Perspectives From the RadDiscord Annual Survey: Overview of the Top Study Tools and Evaluation of Study Time and Various Resources.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Each year, senior radiology residents take the American Board of Radiology Qualifying (Core) exam to evaluate competency. Approximately 10% of first-time examinees will fail this exam (1). Understanding factors that contribute to success will help residency program directors and trainees prepare for future exams. RadDiscord (www.raddiscord.org), an international radiology educational community, is in the unique position to evaluate different study materials and resources. The goal of this paper is to report the results from the RadDiscord survey and analyze the factors that correlate with higher exam performance and passing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following the February 2021, June 2021, and June 2022 exams, RadDiscord members were provided an anonymous survey, collecting information on study resources and exam scores. The collected data were analyzed using various statistical methods. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 318 residents responded (95% passed). Significant variability in Qualifying (Core) exam performance and perceived quality of internal didactics existed between program types. Residents who did less than 2000 practice questions performed lower on the exam. The Diagnostic Radiology In-Training (DXIT) exam was the most predictive for passing and performance. Qualifying (Core) exam performance negatively correlated with study time, though certain residents did receive some benefit from study time. CONCLUSION: Many factors correlate with passing and Qualifying (Core) exam performance. Residency programs with fewer resources should consider alternative ways to support residents beyond offering study time. Residents who complete at least 2000 practice questions are more likely to pass and DXIT results can be a useful gauge to identify exam readiness.

A Vascular Quality Initiative frailty assessment predicts postdischarge mortality in patients undergoing arterial reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Frailty assessment adds important prognostic information during preoperative decision-making but can be cumbersome to implement into routine clinical care. We developed and tested an abbreviated method of frailty assessment using variables routinely collected by the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry. METHODS: An abbreviated frailty score (the simple Vascular Quality Initiative-Frailty Score [VQI-FS]) was developed using 11 or fewer VQI variables (hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal impairment, anemia, underweight, nonhome residence, and nonambulatory status) that map to recognized frailty domains in the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and the literature. Nonemergent cases registered in the VQI from 2010 to 2017 (n = 265,632) in seven registries (carotid endarterectomy, n = 77,111; carotid artery stenting, n = 13,215; endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, n = 29,607; open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, n = 7442; infrainguinal bypass, n = 33,128; suprainguinal bypass, n = 10,661; and peripheral vascular intervention, n = 94,468) were analyzed using logistic regression models to determine the predictive power of the VQI-FS for perioperative and longer term (9-month) mortality. Nomograms were created using weighted regression coefficients to assist in individualized frailty assessment and estimation of 9-month mortality. RESULTS: The VQI-FS, using equal weighting of these 11 VQI variables, effectively predicted 9-month mortality with an area under the curve of 0.724 by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. However, differential weighting of the variables allowed simplification of the model to only seven variables (congestive heart failure, renal impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, not living at home, not ambulatory, anemia, and underweight status); hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes had relatively low predictive power. Adding procedure-specific risk further improved performance of the model with a final area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of 0.758. Model calibration was excellent with predicted/observed regression line slope of 0.991 and intercept of 5.449e-04. CONCLUSIONS: A differentially weighted abbreviated VQI-FS using seven variables in addition to procedure-specific risk has strong correlation with 9-month mortality. Nomograms incorporating patient- and procedure-adjusted risk can effectively predict 9-month mortality. Reliable estimates of longer term mortality should assist in preoperative decision-making for vascular procedures that often carry substantial risk of mortality.

Paracentesis: Faster and easier using the RenovaRP® pump.

PURPOSE Paracentesis is commonly performed in interventional radiology practice, and large volume paracentesis (LVP) using wall suction can take up to an hour to complete, placing significant stress on room and resource time. As the number of LVP procedures performed by Interventional Radiologists continue to increase, this study was undertaken to analyze the impact of the RenovaRP® Paracentesis Management System (GI Supply) on procedure time and patient satisfaction. METHODS Between March 9, 2020 and May 29, 2020, procedural data and patient satisfaction was collected as part of a practice quality improvement project and retrospectively analyzed on 39 sequential paracenteses performed with wall suction prior to acquiring the RenovaRP® system and subsequently on 42 paracenteses performed with use of the device. RESULTS A substantially higher fluid flow rate was found using the RenovaRP® system compared to wall suction, 237.2 mL/min vs. 108.6 mL/min (P < .001). This resulted in a significant decrease in procedure room time from 53 min to 31 min (P < .001). There was associated improvement in the patient experience during paracentesis. CONCLUSION The RenovaRP® decreases procedure time for LVP with improvement in the patient experience during paracentesis.

Revisiting racial disparities in ED CT utilization during the Affordable Care Act era: 2009-2018 data from the NHAMCS.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in CT utilization in the emergency department (ED) for different racial and ethnic groups, factors that may affect utilization, and the effects of increased insurance coverage since passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) for the years 2009-2018 were used for the analysis. The NHAMCS is a cross-sectional survey which has random and systematical samples of more than 200,000 visits to over 250 hospital EDs in the USA. Patient demographic characteristics, source of payment/insurance, clinical presentation, and disposition from the ED were recorded. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2018, the rate of uninsured patients in the ED decreased from 18.1% to as low as 9.9%, but this was not associated with a decrease in the disparity in CT utilization between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients. CT use rate increased 38% over the study period. Factors strongly associated with CT utilization include age, source of payment, triage category, disposition from the ED, and residence. After controlling for these factors, non-Hispanic White patients were 21% more likely to undergo CT than non-Hispanic Black patients, though no disparity was seen for Hispanic or Asian/other groups. CONCLUSION: Despite increased insurance coverage over the sample period, racial disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients persist in CT utilization, though no disparity was seen for Hispanic or Asian/other patients. The source of this disparity remains unclear and is likely multifactorial.

Perceptions Regarding Optimal Breast Imaging Education for Radiology Residents: Results of a National Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess perceptions among breast radiologists regarding optimal breast imaging rotation organization and educational activities for radiology residents. METHODS: An IRB-exempt anonymous questionnaire was developed in REDCap and distributed as a member survey email by the Society of Breast imaging to 2188 members June 2019. A form with 33 questions asked questions about opinions related to resident rotation composition, read-out strategies, study/procedure volume, simulation and educational materials specific to breast imaging. RESULTS: A total of 109/2,188 (4.98%) complete survey responses were received. Of the responders, 69/109 (62%) work in academic practice, 16/109 (15%) work in private practice with residents, and 24/109 (22%) work in private practice without residents. There was no significant variation in opinion between those who have >10 years of experience teaching breast imaging 49/109(42.2%) to those with less <10 years' experience 60/109 (55%). A range of opinions is demonstrated regarding the multiple questions asked with more support for diagnostics and procedures on the second and thirds rotations compared to first rotations. There was strong support of in-person staffing, checklists, simulation for ultrasound-guided procedures (91%) and formal training on delivering bad news (90%). Radiology-pathology conferences and faculty-developed teaching files were highest-rated for effective educational tools. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this survey show varied opinions regarding perceived best practices for resident breast radiology rotations . Further research is needed to determine training outcomes related to rotation organization. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

SPECT/CT in the Evaluation of Suspected Skeletal Pathology.

Dedicated multi-slice single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) cameras have become widely available and are becoming a mainstay of clinical practice. The integration of SPECT and CT allow for precise anatomic location of scintigraphic findings. Fusion imaging with SPECT/CT can improve both sensitivity and specificity by reducing equivocal interpretation in comparison to planar scintigraphy or SPECT alone. This review article addresses the technique, basic science principles, and applications of integrated SPECT/CT in the evaluation of musculoskeletal pathology.

Understanding the means of communication between nurses and resident physicians in the modern world: A community-based university hospital survey results.

In a hospital setting, nurses and physicians are the two main caregivers for admitted patients. Their communication is an important driver of positive teamwork and ensures proper patient safety and a high level of patient care. In a hospital with a large internal medicine residency program, where the main communication between nurses and residents is by phone calls, the excess number of phone calls received, especially for non-urgent patient-related matters, can be disruptive and cause fatigue and burnout. Alternative means of communication have been reported, namely using the electronic medical records to try and create new means of communication and to decrease the burden of direct communication for non-urgent matters. This manuscript describes the results of a survey administered in an attempt to understand the communication between residents and nurses in the setting of a new communication tool created within the electronic medical records.

Failure on a Vascular Surgery Board-American Board of Surgery Examination does not predict cardiovascular outcomes in the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: The Vascular Surgery Board of the American Board of Surgery (VSB-ABS) Qualifying and Certifying examinations are meant to assess qualifications to independently practice vascular surgery, but it is unclear whether examination performance correlates with clinical outcomes. We assessed this relationship using clinical outcomes data for VSB-ABS diplomates from the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative (SVS-VQI). METHODS: VSB-ABS examination performance for vascular surgeons participating in the SVS-VQI registry was characterized according to pass/fail status. Surgical experience was measured by number of years since completion of training. Examination performance and experience were compared with a composite clinical outcome (in-patient major adverse cardiac events or postoperative death [MACE+POD]) after arterial reconstructions (carotid stenting or endarterectomy, aortic aneurysm repair, open peripheral surgical bypasses) registered in the SVS-VQI. Multivariate mixed effects regression was performed adjusting for sex and surgery type, as well as clustering by surgeon and by hospital. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2017, complete data were available for 776 vascular surgeons who performed 124,171 arterial reconstructions (carotid n = 56,650; aortic n = 34,764; peripheral n = 32,757) registered in the SVS-VQI. Patient characteristics associated with higher odds of MACE+POD were female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.12; P = .006) and advancing age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.04; P < .001). Of the 776 surgeons, 149 (17%) had failed at least one VSB-ABS examination (group F). The unadjusted primary composite outcome of MACE+POD was marginally higher after operations performed by surgeons who never failed an examination (group P; 7% vs 6%; P = .03). This difference seems to be driven by higher rates of postoperative congestive heart failure in the aortic and lower extremity bypass cohorts as well as more postoperative myocardial infarctions after lower extremity bypass by group P surgeons. Following multivariable analyses, examination pass status was not associated with MACE+POD (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.89-1.50; P = .517). However, increasing surgical experience correlated with significantly lower odds of MACE+POD (2% lower odds/year of experience since training [OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99; P < .001]). CONCLUSIONS: VSB-ABS examination performance by SVS-VQI surgeons does not correlate with registry-reported mortality or cardiovascular complications. Increasing surgical experience is strongly associated with lower odds of cardiovascular morbidity and death.

HGNChelper: identification and correction of invalid gene symbols for human and mouse.

Gene symbols are recognizable identifiers for gene names but are unstable and error-prone due to aliasing, manual entry, and unintentional conversion by spreadsheets to date format. Official gene symbol resources such as HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for human genes and the Mouse Genome Informatics project (MGI) for mouse genes provide authoritative sources of valid, aliased, and outdated symbols, but lack a programmatic interface and correction of symbols converted by spreadsheets. We present HGNChelper, an R package that identifies known aliases and outdated gene symbols based on the HGNC human and MGI mouse gene symbol databases, in addition to common mislabeling introduced by spreadsheets, and provides corrections where possible. HGNChelper identified invalid gene symbols in the most recent Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB 7.0) and in platform annotation files of the Gene Expression Omnibus, with prevalence ranging from ~3% in recent platforms to 30-40% in the earliest platforms from 2002-03. HGNChelper is installable from CRAN.

Peripheral hypervascularity of the corpus luteum with ovarian edema (CLOE) may decrease false positive diagnoses of ovarian torsion.

INTRODUCTION: In patients with pelvic pain, corpus luteum with associated ovarian edema (CLOE) may be mistaken for ovarian torsion on ultrasound or CECT. METHODS: This was a multi-reader, blinded, retrospective review performed at a single academic center from 2012 to 2018. Cases of CLOE that were misdiagnosed as torsion and cases of ovarian torsion without a lead-point mass were analyzed. Evaluated ultrasound features included presence of a corpus luteum, ovarian and corpus luteum volume, Color Doppler vascularity of the corpus luteum rim compared to that of the ovarian stroma, peripheral follicular displacement, twisted vascular pedicle, and free fluid. Evaluated CT features included presence of a corpus luteum, ovarian and corpus luteum volume, corpus luteum rim enhancement, twisted vascular pedicle, and free fluid. RESULTS: 39 cases of CLOE and 30 cases of ovarian torsion without lead-point mass were reviewed. A corpus luteum was present in 56.7% of torsed ovaries. In CLOE cases, peripheral hypervascularity of the corpus luteum (manifested as enhancement at CECT or flow signal at Doppler US) was present in 67.7% (21/31) of cases on ultrasound, and in 95.7% (22/23) of cases on CT. No peripheral hypervascularity of the corpus luteum was seen in cases of torsion (p < 0.001). Torsed ovaries were significantly larger than CLOE cases. Other findings were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Increased blood flow in the periphery of a corpus luteum on color Doppler ultrasound or on CECT is a strong negative predictor for ovarian torsion.

Corpus luteum with ovarian stromal edema is associated with pelvic pain and confusion for ovarian torsion.

PURPOSE: To distinguish the corpus luteum with adjacent ovarian stromal edema as an entity associated with pelvic pain, with confounding ultrasound features that may lead to false-positive diagnosis of ovarian torsion. METHODS: This is a blinded, retrospective study of 243 corpora lutea on transvaginal ultrasound. Imaging parameters included ovarian and corpus luteum volumes, central cystic space within the corpus luteum, vascularity around the corpus luteum, peripherally displaced follicles, and complex free fluid. Residual volume (ovarian volume minus corpus luteum volume) was used as a surrogate for ovarian stromal edema. Clinical parameters included age, pregnancy, and location/acuity of pain if present. Concern for ovarian torsion in radiology reports was documented. RESULTS: 51.0% (124/243) of patients presented with pain. Multivariate regression analysis of factors significantly associated with pain (including age, p = 0.001; larger corpus luteum volume, p = 0.002; larger residual volume, p < 0.001; complex free fluid, p = 0.002; and peripherally displaced follicles, p < 0.001) left only increased residual volume as significantly associated with pain [OR 1.02-1.16; p = 0.01]. False-positive concern for ovarian torsion on ultrasound was present in 12.9% (16/124) of patients with pain, associated with enlarged ovaries (p < 0.001) and peripherally displaced follicles (p < 0.001). High correlation between location of pain and side of the corpus luteum was demonstrated in patients with pain < 14 days duration (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Corpus luteum with ovarian stromal edema is associated with pelvic pain and can mimic ovarian torsion on ultrasound. Further research should explore diagnostically useful differences between cases of ovarian torsion and cases of ovarian edema related to corpora lutea.

Acute effects of air pollutants on spontaneous pregnancy loss: a case-crossover study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between acute exposure to air pollutants and spontaneous pregnancy loss. DESIGN: Case-crossover study from 2007 to 2015. SETTING: An academic emergency department in the Wasatch Front area of Utah. PATIENT(S): A total of 1,398 women who experienced spontaneous pregnancy loss events. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Odds of spontaneous pregnancy loss. RESULT(S): We found that a 10-ppb increase in 7-day average levels of nitrogen dioxide was associated with a 16% increase in the odds of spontaneous pregnancy loss (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.33; P=.04). A 10-µg/m3 increase in 3-day and 7-day averages of fine particulate matter were associated with increased risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss, but the associations did not reach statistical significance (OR3-day average = 1.09; 95% CI 0.99-1.20; P=.05) (OR7-day average = 1.11; 95% CI 0.99-1.24; P=.06). We found no evidence of increased risk for any other metrics of nitrogen dioxide or fine particulate matter or any metric for ozone. CONCLUSIONS: We found that short-term exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants was associated with higher risk for spontaneous pregnancy loss.

Predicting ICU readmission among surgical ICU patients: Development and validation of a clinical nomogram.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned intensive care unit readmission within 72 hours is an established metric of hospital care quality. However, it is unclear what factors commonly increase the risk of intensive care unit readmission in surgical patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictors of readmission among a diverse sample of surgical patients and develop an accurate and clinically applicable nomogram for prospective risk prediction. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and physiologic variables collected within 48 hours before discharge from a surgical intensive care unit at an academic center between April 2010 and July 2015. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the association between risk factors and unplanned readmission back to the intensive care unit within 72 hours. Model selection was performed using lasso methods and validated using an independent data set by receiver operating characteristic area under the curve analysis. The derived nomogram was then prospectively assessed between June and August 2017 to evaluate the correlation between perceived and calculated risk for intensive care unit readmission. RESULTS: Among 3,109 patients admitted to the intensive care unit by general surgery (34%), transplant (9%), trauma (43%), and vascular surgery (14%) services, there were 141 (5%) unplanned readmissions within 72 hours. Among 179 candidate predictor variables, a reduced model was derived that included age, blood urea nitrogen, serum chloride, serum glucose, atrial fibrillation, renal insufficiency, and respiratory rate. These variables were used to develop a clinical nomogram, which was validated using 617 independent admissions, and indicated moderate performance (area under the curve: 0.71). When prospectively assessed, intensive care unit providers' perception of respiratory risk was moderately correlated with calculated risk using the nomogram (ρ: 0.44; P < .001), although perception of electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia, renal insufficiency, and risk for arrhythmias were not correlated with measured values. CONCLUSION: Intensive care unit readmission risk for surgical patients can be predicted using a simple clinical nomogram based on 7 common demographic and physiologic variables. These data underscore the potential of risk calculators to combine multiple risk factors and enable a more accurate risk assessment beyond perception alone.

Delayed puberty and abnormal anthropometry and its associations with quality of life in young Fontan survivors: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate the prevalence of delayed puberty and abnormal anthropometry and its association with quality of life (QoL) in young Fontan survivors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study at 11 Pediatric Heart Network centers. Demographic and clinical data, anthropomety, and Tanner stage were collected. Anthropometric measurements and pubertal stage were compared to US norms. QoL was assessed using Pediatric Quality of Life inventory (PedsQL). Mixed effects regression modeling adjusting for clustering by center was used to evaluate factors associated with abnormal anthropometry and delayed puberty and associations with QoL. RESULTS: Of the 299 subjects, 42% were female. The median enrollment age was 13.9 years, and the median age at Fontan was 3 years. Fontan survivors had a higher prevalence of short stature relative to normative data (20% vs 5%, P < .0001) and an increased prevalence of abnormal BMI (16% vs 10%, P < .0001) (low [43%] and high [57%]). Fontan subjects, both males (58%) and females (58%), had a delay of 1.5-2 years in ≥1 Tanner stage parameter compared to normal population. There was no association between delayed puberty and QoL. Abnormal anthropometry was associated with lower overall (62.3 ± 17.3 vs 72.5 ± 16.6; P < .001) and physical appearance scores (72.2 ± 27.4 vs 79.8 ± 21.5; P < .01). Lower exercise capacity was associated with abnormal anthropometry and >2 surgeries before Fontan was associated with delayed puberty. Lower family income (<$25 000) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome were associated with lower QoL. CONCLUSION: Compared to the normal population, Fontan survivors have high prevalence of short stature, abnormal BMI and delayed puberty. Abnormal anthropometry, but not delayed puberty, was associated with lower overall QoL and perceived physical appearance scores. Routine screening for abnormal anthropometry, especially in HLHS and in lower socioeconomic status families, should be considered to allow interventions, which might ameliorate the negative psychosocial impact.

Clinical effectiveness of open thrombectomy for thrombosed autogenous arteriovenous fistulas and grafts.

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the preferred hemodialysis access for patients with end-stage renal disease, although multiple interventions are typically needed to maintain patency. When AV fistulas thrombose, however, there is debate as to whether open thrombectomy should be attempted, particularly for salvage of upper arm fistulas. This study was designed to evaluate outcomes after open thrombectomy of upper arm and forearm AV fistulas compared with AV grafts. METHODS: We identified all patients who underwent an open thrombectomy procedure for a thrombosed AV fistula or graft at a single academic medical center between January 2006 and March 2017. The specific type of AV fistula or graft was evaluated, as were the patients' demographics, comorbidities, medications, adjunctive procedures during thrombectomy, and secondary interventions. The primary outcome measures, postintervention primary patency and postintervention secondary patency, were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models for risk adjustment. RESULTS: During the study period, 209 open thrombectomy procedures were performed in 139 patients; 73 (35%) were undertaken in AV fistulas and 136 (65%) in grafts. Patients with upper arm fistulas (n = 52; 54% brachiocephalic, 46% brachiobasilic) and forearm fistulas (n = 16) were more likely to be male but less likely to have cerebrovascular disease or ischemic heart disease and to be receiving anticoagulation therapy compared with graft patients. After thrombectomy, the majority of patients underwent dialysis successfully (70% upper arm fistulas, 56% forearm fistulas, 63% grafts; P > .05), and 1-year survival rates were similar in all three cohorts. Postintervention primary patency at 1 year was significantly higher for AV fistulas vs grafts (33% for upper arm fistulas and 25% for forearm fistulas vs 9% for grafts; P < .05), which was confirmed in multivariate analysis, where upper arm AV fistulas had a 46% lower risk of recurrent thrombosis or secondary intervention (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.85; P < .05). Postintervention secondary patency at 1 year was similar between AV fistulas and grafts (44% for upper arm fistulas vs 43% for forearm fistulas vs 31% for grafts; P = .16), but in multivariate analysis, upper arm fistulas were significantly less likely to fail (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-1.00; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that AV fistula thrombectomy is successful in up to 70% of cases, with significantly improved risk-adjusted 1-year primary and secondary patency rates for upper arm fistulas compared with grafts. Whereas the risk of access failure is high after thrombectomy, efforts to salvage upper arm AV fistulas are effective in most patients and should be undertaken when feasible.

Rapid Methods for Routine Frailty Assessment during Vascular Surgery Clinic Visits.

BACKGROUND: Frailty assessment can help vascular surgeons predict perioperative risk and long-term mortality for their patients. Unfortunately, comprehensive frailty assessments take too long to integrate into clinic workflow. This study was designed to evaluate 2 rapid methods for assessing frailty during vascular clinics-a short patient-reported survey and a provider-reported frailty scale. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 159 patients presenting to an academic medical center vascular surgery clinic between May and November 2016. Patients underwent frailty assessment using 2 rapid methods: (1) the Frail Nondisabled (FiND) survey (5 questions) and (2) the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS; 9-point scale from robust to severely frail). These were followed by administering the Fried Index, a validated frailty assessment method with 5 measures (weight loss, exhaustion, grip strength, walking speed, and activity level). The correlation between Fried scores (reference standard) with frailty diagnoses derived from FiND and CFS was analyzed using the Spearman-rank test, Cohen's kappa, sensitivity/specificity tests, and receiver operating curves. RESULTS: The evaluated cohort included 87 (55%) females, a mean age of 61 years, 126 (79%) preoperative patients, and 32 (20%) categorized as frail using the Fried Index criteria. The FiND survey was very sensitive (91%) but less specific for diagnosing frailty. In comparison, the CFS was highly specific (96%) for diagnosing frailty and exhibited high inter-rater reliability between surgeon and medical assistant scores (kappa: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.72-0.87; P < 0.001). There was moderate correlation between frailty assigned using the Fried Index and the CFS (rho: 0.41-0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty can be quickly and effectively assessed during vascular surgery clinic using a combination of patient-reported (FiND) and provider-reported (CFS) methods to improve diagnostic accuracy. Implementing routine frailty assessment into clinic workflow can be a valuable tool for risk prediction and surgical decision-making.

Differences in clinical outcomes and cost between complex and simple arterial switches.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the morbidity, mortality, and cost differences between patients who underwent either a simple or a complex arterial switch operation. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients undergoing an arterial switch operation at a single institution was performed. Simple cases were defined as patients with d-transposition of the great arteries with usual coronary anatomy or circumflex artery originating from the right with either intact ventricular septum or ventricular septal defect. Complex cases included all other forms of coronary anatomy, aortic coarctation or arch hypoplasia, and Taussig-Bing anomalies. Costs were acquired using an institutional activity-based accounting system. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were identified, 68 patients in the simple group and 30 in the complex group. The mortality rate was 2% for the simple and 7% for the complex group, p=0.23. Major morbidities including cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a major coronary event, surgical or catheter-based re-intervention, stroke, or permanent pacemaker placement, non-cardiac surgical procedures, mediastinitis, and sepsis did not differ between the simple and complex groups (16 versus 27%, p=0.16). The complex group had increased bleeding requiring re-exploration (0 versus 10%, p=0.04). Hospital and ICU length of stay did not differ. Complex patients had higher overall hospital costs (simple $80,749 versus complex $97,387, p=0.01) and higher postoperative costs (simple $60,192 versus complex $70,132, p=0.02). The operating room and supplies accounted for the majority of the cost difference. CONCLUSION: Complex arterial switches can be safely performed with low rates of morbidity and mortality but at an increased cost.

Safety Analysis of Bariatric Patients Undergoing Outpatient Upper Endoscopy with Non-Anesthesia Administered Propofol Sedation.

BACKGROUND: Non-anesthesia administered propofol (NAAP) has been shown to be a safe and effective method of sedation for patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Bariatric surgery patients are potentially at a higher risk for sedation-related complications due to co-morbidities including obstructive sleep apnea. The outcomes of NAAP in bariatric patients have not been previously reported. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, severely obese patients undergoing pre-surgical outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were compared to non-obese control patients (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) undergoing diagnostic EGD at our institution from March 2011-September 2015 using our endoscopy database. Patients' demographics and procedural and recovery data, including any airway interventions, were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: We included 130 consecutive pre-operative bariatric surgical patients with average BMI 45.8 kg/m2 (range 34-80) and 265 control patients with average BMI 21.9 kg/m2 (range 14-25). The severely obese group had a higher prevalence of sleep apnea (62 vs 8%; p < 0.001), experienced more oxygen desaturations (22 vs 7%; p < 0.001), and received more chin lift maneuvers (20 vs 6%; p < 0.001). Advanced airway interventions were rarely required in either group and were not more frequent in the bariatric group. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate training of endoscopy personnel, NAAP is a safe method of sedation in severely obese patients undergoing outpatient upper endoscopy.