Artificial Intelligence and Colposcopy: Automatic Identification of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Precursors.

Background/Objectives: Proficient colposcopy is crucial for the adequate management of cervical cancer precursor lesions; nonetheless its limitations may impact its cost-effectiveness. The development of artificial intelligence models is experiencing an exponential growth, particularly in image-based specialties. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the automatic differentiation of high-grade (HSIL) from low-grade dysplasia (LSIL) in colposcopy. Methods: A unicentric retrospective study was conducted based on 70 colposcopy exams, comprising a total of 22,693 frames. Among these, 8729 were categorized as HSIL based on histopathology. The total dataset was divided into a training (90%, n = 20,423) and a testing set (10%, n = 2270), the latter being used to evaluate the model's performance. The main outcome measures included sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the receiving operating curve (AUC-ROC). Results: The sensitivity was 99.7% and the specificity was 98.6%. The PPV and NPV were 97.8% and 99.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy was 99.0%. The AUC-ROC was 0.98. The CNN processed 112 frames per second. Conclusions: We developed a CNN capable of differentiating cervical cancer precursors in colposcopy frames. The high levels of accuracy for the differentiation of HSIL from LSIL may improve the diagnostic yield of this exam.

Fetal Splenomegaly: A Review.

Enlargement of the fetal spleen is usually found secondary to systemic diseases and is frequently associated with hepatomegaly. By far, the most common causes of fetal splenomegaly are infectious. Other etiologies responsible for this sign are hemolytic anemia, congestive cardiac failure, metabolic disorders, and rarely, leukemia, lymphoma, and histiocytosis.We report a case of prenatal splenomegaly diagnosed at 35 weeks, confirmed in the postnatal period. The postnatal workup showed the newborn had a familial type 3 form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an aggressive and life-threatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. The genes implicated in the hereditary forms of the disease act in an autosomal recessive fashion.