Mammographic density in relationships with relevant contributing factors: a multicentric study from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Mammographic breast density (MBD), a well-established factor linked to breast cancer, is the focus of this preliminary report among women across multiple centers in Riyadh. The study aims to identify risk factors associated with high breast density. Methods: MBD was assessed at three hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the American College of Radiology (ACR) categories: A (almost entirely fatty), B (scattered areas of fibroglandular density), C (heterogeneously dense), and D (extremely dense). Breast density distributions were analyzed in relation to age, body mass index (BMI), family history, parity, and hormonal therapy usage. Results: The study included 1,530 women, revealing an inverse association between dense breast proportion and age/BMI. Notably, 43.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 43.2% to 43.5%] of women aged 40-79 years exhibited heterogeneously or highly dense breasts, with this proportion inversely correlated with age and BMI. Conclusions: Healthcare providers should consider breast density for appropriate screening and, if necessary, recommend supplemental methods. Policymakers and healthcare providers, when discussing breast density notification legislation, should be mindful of its high prevalence, ensuring women notified have opportunities to evaluate breast cancer risk and pursue supplemental screening options if deemed appropriate.

Early versus delayed cholecystectomy in biliary pancreatitis: Experience from a Local Acute Care Surgery Unit in Saudi Arabia.

Biliary pancreatitis is a common complication of gallstones. Although most patients experience mild disease, around 20% may develop severe pancreatitis with an increased risk of serious complications during recurrent attacks. The objective of our study is to compare the surgical outcomes and length of stay for early versus delayed cholecystectomy, performed within the same admission, for mild pancreatitis in a Saudi tertiary center with an established Acute Care Surgey Unit. This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent cholecystectomy during the index admission for biliary pancreatitis between January 2017 and January 2020. Surgical outcomes and hospital length of stay were collected and analyzed to assess overall outcomes for early and delayed cholecystectomy groups. The early group was defined as surgery performed within 72 hours of presentation. Eighty-six patients were included and allocated to the early and delayed cholecystectomy groups. The median length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the early cholecystectomy group (4 days, IQR 3-5) compared to the delayed group (7 days, IQR 6-9) (P < .001). There was no significant difference in operative time and postoperative complications. Early cholecystectomy for mild biliary pancreatitis appears safe and feasible and may result in a shorter hospital stay.

Online learning resources and social media platforms used by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to medical students' education. It imposed challenges that required rapid adaptation to enforced lockdowns and remote learning and changed curriculum delivery from in-person to online learning and virtual technology. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the trends and ratings of using Internet resources and social media platforms by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A validated questionnaire was used to explore preferences for Internet resources and social media platforms among undergraduate medical students (years 1, 3, and 5) at King Saud University. The questionnaire comprised three sections- (i) demographic information, (ii) access and use of Internet resources/social media platforms, and (iii) students' ratings and reasons for using technology-enabled learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 320 undergraduate medical students responded to the online questionnaire. The difference in the number of students using the Internet daily across academic years increased significantly as they progressed in the medical course (p = 0.025). For learning, YouTube and Videoconferencing (e.g. Zoom) were used by 83.1% and 73.4% of students, respectively, followed by WhatsApp 198 (61.9%). For social interaction, WhatsApp, 310 (96.6%); YouTube, 296 (92.8%); Twitter, 288 (90%); and Zoom, 269 (84.1%) were the platforms used by most students. Regarding concerns about the impact of COVID-19 and social isolation, 250 (78.1%) agreed that technology helped them gain a sense of connectedness to their peers. Over half of students, 187 (58.4%) wished that technologies be integrated more often in their courses, as 245 (76.7%) agreed that it helped engage them with classes. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the use of the Internet and social media resources is increasing at all levels to fill the gap in learning and social interaction because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical institutions should embrace the effective use of Internet resources and use the experience gained and lessons learned in guiding educators on what type of online resources should be created to add value to students learning even post-pandemic.

Selective anterior annuloplasty during inguinal herniotomy in boys: an approach to further reduce hernia recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Hernia recurrence is one of the most common complications after inguinal herniotomy (IH) in children. We describe a novel approach that involves adding anterior annuloplasty (AAP) during IH for selective high recurrence-risk children. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the initial safety and effectiveness of selective AAP during IH in boys. DESIGN: Retrospective SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included boys younger than 15 who were selected to undergo either IH with or without AAP between January 2011 and January 2022. The preoperative recurrence risks were compared for the two groups. Cases who underwent other forms of hernia repair were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency of recurrence and other postoperative complications and the distribution of high recurrence-risks. SAMPLE SIZE: 315 boys; 143 underwent IH and AAP, while 172 had IH only. RESULTS: Among all the cases, only one recurrence was reported (0.3%). Other complications were hydrocele in 29 (9.2%), scrotal hematoma/inflammation in 9 (2.9%), and wound infection in 8 (2.6%), which resolved spontaneously in all cases. Compared to IH only, those selected for an additional AAP were significantly younger (3 [16%] vs. 12 [46%] months, P=.038) and more likely to be premature (35 [24.5%] vs. 15 [8.7%], P<.0001), frequently had extensive cremasteric adhesions (39.2% versus 3.5%, P<.0001) and had a higher rate of incarcerated hernia at presentation (6.3% versus 1.2%, P=.026). The high-recurrence risk group was almost twice as likely to be selected for an additional AAP compared to the low-risk group (143 vs. 75, P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Adding simple AAP to conventional hernia repair for high-recurrence risk boys can be a safe and effective step to reduce the overall risk of recurrence without increasing the incidence of other postoperative complications. LIMITATIONS: The study lacked a control group of patients to whom selective AAP would not be offered despite a high-recurrence risk. A prospective, controlled trial with a longer follow-up would lead to a stronger conclusion.

5-year oncological outcomes in left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: stent as bridge to surgery.

BACKGROUND: A considerable number of patients with colon cancer present with a colonic obstruction. The use of self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery (BTS) in potential curative patients with left-sided colonic cancer obstruction remains debatable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the 5-year oncological outcomes of using a SEMS as a BTS. METHODS: All patients with left-sided malignant colon obstruction who underwent curative surgery with no metastasis upon presentation between March 2009 and May 2013 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included, 28 patients underwent upfront surgery, and 17 patients had a stent as a bridge to surgery. T4 stage was statistically significantly higher in patients who had a SEMS as a BTS (35.3% vs. 10.7%) (p-value 0.043). The mean duration in days of the SEMS to surgery was 13.76 (SD 10.08). TNM stage 3 was a prognostic factor toward distant metastasis (HR 5.05). When comparing patients who had upfront surgery to those who had a SEMS as a BTS, higher 5-year disease-free survival (75% vs. 72%) and 5-year overall survival (89% vs. 82%) were seen in patients who had upfront surgery. However, both were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Using self-expanding metallic stents as a bridge to surgery yields comparable 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates to upfront emergency surgery. The decision to use SEMS versus opting for emergency surgery should be made after careful patient selection and with the assistance of experienced endoscopists. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.

Oncological outcomes of elective versus emergency surgery for colon cancer: A tertiary academic center experience.

Background: In this study, we aimed to identify the oncological outcomes in colon cancer patients who underwent elective versus emergency curative resection. Methods: All patients who underwent curative resection for colon cancer between July 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presentation into elective and emergency groups. Results: A total of 215 patients with colon cancer were admitted and underwent curative surgical resection. Of those, 145 patients (67.4%) were elective cases, and 70 (32.5%) were emergency cases. Family history of malignancy was positive in 44 patients (20.5%) and significantly more common in the emergency group (P = 0.016). The emergency group had higher T and TNM stages (P = 0.001). The 3-year survival rate was 60.9% and significantly less in the emergency group (P = 0.026). The mean duration from surgery to recurrence, 3-year disease-free survival, and overall survival were 1.19, 2.81, and 3.11, respectively. Conclusion: Elective group was associated with better 3-year survival, longer overall, and 3-year disease-free survival compared to the emergency group. The disease recurrence rate was comparable in both groups, mainly in the first two years after curative resection.

Chronic constipation that resulted in fecal impaction and colon perforation: A case report.

RATIONALE: Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders represent a set of variable presentations caused by an abnormal functioning enteric neuromusculature. Any part of the GI tract can be affected, and depending on the organ involved, the patient presentation will differ. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 26-years old female who had a history of laparoscopic Heller myotomy 15 years ago for progressive dysphagia. She presented with peritonitis and sigmoid colon perforation secondary to severe chronic constipation. Later after undergoing Hartman procedure, she continued to have significant constipation. In addition, she reported progressive dysphagia and regurgitation to both solids and liquids. DIAGNOSIS: An esophageal manometry revealed Achalasia type 3, and stomach motility nuclear study showed mild delay in gastric emptying. INTERVENTIONS: Initially, Hartmann procedure was performed. Afterward, we performed a reversal of Hartman, robotic redo of Heller myotomy, and Dor fundoplication was performed. OUTCOMES: The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged in good condition. LESSONS: Our case highlights an unusual presentation of GI motility disorder resulting in peritonitis from sigmoid colon perforation. Early recognition and prompt treatment of GI motility disorders are essential to avoid severe complications.

Morbidity of the Donor Site and Complication Rates of Breast Reconstruction with Autologous Abdominal Flaps: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Numerous studies have evaluated the use of autologous abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction; nevertheless, complications and donor site morbidity rates vary significantly. The study aims to compare the literature regarding morbidity of the donor site and complication rates of breast reconstruction with autologous abdominal flaps. Methods: The databases of MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, Wiley Library, and Web of Sciences were searched for studies that compared different flaps in terms of complications and donor site morbidity. The procedures studied included pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (pTRAM), free TRAM (fTRAM), deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), and superficial inferior epigastric artery perforator (SIEA) flaps. A total of 34 studies were included. Of these, 28 were retrospective studies and 9 were prospective cohort studies. Results: When compared to DIEP, fTRAM flaps were found to have a decreased incidence of flap fat necrosis, hematoma, and total thrombotic events, yet a higher risk of donor site hernia/bulging. pTRAM flaps were also associated with an increased risk of hernia/bulging at the donor site, as well as wound infection, yet flap hematoma was less common. On the other hand, SIEA flaps showed the lowest risk of donor site hernia/bulging while still having a high risk of wound infection. Conclusion: fTRAM procedures comparatively had the least complications. However, regarding flap choice, patients would benefit most from a case-by-case analysis, taking into consideration individual risk factors and preferences.

Unusual Location of Pulp Glomus Tumor: A Case Study and Literature Review.

Glomus tumors are painful, benign tumors that develop from the glomus bodies. They account for less than 1% of tumors in hand, and less than 10% present in the pulp of the digits. Cold hypersensitivity, increased pinprick sensitivity, and paroxysmal pain are common glomus tumor symptoms. We describe a 27-year-old man who came with pain in the right little digit, confined to the pulp for 10 years. The tip of the finger was extremely sensitive to touch, and the pain worsened in a cold atmosphere. Upon palpation, no mass was recognized. There was pinpoint tenderness within the distal volar pulp of the little finger. MRI with a contrast of the right little digit showed a 2-mm enhancing lesion in the tip of the little finger. An incision was done over the volar plane of the little finger, removing the tumor bluntly. The tumor was found to be a glomus tumor after histologic evaluation. Glomus tumors of the volar pulp are notoriously hard to detect. Hence, the presence of localized pain in the volar tip for the finger should raise suspicion of the diagnosis of a glomus tumor, and surgical removal should be offered to relieve symptoms and avoid recurrence.