The Role of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) in Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI)-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has been approved to manage various cancer types. However, TKI-induced cardiotoxicity is a limiting factor for their use. This issue has raised the need for investigating potential cardioprotective techniques to be combined with TKIs. Ribosomal S6-kinases (RSKs) are a downstream effector of the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) pathway; specific RSK isoforms, such as RSK1 and RSK2, have been expressed in cancer cells, in which they increase tumour proliferation. Selective targeting of those isoforms would result in tumour suppression. Moreover, activation of RSKs expressed in the heart has resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia; thus, inhibiting RSKs would result in cardio-protection. This review article presents an overview of the usefulness of RSK inhibitors that can be novel agents to be assessed in future research for their effect in reducing cancer proliferation, as well as protecting the heart from cardiotoxicity induced by TKIs.

Clinical profile of carpal tunnel syndrome in a teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the clinical characteristics and demography of Carpel Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) cases presented to a university hospital. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was done for 336 consecutive patients (290 females and 46 males), referred with a clinical diagnosis of CTS to the Neuro-diagnostic laboratory at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2007 and December 2010. All subjects had clinical evaluation and standardized nerve conduction studies (672 hands) performed by the same examiner. RESULTS: Carpal tunnel syndrome was confirmed in 640 hands (95.23%) with female predominance (86.3%). The mean age was 52.4 in females and 54.4 years in males with overall highest occurrence among the age group 45- < 55 years. Bilateral CTS was confirmed in the majority of the patients, i.e., 304(90.5%), and remaining were unilateral. Among unilateral pattern, 22 (68.8%) had right CTS and others had left CTS. Most of the patients were treated conservatively 85.4% while the rest had surgical decompression 14.6%. CONCLUSION: Overall predominant age group was 45-<55 years with female dominancy. Majority of subjects had bilateral CTS as well as conservative treatment was frequent.