In Vitro Effect of Low-Level Lasers on Total Bilirubin Concentration in Human Blood Plasma Using 375 and 650 nm Lasers.

Background: The current research extends previous laboratory investigations by investigating the effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on human blood plasma. Total bilirubin is of special importance because of its potential biostimulatory and modulatory actions. Objective: This study aims to analyze changes in total bilirubin content as a consequence of LLLI on human blood plasma. This study aims to determine how changes in exposure duration and laser wavelength affect these adjustments. Methodology: Plasma was isolated from a healthy adult donor's whole blood using the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Plasma samples were exposed to LLLI at 375 and 650 nm for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min. Total bilirubin concentrations were measured both before and after irradiation using spectrophotometric analysis. The difference between 375 and 630 nm lasers was also investigated. Results: Five, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min of exposure to LLLI at 375 and 650 nm wavelengths resulted in statistically significant differences in total bilirubin content (p ˂ 0.05, p ˂ 0.001, p ˂ 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in total bilirubin concentration between the 375 and 630 nm lasers. Conclusions: Human blood plasma total bilirubin levels were considerably lower following LLLI at 375 and 630 nm than controls. Multiple exposures provide the same results. These findings demonstrate the role of biostimulation by laser irradiation in blood plasma applications and suggest that low-level laser treatment may control total bilirubin levels, particularly at 375 and 630 nm.

Design and manufacturing of a head mask for fixation in stereotactic radiosurgery by the Gamma Knife® Icon™.

Background: This study evaluates an alternative to the classical method of head fixation during Gamma Knife radiosurgery using a Leksell head frame. In the Gamma Knife® Icon™ model, a new method of head fixation is used by utilizing a thermal molded polymer mask that takes the shape of the patient's head before fixing the head to the table. However, this mask is for single use and quite expensive. Methods: We describe a new, very economical method to fix the head of the patient during radiosurgery. We used commercial, quite cheap material [polylactic acid (PLA)] plastic and made a 3D printing model for the patient's face, taking special measurements to put this mask and fix it on the Gamma Knife. The actual material cost is only $4 (100 times less than the original mask cost). Results: The new mask efficiency was tested using the movement checker software, the same one used to measure the efficiency of the original mask. Conclusion: The newly designed and manufactured mask is quite effective for use with the Gamma Knife® Icon™, with a much lower cost, and it can be manufactured locally.

Influence of vitamin C on irradiated mice tissues induced DNA double strand breaks DSB using gH2AX marker.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the modifying effect of treatment with vitamins C on irradiated mice tissues with gamma ray. METHODS: The animal experimental study was conducted in the Iraqi Centre for Cancer Research and Medical Genetics (ICCMG), Unit of Medical Physics department of Physiology college of Medicine/ Al_Mustansiryah Baghdad, Iraq from December 2019 to April 2020 Comprised adult male Albino Bulb /c mice aged 8 weeks. They were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1, the controls, received standard saline solution untreated and were not exposed to radiation. Group 2 mice received dose of vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intra-peritoneally injected without radiation. Group 3 was exposed to gamma ray without treatment with vitamin C. Group 4 mice were administrated vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intraperitoneally and exposed to the gamma ray. Groups 3 and 4 received 4 Gy of gamma rays for eight consecutive days. All groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 1, 3 and 24h. Post-radiation testes and spleen tissues were collected. Damage in vivo was measured by gamma H2AX foci as biomarker of deoxyribonucleic acid double strand breaks in testes and spleen tissues. Data was analsyed using SPSS 24. RESULTS: There were 28 mice with a mean bodyweight of 20±2g; 7(25%) in each of the four groups. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between group 4 and group 3 in terms of foci forming. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the exposed and unexposed groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin C was found to be a good radio-protective agent for mice testes and spleen tissues. The main differences were clearly observed in the formation of gamma H2AX foci between testes and spleen due to their sensitivity to ionising radiation which depends on proliferation activity.

Fast tattoo removal using Q-Switching ND-YAG laser technique with multi pass sessions.

Laser therapy is the gold standard method to remove unwanted tattoos. It is available and widely accessible. This study was done to assess the efficacy of the R20 method (multi-time separated passes in one session for 20 min) using Q-switched ND: YAG laser for the removal of tattoos and was compared with the traditional method. Forty patients with 40 Tattoos were included. These tattoos were separated into two halves left and right. One half was treated with a single pass and the other half with R20. Both halves were treated using Q-switched ND-YAG laser with 10 J/cm2, 1.064 µm, 8 ns pulse width, and 3 mm spot size. The treatment regimen included three sessions at three-week intervals. Tattoo bleaching was evaluated in each session by means of using the imaging process by two dermatologists. It could be concluded that the treatment with traditional single-pass is less effective than the R20 method in the three-month period. Epidermal healing period needs more than three weeks with the R20 method. The amateur tattoos have a significantly better response than professional tattoos. The R20 method is better than the traditional method to remove a tattoo, where most tattoos can be removed in one session. Amateur tattoo is removed faster compared to professional tattoo using R20 method because amateur tattoo affects the skin surface.

In Vitro Biostimulation of Low-Power Diode Pumping Solid State Laser Irradiation on Human Serum Proteins.

Objective: This research is conducted to clarify whether the action of low-power diode pumping solid state (DPSS) laser doses modify proteins of normal human blood serum in vitro. Background data: Low-power laser light is considered to act through biostimulation rather than through thermal effects. It was found that low-power laser light biostimulates various biological processes, such as increasing the blood flow within the microcirculation. Methods: Human blood serum samples were carefully collected and divided into five equal aliquots. One of them served as a control (nonirradiated serum) and the other four aliquots were irradiated by DPSS laser at a wavelength of 589 nm with different doses (50, 70, 90, and 110 J/cm2). The electrophoretic migration speeds of each specific protein were measured immediately after irradiation using protein electrophoresis. A paired Student's t-test was used between variables. Results: The protein concentrations were not significantly (p > 0.05) changed by the various doses of DPSS laser comparing with the nonirradiated counterpart. The electrophoretic migration speed of serum proteins was significantly decreased in almost all tested doses relative to the nonirradiated counterpart. Moreover, the irradiation of serum proteins (albumin, alpha1, alpha 2, beta, and globulin) with a laser dose of 70 J/cm2 was associated with a significant decrease (p < 0.003, 0.02, 0.002, 0.02 and 0.001, respectively) in protein migration speed compared with the protein migration speed of the control nonirradiated counterpart. Conclusions: Laser light at a wavelength of 589 nm induces processes that lead to decreases in serum protein migration speeds. Globulin protein was found to have the lowest migration speed among the other plasma proteins.

Laser-induced changes of in vitro erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

The study of the effects of low-level laser (LLL) radiation on blood is important for elucidating the mechanisms behind the interaction of LLL radiation and biologic tissues. Different therapy methods that involve blood irradiation have been developed and used for clinical purposes with beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different irradiation protocols using a diode-pumped solid-state LLL (λ = 405 nm) on samples of human blood by measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Human blood samples were obtained through venipuncture into tubes containing EDTA as an anticoagulant. Every sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as an irradiated sample and a non-irradiated control sample. The irradiated aliquot was subjected to a laser beam with a wavelength of 405 nm and an energy density of 72 J/cm2. The radiation source had a fixed irradiance of 30 mW/cm2. The ESR change was observed for three different experimental protocols: irradiated whole blood, irradiated red blood cells (RBCs) samples re-suspended in non-irradiated blood plasma, and non-irradiated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated blood plasma. The ESR values were measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated control samples. Irradiated blood plasma in which non-radiated RBCs were re-suspended was found to result in the largest ESR decrease for healthy human RBCs, 51%, when compared with RBCs re-suspended in non-irradiated blood plasma. The decrease in ESR induced by LLL irradiation of the plasma alone was likely related to changes in the plasma composition and an increase in the erythrocyte zeta potential upon re-suspension of the RBCs in the irradiated blood plasma.

Effects of low-level laser irradiation on human blood lymphocytes in vitro.

Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) has various effects on cultured human lymphocytes in vitro, but little is known about such effects in whole blood. This study investigated whether LLLI affected lymphocyte count in human whole blood in vitro. A total number of 130 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adult patients through venipuncture into tubes containing EDTA. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated control sample and an irradiated sample. The irradiated aliquot was subjected to laser wavelengths of 405, 589, and 780 nm with different fluences of 36, 54, 72, and 90 J/cm2, at a fixed irradiance of 30 mW/cm2. A paired student t test was used to compare between non-irradiated and irradiated samples. The lymphocyte counts were measured using a computerized hematology analyzer and showed a significant (P < 0.02) maximum increase (1.6%) at a fluence of 72 J/cm2 when compared with non-irradiated samples. This increase in lymphocyte count upon irradiation was confirmed by flow cytometry. At a wavelength of 589 nm and fluence of 72 J/cm2, irradiation of whole blood samples showed a significant increase in CD45 lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) (CD16, CD56) cells, but no significant changes in CD3 T lymphocytes, T-suppressor (CD3, CD8) cells, T-helper (CD3, CD4) cells, and CD19 B lymphocytes when compared with their non-irradiated counterparts. Our results clearly demonstrate that NK cell count is altered by irradiation, which ultimately affects the whole lymphocyte count significantly.

Effect of topical neuromodulatory medications on oral and skin keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: Neuromodulatory medications (NMs), such as amitriptyline, carbamazepine and gabapentin, are used as topical preparations for the management of neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP) and have produced promising preliminary results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three aforementioned NMs on cell lines relevant to the orofacial tissues in vitro as no published studies have examined the effect of these topical NMs. METHODS: Cellular viability was measured using alamarBlue® , testing cumulative and specific time point effects of NMs on human skin keratinocytes and oral keratinocytes. Effects of the NMs on cell counts were investigated by CCK-8 assay. Drug concentrations released from NM orabase pastes after 30-min incubation were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Using these clinical concentrations, morphological changes and cytokine expression were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and human inflammatory antibody array (AAH), respectively. RESULTS: Cumulative and specific time point viability and cell count methods revealed that amitriptyline caused a significant decrease in cellular viability and counts in both cell lines. Carbamazepine also had significant effects after long-term exposure and at higher concentrations, whilst gabapentin had little demonstrable effect. SEM confirmed the cytotoxicity of amitriptyline, whilst AAH revealed no significant changes in cytokine expression following amitriptyline, carbamazepine or gabapentin exposure compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: The results raise concerns about the safety of topical amitriptyline as it was cytotoxic to skin and oral keratinocytes in both exposure times and concentrations, whilst carbamazepine was cytotoxic only at high concentrations and after longer exposure times and gabapentin had no demonstrable effects.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of human blood exposed to low-level laser.

This study is designed to investigate in vitro low-level laser (LLL) effects on rheological parameter, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), of human blood. The interaction mechanism between LLL radiation and blood is unclear. Therefore, research addresses the effects of LLL irradiation on human blood and this is essential to understanding how laser radiation interacts with biological cells and tissues. The blood samples were collected through venipuncture into EDTA-containing tubes as an anticoagulant. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated sample (control) and an irradiated sample. The aliquot was subjected to doses of 36, 54, 72 and 90 J/cm(2) with wavelengths of 405, 589 and 780 nm, with a radiation source at a fixed power density of 30 mW/cm(2). The ESR and red blood cell count and volume are measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated samples. The maximum reduction in ESR is observed with radiation dose 72 J/cm(2) delivered with a 405-nm wavelength laser beam. Moreover, no hemolysis is observed under these irradiation conditions. In a separate protocol, ESR of separated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated plasma (7.6 ± 2.3 mm/h) is found to be significantly lower (by 51 %) than their counterpart re-suspended in non-irradiated plasma (15.0 ± 3.7 mm/h). These results indicate that ESR reduction is mainly due to the effects of LLL on the plasma composition that ultimately affect whole blood ESR.