Prognosis of Spontaneous Pneumothorax/Pneumomediastinum in Coronavirus Disease 2019: The CoBiF Score.

Objectives: Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are associated with high mortality in invasively ventilated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; however, the mortality rates among non-intubated patients remain unknown. We aimed to analyze the clinical features of COVID-19-associated pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum in non-intubated patients and identify risk factors for mortality. Methods: We searched PubMed Scopus and Embase from January 2020 to December 2021. We performed a pooled analysis of 151 patients with no invasive mechanical ventilation history from 17 case series and 87 case reports. Subsequently, we developed a novel scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality; the system was further validated in multinational cohorts from ten countries (n = 133). Results: Clinical scenarios included pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum at presentation (n = 68), pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum onset during hospitalization (n = 65), and pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum development after recent COVID-19 treatment (n = 18). Significant differences were not observed in clinical outcomes between patients with pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax (±pneumomediastinum). The overall mortality rate of pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum was 23.2%. Risk factor analysis revealed that comorbidities bilateral pneumothorax and fever at pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum presentation were predictors for mortality. In the new scoring system, i.e., the CoBiF system, the area under the curve which was used to assess the predictability of mortality was 0.887. External validation results were also promising (area under the curve: 0.709). Conclusions: The presence of comorbidity bilateral pneumothorax and fever on presentation are significantly associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum. The CoBiF score can predict mortality in clinical settings as well as simplify the identification and appropriate management of patients at high risk.

Spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in non-ventilated COVID-19 patients.

AIM: Pneumothorax (PNX), pneumomediastinum (PMD) and subcutaneous emphysema (SCE) are COVID-19 complications related to positive-pressure ventilation. We analyzed the pathophysiology of these complications without ventilation. PATIENTS & METHODS: Out of 1845 admitted COVID-19 patients, we retrospectively collected data for 15 patients, from a tertiary medical center, from 1 October 2020 to 31 March 2021. RESULTS: Five patients suffered from spontaneous PNX, 8/15 developed PMD and 8/15 developed SCE. The mean BMI was 29.7, as most patients were obese or overweight. Most patients had lymphocytopenia and increased C-reactive protein, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Eleven patients succumbed to the disease. CONCLUSION: Risk factors of spontaneous PNX, PMD and SCE in COVID-19 patients need further investigations by conducting more comprehensive case-control studies.

Chronic Contained Rupture of the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: The most lethal complication of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is rupture (rAAA). A triad of abdominal or back pain, a pulsating mass in the abdomen, and decrease in blood pressure is mostly diagnostic. However, this presentation may not be complete due to either an impalpable aneurysm or atypical symptoms which leads to difficulties in diagnosis and delayed management. Chronic contained rupture of AAA (CCR-AAA) is a rare but well-recognized condition. Its diagnosis may be difficult because of the atypical and chronic nature of the symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence and to highlight the importance of this less common presentation of rAAA. METHODS: Patients who presented to King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH) with infra-renal AAAs (elective and emergency) from January 2014 to April 2021 were prospectively collected. Patients with CCR-AAA were identified and evaluated in terms of demographic data, associated comorbidities, presentation, treatments, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total number of 85 patients were admitted with an infra-renal AAA. Seventeen patients (20.0%) had rAAA, of them only 5 patients (29.4%) were diagnosed with CCR-AAA. CCR-AAAs represent 5.9% of cases with AAA. CCR-AAAs were all in men, with a mean age ± SD of 73.1±8.3. Two patients (40.0%) had abdominal pain, 2 patients (40.0%) had back pain and one patient (10.0%) had no symptoms at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: CCR-AAA represents 5.9% of all AAA and 29.4% of rAAA. To prevent this potentially fatal condition, awareness is required especially in old males with abdominal or back pain.

Pulmonary Barotrauma in COVID-19 Patients: Invasive versus Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the incidence and outcome of COVID-19 patients who required positive pressure ventilation (PPV) and subsequently developed pulmonary barotrauma (PBT). Also, to investigate the risk factors and predictors of these complications to better understand the disease pathogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis enrolled all adult COVID-19 patients admitted through the period from October 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020. All patients who received any form of PPV were included. Patients were then divided into two groups based on PBT development, including subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Medical records of all patients were reviewed. Patients' demographics, laboratory data on admission, respiratory support modes, surgical interventions, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: In the specified period, 1095 patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19 illness. A total of 239 (21.8%) of all admitted patients received PPV. PBT accounted for 21.3% (51/239) of the study cohort. While both groups were equally exposed to the same modes of PPV, receiving invasive ventilation significantly correlated with decreased PBT odds (OR = 0.891; 95% CI, 0.803-0.988; p=0.029). PBT patients were significantly younger (p<0.001). Diabetes mellitus was found to have a protective effect on developing PBT (OR = 0.867; 95% CI, 0.782-0.962), while PO2/FIO2 ratio was inversely associated with higher odds of developing PBT in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p=0.03 and p=0.019, respectively). CONCLUSION: COVID-19-infected patients are at a higher risk of developing PBT. Invasive positive pressure ventilation was associated with less PBT compared to noninvasive ventilation and delaying intubation does not seem to reduce the risk of pulmonary barotrauma.