[Ala54Thr polymorphism of the fatty acid transporter gene (FABP2) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Yakutia].

AIM: To study the contribution of the Ala54Thr genetic polymorphism of the FABP2 gene to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus among the Yakut population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included participants who filled out a questionnaire approved by the Local Committee on Biomedical Ethics at the Yakut Science Centre of complex medical problems and voluntarily signed an informed consent to conduct a genetic study. The sample consisted of 181 patients of the endocrinological department of the Republican Hospital No. 2 of the State Budgetary Institution "Center for Emergency Medical Care" with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The comparison group was a sample of 336 volunteers without chronic diseases of the Yakut ethnicity. For molecular genetic analysis, genomic DNA samples were isolated from whole blood. Single nucleotide polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Study showed that polymorphism in the FABP2 gene has an impact on anthropometric parameters and blood biochemical parameters. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 1.7 times higher in carriers of the Ala/Thr genotype (odds ratio 1.755, 95% confidence interval - 1.212-2.542; p<0.005) compared with carriers of other genotypes. When comparing the average biochemical values, the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose and total bilirubin in homozygous carriers of the Ala/Ala genotype were significantly lower than in carriers of other genotypes (р<0.05). Carriers of the heterozygous Ala/Thr genotype (р<0.05) had the highest level in terms of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. The highest indicator of the average level of HbA1c and an indicator of total bilirubin were carriers of the Thr/Thr genotype (р<0.05). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of the negative Thr allele among the Yakut population is probably associated with living conditions in the North, as well as in the traditional type of diet.

[The study of the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of people with lipid metabolism disorders].

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially at a young age. It is known from modern sources that shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) synthesized in the intestine are actively involved in the genesis of dyslipidemia, the spectrum and ratio of which depends on the consumed food substrates. In particular, it has been found that food components such as dietary fiber can affect the lowering of blood lipids by affecting the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, dietary correction can be an important step in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, and as a result, help reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CD). The aim of the research was to study the content of the main SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate) in the feces of people with dyslipidemia, including taking into account the actual nutrition and consumption of the carbohydrate fraction of the diet (starch, mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber) as precursors of SCFAs. Material and methods. 70 patients aged 18 to 45 years with dyslipidemia were selected as stool donors. All subjects were divided into 2 groups: the main group with the risk of CD (the risk was determined by the risk scale for CD) and the comparison group with established cardiovascular pathology (CVP). SCFAs in stool samples collected after natural defecation and subjected to immediate freezing at -70 °C were determined by gas chromatography. The diet was analyzed by the 24-hour food recall method. Results. The frequency of occurrence of the optimal ratio acetate - acetic acid : propionate - propionic acid : butyrate - butyric acid (60:20:20) in all groups was no more than 25%. At the same time, in persons at risk of CD, in the SCFA pool there was a pronounced decrease in the proportion of butyrate, which is characterized by cardioprotective properties, up to 15% (with an optimal proportion of 20%) compared with the levels for healthy people noted in the works of M.D. Ardatskaya et al. and A.A. Kurmangulov. And in persons with CVP, the levels of fecal acetate, which is a regulator of metabolic processes, namely lipogenesis, differed insignificantly compared with the values obtained in the studies of the above authors. In all examined individuals, the content of acetate in feces depended on the carbohydrate component of the diet, primarily on the total amount of carbohydrates consumed. And increasing the amount of dietary fiber intake contributed to the elevation of this SCFA. In individuals at risk of CD a significant correlation was found between the content of acetate and the atherogenic index (r=0,695). And in persons with CVP, there was a high negative correlation between the level of acetate in the feces and the amount of mono- and disaccharides in the diet (r=-0,934). Conclusion. In individuals with dyslipidemia and CVD risk factors, the results obtained in this study confirm the need for targeted correction of diets in order to increase the proportion of food substrates, which are potential precursors of butyrate.

[Basic principles of dietary therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on antioxidant protection and endothelial dysfunction].

Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction have been identified as the most important pathogenetic pathways for the development and progression of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Objective. To evaluate the effect of individual dietary components on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM. Material and methods. The search and analysis of publications was carried out using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science databases, mainly for the last 10 years, using the keywords "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "endothelial dysfunction", "polyphenols", "antioxidants", "diet". Results. It has been shown that despite the progress in the development of drugs for the correction of clinical and metabolic disorders in T2DM, diet therapy is an important therapeutic factor influencing the main mechanisms of development and progression of cardiovascular complications in T2DM, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, subclinical inflammation, endothelial dysfunction. Properly organized and built on modern scientific principles, clinical nutrition improves glycemic control, correction of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and overweight/obesity. Influencing the mechanisms of development of oxidative stress, therapeutic nutrition can serve as a preventive approach to protect against the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction and subsequent complications, primarily atherosclerotic origin. Conclusion. The review presents current data on the effect of diet therapy on the main clinical and metabolic parameters in T2DM, endothelial function and oxidative stress, as the most significant factors in the development of systemic vascular complications.

[Outcomes of cardiac achalasia grade II-III management]. / Sposoblecheniia akhalazii kardii II-III stadii.

AIM: To analyze early and remote results of the new method of cardiac achalasia grade II-III management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Original surgical approach was applied in 21 patients with cardiac achalasia grade II-III. RESULTS: There were no any specific postoperative complications and deaths. Exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, acute stomach ulcer and biliary peritonitis were observed in 3 cases respectively. All patients were followed-up within the period from 1.5 months to 5 years after surgery. Recurrent disease was absent. All employable patients have backed to work. CONCLUSION: According to clinical and instrumental data original surgical repair completely cures the symptoms of cardiac achalasia and restores normal esophageal dimensions and structure early after intervention.

Photoionisation study of Xe.CF4 and Kr.CF4 van-der-Waals molecules.

We report on photoionization studies of Xe.CF4 and Kr.CF4 van-der-Waals complexes produced in a supersonic expansion and detected using synchrotron radiation and photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques. The ionization potential of CF4 is larger than those of the Xe and Kr atoms and the ground state of the Rg.CF4 (+) ion correlates with Rg(+) ((2)P3/2) + CF4. The onset of the Rg.CF4 (+) signals was found to be only ∼0.2 eV below the Rg ionization potential. In agreement with experiment, complementary ab initio calculations show that vertical transitions originating from the potential minimum of the ground state of Rg.CF4 terminate at a part of the potential energy surfaces of Rg.CF4 (+), which are approximately 0.05 eV below the Rg(+) ((2)P3/2) + CF4 dissociation limit. In contrast to the neutral complexes, which are most stable in the face geometry, for the Rg.CF4 (+) ions, the calculations show that the minimum of the potential energy surface is in the vertex geometry. Experiments which have been performed only with Xe.CF4 revealed no Xe.CF4 (+) signal above the first ionization threshold of Xe, suggesting that the Rg.CF4 (+) ions are not stable above the first dissociation limit.

Simultaneous optical excitation of Na electronic and CF(4) vibrational modes in Na+CF(4) collisions.

We report on the ultraviolet excitation of Na(3s)+CF(4) collision pairs in a crossed molecular beam experiment. We observe Na(3d) collision products originating from the process Na(3s)+CF(4)(nu(3)=0)+hnu-->Na(3d)+CF(4)(nu(3)=1). The spectral intensity distribution of the collision products and the prevailing small angle scattering confirm a previously proposed long range dipole-dipole mechanism. We report velocity-resolved spectra and a comparison to preliminary numerical results based on collisional broadening theory. Polarization experiments suggest future potential for the observation of collision geometries.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on pyrite as a pathway for abiogenic formation of organic molecules.

A wide spectrum of electrode potentials of minerals that compose sulfide ores enables the latter, when in contact with hydrothermal solutions, to form galvanic pairs with cathode potentials sufficient for electrochemical reduction of CO2. The experiments performed demonstrated the increase of cathode current on the rotating pyrite disc electrode in a range of potentials more negative than -800 mV in presence of CO2. In high-pressure experiments performed in a specially designed electrochemical cell equipped with a pyrite cathode and placed into autoclave, accumulation of formate was demonstrated after 24 hr passing of CO2 (50 atm, room temperature) through electrolyte solution. The formation of this product started on increasing the cathode potential to -800 mV (with respect to saturated silver chloride electrode). The yield grew exponentially upon cathode potential increase up to -1200 mV. The maximum current efficiency (0.12%) was registered at cathode potentials of about -1000 mV. No formate production was registered under normal atmospheric pressure and in the absence of imposed cathode potential. Neither in experiments, nor in control was formaldehyde found. It is proposed that the electrochemical reduction of CO2 takes part in the formation of organic molecules in hydrothermal solutions accompanying sulfide ore deposits and in 'black smokers' on the ocean floor.

[A comparison of the yield of Vi and O antigens during the adaptation of Salmonella typhi strains to cultivation under starvation conditions]. / Sravnenie vykhoda Vi- i O-antigenov v protsesse adaptatsii shtammov Salmonella typhi k kul'tivirovaniiu v usloviiakh golodaniia.

S. typhi strains Ty(2)4446 and Vi-1S underwent multiple passages in f synthetic liquid starvation culture medium consisting of water with salts and glucose added. In the process of the adaptation of the cultures to these stress conditions (starvation stress) the increasing yield of biomass from passage to passage was observed. Differences in the accumulation of Vi- and O-antigens were noted in two strains under study. In the cultures of strain Ty(2)4446 an insignificant increase in the antigen content from passage to passage was observed, while in the cultures of strain Vi-1S an increase in the content of Vi- and O-antigens was 4- to 5-fold. With the adaptation of the culture the Vi-antigen to O-antigen ratio changed from 1:57 to 1:20 for strain Ty(2)4446 and from 1:2.7 tp 1:2.2 for strain Vi-1S. Strain Ty(2)4446 had an advantage over strain Vi-1S with respect to the synthesis of Vi-antigen. These data are indicative of the expediency of using not only strain Ty(2)4446, but also strain Vi-1S for the preparation of typhoid vaccine, especially the one based on Vi-antigen.

[Exploratory laparotomy in stomach cancer]. / Probnaia laparotomiia pri rake zheludka.

The results of performance of exploratory laparotomy in 333 patients with gastric cancer have been analysed. The main reason of the use of laparotomy consists in seldom use of the special methods for diagnosis of tumor spreading. Complex use of laparoscopy and radionuclide methods for diagnosis permits to reduce the number of unsubstantiated laparotomies by 45-50% and bring down the frequency of its performance to 12-15% of the total number of operative interventions in gastric cancer.

[The clinical significance of connective tissue metabolism and of cellular and humoral factors in chronic pyelonephritis]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie sostoianiia metabolizma soedinitel'noi tkani, kletochnogo i gumoral'nogo faktorov pri khronicheskom pielonefrite.

Overall 162 patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) were examined. The control group was made up of 47 practically healthy subjects. Conventional research methods were employed in the diagnosis of CPN. The status of the main substance of connective tissues and collagen structures was estimated by measurements of the content of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline and their fractions in the blood serum and urine. Cellular and humoral immunity was also investigated. It has been established that in the presence of a clinical remission, the lack of the urinary syndrome, bacteriuria and acute-phase inflammation tests, glycoaminoglycanuria, hyperhexosemia, abnormal metabolism of collagen structures, and high concentration of IgA and IgM remained unchanged. The data obtained indicate that in patients with CPN, the changes of connective tissue metabolism, cellular and humoral immunity are of unidirectional nature, which can serve an objective enough criterion for the efficacy and duration of the treatment.