Using the ROX Index to Predict Treatment Outcome for High-Flow Nasal Cannula and/or Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients With COPD Exacerbations.

BACKGROUND: The ratio of oxygen saturation index (ROX index; or SpO2 /FIO2 /breathing frequency) has been shown to predict risk of intubation after high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) support among adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure primarily due to pneumonia. However, its predictive value for other subtypes of respiratory failure is unknown. This study investigated whether the ROX index predicts liberation from HFNC or noninvasive ventilation (NIV), intubation with mechanical ventilation, or death in adults admitted for respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of COPD. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 260 adults hospitalized with a COPD exacerbation and treated with HFNC and/or NIV (continuous or bi-level). ROX index scores were collected at treatment initiation and predefined time intervals throughout HFNC and/or NIV treatment or until the subject was intubated or died. A ROX index score of ≥ 4.88 was applied to the cohort to determine if the same score would perform similarly in this different cohort. Accuracy of the ROX index was determined by calculating the area under the receiver operator curve. RESULTS: A total of 47 subjects (18%) required invasive mechanical ventilation or died while on HFNC/NIV. The ROX index at treatment initiation, 1 h, and 6 h demonstrated the best prediction accuracy for avoidance of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (area under the receiver operator curve 0.73 [95% CI 0.66-0.80], 0.72 [95% CI 0.65-0.79], and 0.72 [95% CI 0.63-0.82], respectively). The optimal cutoff value for sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) was a ROX index score > 6.88 (sensitivity 62%, specificity 57%). CONCLUSIONS: The ROX index applied to adults with COPD exacerbations treated with HFNC and/or NIV required higher scores to achieve similar prediction of low risk of treatment failure when compared to subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure/pneumonia. ROX scores < 4.88 did not accurately predict intubation or death.

Serum Troponin I Assessments in 5- to 30-Year-Olds After BNT162b2 Vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: Rare myocarditis and pericarditis cases have occurred in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine recipients. Troponin levels, a potential marker of myocardial injury, were assessed in healthy participants before and after BNT162b2 vaccination. METHODS: Vaccine-experienced 12- to 30-year-olds in phase 3 crossover C4591031 Substudy B (NCT04955626) who had two or three prior BNT162b2 30-µg doses were randomized to receive BNT162b2 30 µg followed by placebo, or placebo followed by BNT162b2 30 µg, 1 month apart. A participant subset, previously unvaccinated against COVID-19, in the phase 3 C4591007 study (NCT04816643) received up to three vaccinations (BNT162b2 10 µg or placebo [5- to 11-year-olds]) or open-label BNT162b2 30 µg (12- to 15-year-olds). Blood samples collected pre-vaccination, 4 days post-vaccination, and 1-month post-vaccination (C4591031 Substudy B only) were analyzed. Frequencies of elevated troponin I levels (male, > 35 ng/l; female, > 17 ng/l) were assessed. RESULTS: Percentages of 12- to 30-year-olds (n = 1485) in C4591031 Substudy B with elevated troponin levels following BNT162b2 or placebo receipt were 0.5% and 0.8% before vaccination, 0.7% and 1.0% at day 4, and 0.7% and 0.5% at 1 month, respectively. In Study C4591007 (n = 1265), elevated troponin I levels were observed in 0.2, 0.4, and 0.2% of 5- to 11-year-old BNT162b2 recipients at baseline and 4 days post-dose 2 and 3, respectively; corresponding values in 12- to 15-year-olds were 0.4, 0.4, and 0.7%. No 5- to 11-year-old placebo recipients had elevated troponin levels. No myocarditis or pericarditis cases or deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Among 5- to < 30-year-olds in both studies, troponin levels were rarely elevated (≤ 1.0%) and similar before and post-vaccination; troponin levels were also similar between BNT162b2 and placebo in 12- to 30-year-old and 5- to 11-year-old recipients in the respective studies. No myocarditis or pericarditis cases were reported. These findings did not provide evidence that BNT162b2 causes troponin elevations. No utility of routine measurement of troponin levels in asymptomatic BNT162b2 recipients was identified.

Investigational pharmacological agents for the treatment of ARDS.

INTRODUCTION: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous form of lung injury with severe hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates after an inciting event that results in diffuse lung inflammation with a high mortality rate. While research in COVID-related ARDS has resulted in several pharmacotherapeutic agents that have undergone successful investigation, non-COVID ARDS studies have not resulted in many widely accepted pharmacotherapeutic agents despite exhaustive research. AREAS COVERED: The aim of this review is to discuss adjuvant pharmacotherapies targeting non-COVID Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/ARDS and novel therapeutics in COVID associated ALI/ARDS. In ARDS, variable data may support selective use of neuromuscular blocking agents, corticosteroids and neutrophil elastase inhibitors, but are not yet universally used. COVID-ALI/ARDS has data supporting the use of IL-6 monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and JAK inhibitor therapy. EXPERT OPINION: Although ALI/ARDS modifying pharmacological agents have been identified in COVID-related disease, the data in non-COVID ALI/ARDS has been less compelling. The increased use of more specific molecular phenotyping based on physiologic parameters and biomarkers, will ensure equipoise between groups, and will likely allow more precision in confirming pharmacological agent efficacy in future studies.

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Background: Severe coccidioidomycosis presenting with respiratory failure is an uncommon manifestation of disease. Current knowledge of this condition is limited to case reports and small case series. Methods: A retrospective multicenter review of patients with coccidioidomycosis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CA-ARDS) was conducted. It assessed clinical and laboratory variables at the time of presentation, reviewed the treatment course, and compared this cohort with a national database of patients with noncoccidioidomycosis ARDS. Survivors and nonsurvivors of coccidioidomycosis were also compared to determine prognostic factors. Results: In this study, CA-ARDS (n = 54) was most common in males, those of Hispanic ethnicity, and those with concurrent diabetes mellitus. As compared with the PETAL network database (Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury; n = 1006), patients with coccidioidomycosis were younger, had fewer comorbid conditions, and were less acidemic. The 90-day mortality was 15.4% for patients with coccidioidomycosis, as opposed to 42.6% (P < .0001) for patients with noncoccidioidomycosis ARDS. Patients with coccidioidomycosis who died, as compared with those who survived, were older, had higher APACHE II scores (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), and did not receive corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions: CA-ARDS is an uncommon but morbid manifestation of infection. When compared with a national database, the overall mortality appears favorable vs other causes of ARDS. Patients with CA-ARDS had a low overall mortality but required prolonged antifungal therapy. The utility of corticosteroids in this condition remains unconfirmed.

ZLN005 improves the protective effect of mitochondrial function on alveolar epithelial cell aging by upregulating PGC-1α.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and fatal pulmonary interstitial disease that usually occurs in the elderly. The senescence of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is an important mechanism of IPF. The AECs of patients with IPF have lower expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), which has been shown to play an important role in maintaining mitochondrial morphology and energy metabolism. This study sought to explore the mechanism by which ZLN005 improves mitochondrial function by upregulating PGC-1α to protect AECs from aging. Methods: Western blot was used to detect the expression of PGC-1α, mitochondrial synthesis protein nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and p21WAF1 in the lung tissue of the IPF patients and the mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A549 cells and mice AEC2 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to construct cell senescence models. Cell senescence was detected by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining. The mitochondrial respiratory function was measured, including the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, changes in cell membrane potential, and energy metabolism. Using lentivirus as a vector and using gene editing technology to over express (upPGC-1α) and knockdown PGC-1α (shPGC-1α) in the A549 cells. The PGC-1α agonist ZLN005 was used to pretreat the A549 and shPGC-1α A549 cells, and cell aging and mitochondrial respiratory function were observed. Results: The Western blot and immunofluorescence assays showed that the expression of PGC-1α and NRF-1 was decreased in the lung tissues of the IPF patients and BLM-induced mice pulmonary fibrosis model, while the expression of p21WAF1 was increased. The results of the immunofluorescence and mitochondrial function experiments also indicated that the expression of PGC-1α and mitochondrial synthesis protein NRF-1 were decreased in the senescent cells. Further, the mitochondrial morphology was abnormal and the mitochondrial function was impaired. PGC-1α was involved in the AEC senescence by regulating mitochondrial morphology and function. Treatment with the agonist of PGC-1α (i.e., ZLN005) blocked the H2O2-induced cell senescence by enhancing the expression of PGC-1α. Conclusions: These results provide preliminary insights into the potential clinical application of ZLN005 as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of IPF.

Angiotensin II treatment is associated with improved oxygenation in ARDS patients with refractory vasodilatory shock.

BACKGROUND: The physiological effects of renin-angiotensin system modulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain controversial and have not been investigated in randomized trials. We sought to determine whether angiotensin-II treatment is associated with improved oxygenation in shock-associated ARDS. METHODS: Post-hoc subgroup analysis of the Angiotensin Therapy for High Output Shock (ATHOS-3) trial. We studied patients who met modified Berlin ARDS criteria at enrollment. The primary outcome was PaO2/FiO2-ratio (P:F) at 48-h adjusted for baseline P:F. Secondary outcomes included oxygenation index, ventilatory ratio, PEEP, minute-ventilation, hemodynamic measures, patients alive and ventilator-free by day-7, and mortality. RESULTS: Of 81 ARDS patients, 34 (42%) and 47 (58%) were randomized to angiotensin-II or placebo, respectively. In angiotensin-II patients, mean P:F increased from 155 mmHg (SD: 69) at baseline to 265 mmHg (SD: 160) at hour-48 compared with no change with placebo (148 mmHg (SD: 63) at baseline versus 164 mmHg (SD: 74) at hour-48)(baseline-adjusted difference: + 98.4 mmHg [95%CI 35.2-161.5], p = 0.0028). Similarly, oxygenation index decreased by - 6.0 cmH2O/mmHg at hour-48 with angiotensin-II versus - 0.4 cmH2O/mmHg with placebo (baseline-adjusted difference: -4.8 cmH2O/mmHg, [95%CI - 8.6 to - 1.1], p = 0.0273). There was no difference in PEEP, minute ventilation, or ventilatory ratio. Twenty-two (64.7%) angiotensin-II patients had sustained hemodynamic response to treatment at hour-3 versus 17 (36.2%) placebo patients (absolute risk-difference: 28.5% [95%CI 6.5-47.0%], p = 0.0120). At day-7, 7/34 (20.6%) angiotensin-II patients were alive and ventilator-free versus 5/47(10.6%) placebo patients. Day-28 mortality was 55.9% in the angiotensin-II group versus 68.1% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In post-hoc analysis of the ATHOS-3 trial, angiotensin-II was associated with improved oxygenation versus placebo among patients with ARDS and catecholamine-refractory vasodilatory shock. These findings provide a physiologic rationale for trials of angiotensin-II as treatment for ARDS with vasodilatory shock. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier: NCT02338843 (Registered January 14th 2015).

A ten-year retrospective California Poison Control System experience with possible amatoxin mushroom calls.

INTRODUCTION: Mushrooms containing amatoxin are found worldwide and represent a challenging poisoning for the clinician and consulting poison center. This study evaluates the experience of a large poison system with possible amatoxin-containing mushroom ingestion calls. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective review of the California Poison Control System database was performed for amatoxin mushroom ingestion calls resulting in hospitalization. Cases found were abstracted and data statistically analyzed for association with a composite endpoint of death, liver transplant, and/or the need for dialysis. RESULTS: Amatoxin-containing mushroom calls are infrequent with the vast majority (98.4 percent) coming from Northern California during the rainier first and fourth quarters (October through March) of the year. Elevated initial aminotransferase activities and international normalized ratios were predictive of the composite negative outcome. The mortality plus liver transplant and hemodialysis composite rate was 8.2 percent, consistent with current literature. CONCLUSION: The California Poison Control System has relatively few amatoxin-containing mushroom ingestion calls that result in hospitalization but those that are reported mostly occur in Northern California. Treatment bias towards the sickest patients may explain the association of intravenous fluid use or treatment with acetylcysteine or silibinin with meeting the composite outcome. The initial presence of elevated hepatic aminotransferase activity and international normalized ratios are poor prognostic indicators and are likely reflective of late presentation, an advanced toxic phase of amatoxin poisoning, and/or delays in time to obtain poison center consultation.

Coin-Shaped Opacities in the Stomach.

On day 7 after hospital admission, a patient with end-stage kidney disease prescribed sevelamer, hydrocodone-acetaminophen, hydromorphone, and chewable lanthanum tablets developed intermittent apneic episodes, bilateral rhonchi, and responsiveness to verbal commands only with deep painful stimulus; a chest radiograph showed 4 radio-opaque coin-shaped opacities in the stomach. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?

Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Intravenous Infusions of PF-07304814 (Lufotrelvir) in Participants Hospitalized With COVID-19.

Background: An urgent need remains for antiviral therapies to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19. PF-07304814-the prodrug (lufotrelvir) and its active moiety (PF-00835231)-is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. Method: Eligible participants were 18 to 79 years old and hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. This first-in-human phase 1b study was designed with 2 groups: single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD). Participants could receive local standard-of-care therapy. In SAD, participants were randomized to receive a 24-hour infusion of lufotrelvir/placebo. In MAD, participants were randomized to receive a 120-hour infusion of lufotrelvir/placebo. The primary endpoint was to assess the safety and tolerability of lufotrelvir. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of lufotrelvir and PF-00835231. Results: In SAD, participants were randomized to receive 250 mg lufotrelvir (n = 2), 500 mg lufotrelvir (n = 2), or placebo (n = 4) by continuous 24-hour infusion. In MAD, participants were randomized to receive 250 mg lufotrelvir (n = 7), 500 mg lufotrelvir (n = 6), or placebo (n = 4) by continuous 120-hour infusion. No adverse events or serious adverse events were considered related to lufotrelvir. At doses of 250 and 500 mg, concentrations for the prodrug lufotrelvir and active moiety PF-00835231 increased in a dose-related manner. Unbound concentrations of the lufotrelvir active metabolite reached steady state approximately 2- and 4-fold that of in vitro EC90 following 250- and 500-mg doses, respectively. Conclusions: These safety and pharmacokinetic findings support the continued evaluation of lufotrelvir in clinical studies. Clinical Trials Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04535167.

Pregnancy and Severe ARDS with COVID-19: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Outcomes and Treatment.

Pregnancy-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is fast becoming a growing and clinically relevant subgroup of ARDS amidst global outbreaks of various viral respiratory pathogens that include H1N1-influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the most recent COVID-19 pandemic. Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe viral-induced ARDS and commonly associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes including fetal growth-restriction, preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion. Physiologic changes of pregnancy further compounded by mechanical and immunologic alterations are theorized to impact the development of ARDS from viral pneumonia. The COVID-19 sub-phenotype of ARDS share overlapping molecular features of maternal pathogenicity of pregnancy with respect to immune-dysregulation and endothelial/microvascular injury (i.e., preeclampsia) that may in part explain a trend toward poor maternal and fetal outcomes seen with severe COVID-19 maternal infections. To date, current ARDS diagnostic criteria and treatment management fail to include and consider physiologic adaptations that are unique to maternal physiology of pregnancy and consideration of maternal-fetal interactions. Treatment focused on lung-protective ventilation strategies have been shown to improve clinical outcomes in adults with ARDS but may have adverse maternal-fetal interactions when applied in pregnancy-related ARDS. No specific pharmacotherapy has been identified to improve outcomes in pregnancy with ARDS. Adjunctive therapies aimed at immune-modulation and anti-viral treatment with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy have been reported but data in regard to its efficacy and safety is currently lacking.

A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator-Derived Predictive Model for Postoperative Respiratory Failure in a Heterogeneous Adult Elective Surgery Patient Population.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) is associated with increased hospital charges and worse patient outcomes. Reliable prediction models can help to guide postoperative planning to optimize care, to guide resource allocation, and to foster shared decision-making with patients. RESEARCH QUESTION: Can a predictive model be developed to accurately identify patients at high risk of PRF? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this single-site proof-of-concept study, we used structured query language to extract, transform, and load electronic health record data from 23,999 consecutive adult patients admitted for elective surgery (2014-2021). Our primary outcome was PRF, defined as mechanical ventilation after surgery of > 48 h. Predictors of interest included demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative factors. We used logistic regression to build a predictive model and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator procedure to select variables and to estimate model coefficients. We evaluated model performance using optimism-corrected area under the receiver operating curve and area under the precision-recall curve and calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Brier scores. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-five patients (0.94%) demonstrated PRF. The 18-variable predictive model included: operations on the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, urinary, or musculoskeletal system; surgical specialty orthopedic (nonspine); Medicare or Medicaid (as the primary payer); race unknown; American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥ III; BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2; anesthesia duration (per hour); net fluid at end of the operation (per liter); median intraoperative FIO2, end title CO2, heart rate, and tidal volume; and intraoperative vasopressor medications. The optimism-corrected area under the receiver operating curve was 0.835 (95% CI,0.808-0.862) and the area under the precision-recall curve was 0.156 (95% CI, 0.105-0.203). INTERPRETATION: This single-center proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a structured query language extract, transform, and load process, based on readily available patient and intraoperative variables, can be used to develop a prediction model for PRF. This PRF prediction model is scalable for multicenter research. Clinical applications include decision support to guide postoperative level of care admission and treatment decisions.

The pharmacotherapeutic options in patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock.

INTRODUCTION: Septic and vasoplegic shock are common types of vasodilatory shock (VS) with high mortality. After fluid resuscitation and the use of catecholamine-mediated vasopressors (CMV), vasopressin, angiotensin II, methylene blue (MB), and hydroxocobalamin can be added to maintain blood pressure. AREAS COVERED: VS treatment utilizes a phased approach with secondary vasopressors added to vasopressor agents to maintain an acceptable mean arterial pressure (MAP). This review covers additional vasopressors and adjunctive therapies used when fluid and catecholamine-mediated vasopressors fail to maintain target MAP. EXPERT OPINION: Evidence supporting additional vasopressor agents in catecholamine-resistant VS is limited to case reports, series, and a few randomized control trials (RCTs) to guide recommendations. Vasopressin is the most common agent added next when MAPs are not adequately supported with CMV. VS patients failing fluids and vasopressors with cardiomyopathy may have cardiotonic agents such as dobutamine or milrinone added before or after vasopressin. Angiotensin II, another class of vasopressor, is used in VS to maintain adequate MAP. MB and/or hydroxocobalamin, vitamin C, thiamine, and corticosteroids are adjunctive therapies used in refractory VS. More RCTs are needed to confirm the utility of these drugs, at what doses, which combinations and in what order they should be given.

The pharmacotherapeutics of sarcoidosis.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system, inflammatory, and granulomatous disease that can damage multiple organs. Several drugs have been used to treat sarcoidosis, but few have randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) to understand their efficacy. This lack of RCTs and the heterogenous nature of sarcoidosis makes for a challenge to the provider caring for these patients. AREAS COVERED: Glucocorticoids remain the backbone of treatment of sarcoidosis. The side effect profile of glucocorticoids has resulted in the search for other sarcoid disease modifying drugs. This paper reviews the pharmacology, history, efficacy data, and adverse effects of alternative treatments. Most alternative sarcoidosis immune modulating treatments lack RCTs to evaluate their relative efficacy. EXPERT OPINION: Because of the variability of disease presentation and progression, the treatment of sarcoidosis is best managed by expert clinicians with a firm understanding of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, monitoring requirements, counter-indications, and adverse effects of agents used. More RCTs that compare agents in well-defined sarcoid subgroups are clearly needed.

Real-world impact of vaccination on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in healthcare personnel at an academic medical center.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination effectiveness in healthcare personnel (HCP) has been established. However, questions remain regarding its performance in high-risk healthcare occupations and work locations. We describe the effect of a COVID-19 HCP vaccination campaign on SARS-CoV-2 infection by timing of vaccination, job type, and work location. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance, incidence of postvaccination COVID-19, hospitalization, and mortality among 16,156 faculty, students, and staff at a large academic medical center. Data were collected 8 weeks prior to the start of phase 1a vaccination of frontline employees and ended 11 weeks after campaign onset. RESULTS: The COVID-19 incidence rate among HCP at our institution decreased from 3.2% during the 8 weeks prior to the start of vaccinations to 0.38% by 4 weeks after campaign initiation. COVID-19 risk was reduced among individuals who received a single vaccination (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.68; P < .0001) and was further reduced with 2 doses of vaccine (HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09-0.32; P < .0001). By 2 weeks after the second dose, the observed case positivity rate was 0.04%. Among phase 1a HCP, we observed a lower risk of COVID-19 among physicians and a trend toward higher risk for respiratory therapists independent of vaccination status. Rates of infection were similar in a subgroup of nurses when examined by work location. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show the real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in HCP. Despite these encouraging results, unvaccinated HCP remain at an elevated risk of infection, highlighting the need for targeted outreach to combat vaccine hesitancy.

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among Septic Shock and Coronary Interventions: A National Emergency Database Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study coronary interventions and mortality among patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were admitted with septic shock. METHODS: Data from the national emergency department sample (NEDS) that constitutes 20% sample of hospital-owned emergency departments in the United States was analyzed for the septic shock related visits from 2016 to 2018. Septic shock was defined by the ICD codes. RESULTS: Out of 1 375 507 adult septic shock patients, 521 300 had a primary diagnosis of septic shock (mean age 67.41±15.67 years, 51.1% females) in the national emergency database for the years 2016 to 2018. Of these patients, 2768 (0.53%) had STEMI recorded during the hospitalization. Mortality rates for STEMI patients were higher than patients without STEMI (52.3% vs 23.5%). Mortality rates improved with PCI among STEMI patients (43.8% vs 56.2%). Coronary angiography was performed among 16% of patients of which percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) rates were 7.7% among patients with STEMI septic shock. PCI numerically improved mortality, however, had no significant difference than patients without PCI on multivariate logistic regression and univariate logistic regression post coarsened exact matching of baseline characteristics among STEMI patients. Among the predictors, STEMI was a significant predictor of mortality in septic shock patients (OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.37-3.49; P<.001). Age, peripheral vascular disease, were predominant predictors of mortality in STEMI with septic shock subgroup (P <.001). Pneumonia was the predominant underlying infection among STEMI (36.4%) and without STEMI group (29.5%). CONCLUSION: STEMI complicating septic shock worsens mortality. PCI and coronary angiography numerically improved mortality, however, had no significant difference from patients without PCI. More research will be needed to improve mortality in such a critically ill subgroup of patients.

SARS-CoV-2 detection and genomic sequencing from hospital surface samples collected at UC Davis.

RATIONALE: There is little doubt that aerosols play a major role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The significance of the presence and infectivity of this virus on environmental surfaces, especially in a hospital setting, remains less clear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze surface swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectivity, and to determine their suitability for sequence analysis. METHODS: Samples were collected during two waves of COVID-19 at the University of California, Davis Medical Center, in COVID-19 patient serving and staff congregation areas. qRT-PCR positive samples were investigated in Vero cell cultures for cytopathic effects and phylogenetically assessed by whole genome sequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Improved cleaning and patient management practices between April and August 2020 were associated with a substantial reduction of SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR positivity (from 11% to 2%) in hospital surface samples. Even though we recovered near-complete genome sequences in some, none of the positive samples (11 of 224 total) caused cytopathic effects in cultured cells suggesting this nucleic acid was either not associated with intact virions, or they were present in insufficient numbers for infectivity. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 genomes of the positive samples were derived from hospitalized patients. Genomic sequences isolated from qRT-PCR negative samples indicate a superior sensitivity of viral detection by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the low likelihood that SARS-CoV-2 contamination on hospital surfaces contains infectious virus, disputing the importance of fomites in COVID-19 transmission. Ours is the first report on recovering near-complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences directly from environmental surface swabs.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas primarily produced through the incomplete combustion of organic material. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and other heme molecules, causing tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can vary from a mild headache to critical illness, which can make diagnosis difficult. When there is concern for possible carbon monoxide poisoning, the diagnosis can be made via blood co-oximetry. The primary treatment for patients with carbon monoxide poisoning is supplemental oxygen, usually delivered via a nonrebreather mask. Hyperbaric oxygen can also be used, but the exact indications are controversial.

The Toxicity, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Acute Hydrazine Propellant Exposure: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Hydrazines are highly toxic inorganic liquids that are used as propellants in military and aviation industries, such as the U.S. Air Force F-16 Emergency Power Unit and SpaceX SuperDraco Rockets. The most commonly used derivatives include hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine). Industrial workers in close contact with hydrazines during routine maintenance tasks can be exposed to levels well above the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health relative exposure limits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Server, and Defense Technical Information Center, and data related to hydrazine exposures were searched from inception to April 2020. Publications or reports addressing hydrazine toxicity, pathophysiology, and treatment of hydrazine fuel exposure were selected. RESULTS: Acute toxic exposures to hydrazine and its derivatives are rare. There are few case reports of acute toxic exposure in humans, and data are largely based on animal studies. The initial search identified 741 articles, manuscripts, and government reports. After screening for eligibility, 51 were included in this review. Eight articles reported acute exposures to hydrazine propellant in humans, and an additional 14 articles reported relevant animal data. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to small amounts of hydrazine and its derivatives can cause significant soft tissue injury, pulmonary injury, seizures, coma, and death. Neurologic presentations can vary based on exposure compound and dose. Decontamination is critical as treatment is mainly supportive. High-dose intravenous pyridoxine has been suggested as treatment for hydrazine-related neurologic toxicity, but this recommendation is based on limited human data. Despite recent research efforts to generate less toxic alternatives to hydrazine fuel, it will likely continue to have a role in military and aviation industries. Aerospace and military physicians should be aware of the toxicity associated with hydrazine exposure and be prepared to treat hydrazine toxicity in at-risk populations.

Pharmacotherapeutic management of asthma in the elderly patient.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with variable phenotypes. Reversible airway obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness often with an atopic or eosinophilic component is common in the elderly asthmatic. Asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS), a combination of atopy-mediated airway hyper-responsiveness and a history of smoking or other environmental noxious exposures, can lead to some fixed airway obstruction and is also common in elderly patients. Little specific data exist for the treating the elderly asthmatic, thus requiring the clinician to extrapolate from general adult data and asthma treatment guidelines. AREAS COVERED: A stepwise approach to pharmacotherapy of the elderly patient with asthma and ACOS is offered and the literature supporting the use of each class of drugs reviewed. EXPERT OPINION: Inhaled, long-acting bronchodilators in combination with inhaled corticosteroids represent the backbone of treatment for the elderly patient with asthma or ACOS . Beyond these medications used as direct bronchodilators and topical anti-inflammatory agents, a stepwise approach to escalation of therapy includes multiple options such as oral leukotriene receptor antagonist or 5-lipoxygense inhibitor therapy, oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, oral macrolide antibiotics and if evidence of eosinophilic/atopic component disease exists then modifying monoclonal antibody therapies.