corpórea, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em escolares na província de Limpopo, África do Sul / Body mass index, overweight, and blood pressure among adolescent schoolchildren in Limpopo province, South Africa / Índice de masa corporal, sobrepeso y presión arterial en adolescentes de la província de limpopo, Sudáfrica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corporal, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes da área rural da África do Sul. MÉTODOS: A amostra abrangeu 1.172 escolares (541 meninos e 631 meninas) com idades entre 10 e 16 anos. Estatura, massa corporal e dobras cutâneas foram medidas por meio de procedimentos padrão. O sobrepeso foi definido pelo índice de massa corporal para idade e sexo. A pressão arterial foi monitorada três vezes em cada criança com o uso de aparelhos eletrônicos validados (Omron HEM-705 CP, Omron, Tóquio, Japão). A hipertensão foi determinada como a média de três leituras da pressão arterial, em que a sistólica ou a diastólica foi igual ou acima do percentil 90 para idade e sexo. Estatísticas descritivas foram calculadas para todas as variáveis. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 5,5% para meninos e 4,4% para meninas. A taxa de crianças com pressão arterial acima do percentil 90 variou de 2,3 a 5,9%. A probabilidade do desenvolvimento de hipertensão em crianças é perceptível aos dez anos, tanto para os meninos (0,2%) quanto para as meninas (0,1%), e oscilou de 0,2 a 1,7% para o sexo masculino e de 0,1 a 1,2% para o feminino. Considerando-se a amostra total, a prevalência de hipertensão foi de 4,1% para os meninos e 2,8% para as meninas. A pressão arterial apresentou correlação positiva com estatura, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal, gordura corpórea e soma das dobras cutâneas (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A pressão arterial aumentou com a idade tanto para os meninos quanto para as meninas. A medição da pressão arterial de rotina, como parte do exame físico em escolares, é crucial para fins de prevenção e medidas de intervenção precoces.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index, overweight, and blood pressure among South African rural children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample involved 1,172 schoolchildren (541 boys and 631 girls) aged 10 to 16 years. Stature, body mass, and skinfolds were measured using standard procedures. Overweight was defined by body mass index for gender and age. Blood pressure was monitored in each child three times using validated electronic devices (Omron HEM-705 CP, Device, Tokyo, Japan). Hypertension was determined as the average of three separate blood pressure readings, in which the systolic or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90th percentile for age and sex. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 5.5% for boys and 4.4% for girls. The children who had systolic blood pressure >90th percentile ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. The likelihood of hypertension development among children is noticeable at age 10 for both boys and girls (0.2 and 0.1%, respectively), and ranged from 0.2 to 1.7% for boys and 0.1 to 1.2% for girls. Collectively, the prevalence of hypertension was 4.1 and 2.8% for boys and girls, respectively. Blood pressure correlated positively with stature, body mass, body mass index, body fat, and sum of skinfolds (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure increased with age in both genders. The routine measurement of blood pressure, as part of physical examinations of schoolchildren, is crucial for early prevention and intervention programs.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio evalúa la relación entre índice de masa corporal, sobrepeso y presión arterial en adolescentes rurales sudafricanos. MÉTODOS: La muestra incluyó a 1.172 niños de 10-16 años de edad (541 del sexo masculino y 631 del sexo femenino). La estatura, la masa corporal y los pliegues cutáneos se midieron utilizando procedimientos estándares. El sobrepeso se definió según el índice de masa corporal para sexo y edad. Se monitorizó la presión arterial por tres veces en cada niño utilizando aparatos electrónicos validados (Omron HEM-705 CP, Omron, Tokio, Japón). Se determinó la hipertensión cuando los promedios de la presión sistólica o diastólica, calculados con base en las tres mediciones de presión arterial, fueron ≥percentil 90 para edad y sexo. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas para todas las variables. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue del 5,5% en los niños y 4,4% en las niñas. El porcentaje de adolescentes con presión arterial sistólica >percentil 90 osciló entre el 2,3 y el 5,9%. La probabilidad de desarrollo de hipertensión entre los jóvenes fue notable a los 10 años tanto en los niños como en las niñas (0,2 y 0,1%, respectivamente) y osciló entre el 0,2 y el 1,7% en los niños y entre el 0,1 y el 1,2% en las niñas. Colectivamente, la prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 4,1 y el 2,8% en niños y niñas, respectivamente. La presión arterial estuvo positivamente correlacionada con estatura, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal, grasa corporal y suma de pliegues cutáneos (p=0,00). CONCLUSIONES: La presión arterial se elevó con la edad tanto en los niños como en las niñas, y estuvo positivamente correlacionada con estatura, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal, grasa corporal y suma de pliegues cutáneos. La medición de rutina de la presión arterial como parte del examen físico de escolares es crucial para la prevención precoz y la implementación de programas de intervención.

Anthropometrically determined nutritional status of urban primary schoolchildren in Makurdi, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: No information exists on the nutritional status of primary school children residing in Makurdi, Nigeria. It is envisaged that the data could serve as baseline data for future studies, as well as inform public health policy. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition among urban school children in Makurdi, Nigeria. METHODS: Height and weight of 2015 (979 boys and 1036 girls), aged 9-12 years, attending public primary school in Makurdi were measured and the body mass index (BMI) calculated. Anthropometric indices of weight-for-age (WA) and height-for-age (HA) were used to estimate the children's nutritional status. The BMI thinness classification was also calculated. RESULTS: Underweight (WAZ < -2) and stunting (HAZ < -2) occurred in 43.4% and 52.7%, respectively. WAZ and HAZ mean scores of the children were -0.91(SD = 0.43) and -0.83 (SD = 0.54), respectively. Boys were more underweight (48.8%) than girls (38.5%), and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.024; p < 0.05). Conversely, girls tend to be more stunted (56.8%) compared to boys (48.4%) (p = 0.004; p < 0.05). Normal WAZ and HAZ occurred in 54.6% and 44.2% of the children, respectively. Using the 2007 World Health Organisation BMI thinness classification, majority of the children exhibited Grade 1 thinness (77.3%), which was predominant at all ages (9-12 years) in both boys and girls. Gender wise, 79.8% boys and 75.0% girls fall within the Grade I thinness category. Based on the WHO classification, severe malnutrition occurred in 31.3% of the children. CONCLUSIONS: There is severe malnutrition among the school children living in Makurdi. Most of the children are underweight, stunted and thinned. As such, providing community education on environmental sanitation and personal hygienic practices, proper child rearing, breast-feeding and weaning practices would possibly reverse the trends.