Hospital Presentations of Acute Diverticulitis During COVID-19 Pandemic may be More Likely to Require Surgery due to Increased Severity: A Single-Centre Experience.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in fewer emergency presentations of many acute medical and surgical conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the severity of disease at presentation and quantify the change in number of presentations during this period. METHODS: This retrospective study includes all patients diagnosed with acute diverticulitis on abdominopelvic computerised tomography (CT) between March 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. Follow up scans on the index admission were excluded. Hinchey grade was assessed for all CT scans. Inflammatory markers were analysed, along with outcome measures including length of stay and mortality. RESULTS: Acute diverticulitis was diagnosed in 52 CT scans in the acute pandemic period - a decrease of 51.4%. Average age at presentation was unchanged (63.3 ± 14.3 vs. 62.8 ± 13.8, P = .848). The number of Hinchey II, III and IV presentations were significantly higher in the acute pandemic period (28.8% vs. 11.2%, P = .005) and significantly more emergency operations were carried out (7.69% vs. .93%, P = .04). Mortality was not significantly increased, nor were serum levels of C-reactive protein, white cell count and lactate. DISCUSSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer patients presented and were diagnosed with acute diverticulitis. A significantly greater proportion presented at a more advanced stage and required emergency surgery, suggesting late presentation. Our findings support the need for maintaining acute surgical services and the provision of early radiological and surgical input in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of acute diverticulitis in future pandemics.

A Case of Small Bowel Obstruction and Enterocutaneous Fistulation Resulting from a Mesenteric Haematoma following Blunt Abdominal Trauma.

A 23-year-old male with a history of previous abdominal surgery was involved in a road traffic accident. He was discharged after initial assessment but represented several days with small bowel obstruction secondary to a mesenteric haematoma. He underwent resection and recovered well but represented later on the day of discharge with a leaking surgical wound consistent with an enterocutaneous fistula. This was managed conservatively and closed spontaneously after ten days. This case serves to highlight that adhesions from previous surgery can tether the small bowel causing mesenteric injury following blunt-force trauma. It also demonstrates that postoperative ileus can result in an enterocutaneous fistula that has the appearance of an anastomotic breakdown but which resolves more rapidly.

Asymptomatic giant appendicolith managed conservatively.

A 67-year-old lady was found to have a giant appendicolith during a colorectal cancer screening colonoscopy, following a positive faecal occult blood test. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a calcified giant appendicolith within the base of the appendix, which otherwise appeared normal. Appendicoliths are widely believed to be a major cause of acute appendicitis via obstruction of the appendix lumen, although this is disputed due to a lack of strong evidence. They may also cause chronic abdominal pain. All of the few cases of giant appendicoliths reported so far have been managed by extracting the lesions. Our patient was asymptomatic and had bilateral lung transplants, so a conservative watchful waiting approach was adopted. The authors propose expectant management of giant appendicoliths as a reasonable option in patients with significant operative risks.

An unusual case of fever and a sigmoid mass.

A 52-year-old Afro-Caribbean female presented with a 2-week history of left iliac fossa pain and persistent fever. The working diagnosis was diverticulitis and she was treated with intravenous antibiotics. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a thickened sigmoid colon lying adjacent to the left bladder wall with inflammatory changes present. As the patient's condition showed no improvement, an explorative laparotomy was performed, which identified a mass in the sigmoid colon adherent to the bladder and left ovary. An anterior resection, partial cystectomy and a defunctioning loop-ileostomy were performed. Postoperatively, spiking fever with a high white cell count continued. No postoperative surgical complications were identified despite numerous investigations. Eventually, histology of the colon revealed a null type anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a high proliferation fraction of greater than 90%.