A comprehensive insight into the immunomodulatory role of MSCs-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) through modulating pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs).

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) are emerging as remarkable agents in the field of immunomodulation with vast potential for diagnosing and treating various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. These tiny vesicles are laden with a diverse cargo encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and bioactive molecules, offering a wealth of biomarkers and therapeutic options. MSC-Exos exhibit their immunomodulatory prowess by skillfully regulating pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). They conduct a symphony of immunological responses, modulating B-cell activities, polarizing macrophages toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and fine-tuning T-cell activity. These interactions have profound implications for precision medicine, cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune disease management, biomarker discovery, and regulatory approvals. MSC-Exos promises to usher in a new era of tailored therapies, personalized diagnostics, and more effective treatments for various medical conditions. As research advances, their transformative potential in healthcare becomes increasingly evident.

Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide. Emerging research suggests a strong association between OSCC and the oral microbiota, a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been closely linked to OSCC. Moreover, certain oral fungi, such as Candida albicans, and viruses, like the human papillomavirus, have also been implicated in OSCC. Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms through which the oral microbiota influences OSCC development remain unclear and necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the oral microbiota and its relationship with OSCC and discusses potential carcinogenic pathways that the oral microbiota may activate or modulate are also discussed.

Application of a novel composite of Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC surrounded by MIL-101(Fe) for photocatalytic degradation of penicillin G under visible light.

The novel photocatalyst of Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101(Fe) was prepared based on the sol-gel method, and its structure and morphology were determined by SEM mapping, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. The photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite was evaluated in comparison with other particles as well as adsorption and photolysis processes. The effect of operating parameters showed that the complete degradation of penicillin G (PNG) can be provided at a photocatalyst dosage of 0.6 g/L, radiation intensity of 36 W, pH of 5, and time of 60 min. In the optimum condition, 84% TOC removal was attained and the BOD5/COD rate for the treated effluent was above 0.4, which was representative of the high biodegradability of the treated effluent compared to the raw sample. The findings of energy consumption showed that PNG can be easily and effectively treated by the photocatalytic process based on magnetic MIL-101(Fe) with electrical energy per order between 10 and 20.87 kWh/m3. Due to the excellent interaction between the MIL-101(Fe) and Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC, the photocatalyst stability test showed a recyclability of the particles for 5 consecutive reaction cycles with a minimum reduction of 7%. Solution treated with photocatalyst under UV and visible light sources explained that the toxicity of the effluent after treatment is significantly reduced with the growth of Escherichia coli. Scavenging experiments showed that •OH radical and hole (h+) are the main agents in degrading PNG to CO2, H2O, and biodegradable and low-toxicity products. Finally, the findings of the diagnostic analysis and comparative experiments proved that with the interaction of Fe3O4@SiO2, NH2, and MIL-101(Fe), a lower band gap can be prepared for more absorption of photons and pollutant and also more and faster production of active radicals.

The association of in-utero exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and umbilical liver enzymes.

BACKGROUND: The adverse health influences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposures have been examined in several previous research. However, the evidence on the health influences of PAHs exposure during pregnancy and childhood is scarce, with no study on the infant's liver function. Therefore, in this study, the association of in-utero exposure to particulate matter-bound PAHs (PM-bound PAHs) on the umbilical liver enzymes was investigated. METHODS: A total of 450 mother-pair samples were assessed in this cross-sectional study in Sabzevar, Iran (2019-2021). The concentrations of PM-bound PAHs were estimated based on spatiotemporal models at residential addresses. The umbilical cord blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured as indicators of infant's liver function. The association of PM-bound PAHs with umbilical liver enzymes was evaluated using multiple linear regression, controlled for relevant covariates. The quantile g-computation (g-comp) was used to investigate the combined impact of the 15 PAHs on liver function biomarkers. RESULTS: Higher levels of total 4-ring PAHs, Dibenzo[a,h]anthrancene, Anthracene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]anthracene, Phenanthrene, Fluorene, Acenaphthylene and Naphthalene were associated with higher umbilical ALP. An increase in total 5-ring PAHs, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene and Chrysene was associated with higher umbilical AST levels. Each 1 ng/m3 increase in exposure to Benzo[g,h,i]perylene was related with 182.21 U/L (95 % CI: 116.11, 248.31, P < 0.01) increase in umbilical GGT. PAHs mixture exposure was positively associated with higher umbilical AST and ALT, while no significant associations were noted for ALP and GGT. We observed a potentially stronger association for girls compared to boys based on umbilical ALT and AST. However, for GGT and ALP, these associations were stronger for boys compared to girls. CONCLUSION: Overall our findings suggested that exposure to PAHs during pregnancy had adverse effects on infant's liver function.