Molecular detection and characterization of Theileria spp. infecting cattle in Sennar State, Sudan.

Tropical theileriosis is a serious animal disease transmitted by tick vectors. The agents of theileriosis are obligate intracellular parasites that cause mild to severe disease in the mammalian host. Tropical theileriosis has been recognized as a burden to the development of the dairy industry in Sudan and causes major economic losses. However, knowledge about the distribution of Theileria spp. in Sudan and the extent of sequence variation within the 18S rRNA gene is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of Theileria spp. using 18S rRNA-based PCR to detect parasites in cattle followed by cloning and sequencing. We observed an overall prevalence rate of 63% hemoparasite infection in cattle from Sennar state. A subset of samples was used for cloning and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Nineteen of 44 animals were co-infected with more than one species of Theilera. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three Theileria spp. that were predominant in cattle including pathogenic T. annulata and apathogenic T. velifera and T. mutans. The present study provides information regarding the prevalence of theileriosis in Sudan and will help to design strategies to control it. Additionally, more study is needed to determine tick vector competence and degree of coinfection with multiple Theileria spp. in Sudan. This represents the first molecular phylogeny report to identify Theileria spp. in cattle from Sudan.

Oxidative Low Density Lipoprotien Prohibited Plasmodium Falciparum Clearance in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Via Cluster Differentiation 36.

BACKGROUND: Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is reported to function as a receptor of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum (PF) and as an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CD36 in PF parasitized red blood cells in high concentration of oxLDL of T2 diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetic patients. A total of 45 samples were collected from diabetic patients with more than 8% of HbA1c and more than 170 mg/dL of oxLDL. RESULTS: The mean difference between CD36 negative and positive controls was found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). The mean difference between CD36 positive control and CD36 in diabetic patients with oxLDL ≥ 170 mg/dL also was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: High concentration of oxidative low density of lipoprotein more than 170 mg/dL leads to block CD36 receptor on infected red blood. This process believed to contribute in parasite survival by avoiding phagocytic clearance in the spleen.