Efficacy of Denture Cleansers on Microbial Adherence and Surface Topography of Conventional and CAD/CAM-Processed Denture Base Resins.

This study assessed the efficacy of five denture cleansers on the microbial adherence and surface topography of conventional and CAD/CAM denture base resins. Acrylic resin discs were fabricated using conventional, milling, and 3D printing methods (N = 180). The discs were contaminated with dual species of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilm for 72 h and then disinfected with either of the denture cleansers (Fittydent cleansing tablets, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (n = 10). Distilled water served as the control group. The colony-forming units of the microorganisms were calculated, followed by post-treatment surface roughness. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and post hoc Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Among the denture cleansers, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite had the best cleansing effect on the resin discs and demonstrated zero growth of colonies for both the species. Comparing the material groups, the 3D-processed discs showed higher colony-forming units followed by the conventional and CAD/CAM milled group. The highest surface roughness was demonstrated by the 3D-printed discs (0.690 ± 0.08 µm), followed by the conventional (0.493 ± 0.11 µm) and the milled groups (0.301 ± 0.08 µm). The tested chemical denture cleansers affected the Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion compared to control discs immersed in distilled water. The clinician may recommend to their patient to use 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for the disinfection of CAD/CAM PMMA denture base materials.

Effects of background color and thickness on the optical properties of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Information regarding the masking ability of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) resin-matrix ceramic materials with different compositions is scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of background color and thickness on the optical properties (color and translucency) of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve rectangular specimens were fabricated at a different thickness (1, 1.5, and 2 mm) (n=12) from each of the resin-matrix ceramic materials: Shofu block (SB), Lava Ultimate (LU), CERASMART (CS), VITA ENAMIC (VE), Crystal Ultra (CU), and the VITABLOCS Mark II feldspathic ceramic (VB). The color of the specimens over amalgam, titanium, enamel, and dentin backgrounds was measured with a spectrophotometer, and the color differences (ΔE∗ab) were calculated by using the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 76 formula. The difference in color of the specimen over the black and white backgrounds was used to calculate the translucency parameter (TP). ANOVA was used to statistically test whether material, background, and thicknesses influenced ΔE∗ab and TP values. Post hoc comparisons were performed to determine the significant difference among the groups (α=.05). RESULTS: The interaction with 2 between factors demonstrated that the material was a factor that significantly influenced ΔE∗ab (P<.001). The highest mean ±standard deviation of ΔE∗ab was recorded in the combination of VB material and 2-mm thickness (1.84 ±0.37), and the lowest with CS material with 1.5-mm thickness (0.47 ±0.24). The type of material and specimen thickness significantly influenced TP (P<.001). The highest and lowest mean ±standard deviation of TP were recorded for the 1-mm-thick CS (14.20 ±0.90) and 2-mm-thick SB (4.91 ±0.42) specimens, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CERASMART resin-matrix ceramic and VITABLOCS Mark II feldspathic ceramic exhibited high and low masking abilities over the investigated background substrates, respectively. However, irrespective of the thickness, all study materials exhibited acceptable masking abilities.

Effect of aging and mechanical brushing on surface roughness of 3D printed denture resins: A profilometer and scanning electron microscopy analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of 3D printed material in the dental field is gaining tremendous attention. However, studies related to 3D printed denture resins are scarce and need consideration before their inclusion in routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the surface roughness (Ra) of 3D printed denture resins following aging and mechanical brushing. METHODS: Forty round samples (diameter, 10 mm and thickness, 3 mm) were fabricated from two 3D printed (DentaBASE and Denture 3D+) and one conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture materials. The samples were thermo-cycled, subjected to mechanical brushing, and later immersed in either artificial saliva (AS), coffee, cola, or lemon juice (n= 10) to simulate one and two years of oral use. Surface roughness (Ra) was determined using a non-contact profilometer and scanning electron microscope was used for qualitative analysis. The data was analyzed using SPSS v.20 (α= 0.05). RESULTS: Denture 3D+ demonstrated highest mean Ra (1.15 ± 0.28 µm), followed by PMMA (0.99 ± 0.50 µm) and DentaBASE (0.81 ± 24). The difference in mean Ra between the materials was statistically non-significant (P= 0.08). Amongst the different beverages used, the highest Ra was observed for samples immersed in lemon juice (1.06 ± 0.40 µm) followed by cola (1.04 ± 0.46 µm) and coffee (0.98 ± 0.40 µm), respectively. The lowest Ra was observed for samples immersed in AS (0.85 ± 0.24 µm). CONCLUSION: The surface roughness of 3D printed denture resins was comparable with that of conventional PMMA resins. Denture 3D+ demonstrated the highest mean roughness, followed by PMMA and DentaBASE.

Efficacy of Rose Bengal and Curcumin mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of denture stomatitis in patients with habitual cigarette smoking: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking in conjugation with bad oral hygiene is considered a typical predisposing factor for many oral diseases including denture stomatitis. This study investigated the effect of Rose Bengal (RB)-and Curcumin (CUR)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in comparison with nystatin therapy in the intervention of denture stomatitis in cigarette smokers. METHODS: Overall, 45 habitual cigarette smokers aged ~58 years having denture stomatitis were categorized into three groups: Group-I - RB-mediated PDT, Group-II - CUR-mediated PDT, and Group-III - Nystatin therapy. The primary outcome of the interest was: counts of Candida colony from denture surface and palatal mucosa, calculated as CFU/mL, whereas the prevalence of Candida species determined in 3 research groups comprised the secondary outcome. Oral swab specimens were gathered from the denture surfaces and palatal mucosa. All clinical assessments were performed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: C. albicans was the most prevalent yeast identified on both denture surfaces and palatal mucosa, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. A considerable decrease in the CFU/mL scores were observed in Group-I and Group-II at the end of the interventions and on the 12-week follow-up (p<0.05). Group-I, II, and III demonstrated clinical efficacy rates of 53%, 51%, and 49%, respectively. CONCLUSION: CUR-and RB-mediated PDT was found to be as effective as topical Nystatin therapy for the intervention of denture stomatitis among cigarette smokers.

Clinical, bacterial, and inflammatory outcomes of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy for treating periimplantitis among diabetic patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background This 6-months randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of indocyanine green mediated photodynamic therapy (ICG-PDT) as an adjunct to peri­implant manual debridement (PIMD) versus PIMD alone among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients in the treatment of peri­implantitis. Methods A total of 48 DM patients having 64 implants were treated with either ICG-PDT + PIMD (n = 35 implants) or PIMD alone (n = 29 implants). Clinical (probing depth [PD], bleeding on probing [BOP], and plaque index [PI]) and radiographic (peri­implant crestal bone loss [PCBL]) peri­implant variables were recorded. Bacterial species including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola were evaluated from peri­implant plaque biofilms. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 were assessed after the collection of peri­implant sulcular fluid. All the evaluations were carried out at baseline, 3- and 6-months. The significance level was set to p < 0.05. Results All clinical parameters significantly reduced within both treatment groups (P<0.05). Intra-group comparison indicates that there was statistically significant reduction in PD and suppuration for ICG-PDT group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the BOP between ICG-PDT and PIMD groups at both follow-up periods (P<0.001). However, there was a significant difference for PD (P = 0.001), suppuration (P = 0.01), and PCBL (P = 0.04) on 6 months follow-up between ICG-PDT and PIMD groups, respectively. Only ICG-PDT showed a significant reduction in P. gingivalis and T. denticola on both 3 months and 6 months follow-up compared to baseline. PIMD showed a statistically significant reduction only on 3 months follow-up compared to baseline. This reduction was maintained for both the species when dental implants were treated with ICG-PDT. However, PIMD failed to maintain this reduction until 6 months. Only at 3 months assessment that both treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction in IL-1ß and IL-6 with no significant difference between the groups. Both biomarkers failed to maintain the reduction in both groups and significantly increased levels for IL-1ß was noted at 6 months follow up Conclusion Multiple application of indocyanine-green mediated photodynamic therapy resulted in improved clinical and microbial parameters among type 2 DM subjects in the treatment of peri­implantitis. This clinical trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System with registration record number: NCT04833569.

Radiation therapy in head and neck cancer.

This review summarizes the beginning of radiotherapy, techniques of modern radiation therapy with different types, toxicities induced by radiotherapy and their management. Head and neck radiation therapy is still improving for the better management and control of the cancer and induced radiotherapy toxicities.

Role of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing whole salivary oral yeasts colonization in type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with and without dental implants.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing whole salivary oral yeasts colonization in type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with dental implants. METHODS: Type-2 diabetic and self-reported non-diabetic patients were included. Participants were divided into the following groups: Group-1: Type-2 diabetic patients with dental implants; Group-2: Non-diabetic patients with dental implants; Group-3: Type-2 diabetic patients without dental prostheses; Group-4: Non-diabetic patients without dental prostheses. In each group, participants were subdivided into 2-sub-groups. In the test-subgroup, participants received routine oral hygiene maintenance instructions (OHMI) and underwent full mouth disinfection using aPDT; and in the control-group, participants received OHMI alone. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, hemoglobin A1c levels were measured and yeast colonization was assessed at baseline and at 3-months' follow-up in all groups. Sample-size estimation was done and group-comparisons were done. P-values <0.01 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean oral yeasts colonization was significantly higher among patients in Group-1 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) compared with individuals in groups 2 (P < 0.001) and 4 (P < 0.001). At baseline and at 3-months of follow-up, the mean HbA1c levels and oral yeasts colonization were significantly higher among patients in Group-1 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) compared with individuals in groups 2 (P < 0.001) and 4 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the short-term, routine OHMI with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing whole salivary oral yeasts counts than OHMI alone in patients with and without dental implants.

Antimicrobial capacity of photodynamic therapy on oral health-related quality of life and halitosis among elderly patients wearing removal dentures.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of halitosis in elderly patients wearing dentures. METHODS: Elderly patients (>60 years age) wearing complete dentures and diagnosed with halitosis (H2S levels >112 ppb) were divided into two groups: patients undergoing treatment with tongue scraper and full mouth disinfection (Group I) and patients undergoing treatment with tongue scraper, full mouth disinfection and single application of PDT (Group II). Oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using a 14-point Likert scale used in oral health impact profile (OHIP). The assessment of halitosis was done with the help of a device called Oral Chroma™. Microbial sampling for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was performed from the dorsum of the tongue using a sterile swab at baseline and after treatment on day 5, 15 and 30 and quantified using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty elderly patients with halitosis completed the trial. The mean age in Group I and Group II was estimated to be 66.42 years and 67.91 years, respectively. Group II participants also maintained good OHRQoL in the post-operative period that reported statistically significant difference when compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Group II showed significant improvement in H2S concentration values at final analysis compared to Group-I (p = 0.001). P. gingivalis showed statistically significant reduction on day 5 only with PDT in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial PDT helped in reducing H2S gas concentration and improving quality of life in elderly patients wearing dentures. A significant reduction of P. gingivalis occurred only in the short-term follow-up.

Review of surgical resection and reconstruction in head and neck cancer. Traditional versus current concepts.

This review summarizes the development of head and neck cancer resection and reconstruction. The developments in the treatment of cancer patients are reflected in their surgical outcomes, in addition to functional and aesthetic improvements. New technologies, such as surgical simulation and planning, minimally invasive surgery, and microsurgery have been added to the field to improve surgical resection of the tumor and reconstruction. The field is still growing to optimize the management of head and neck cancer.

The Effect of Color Training of Dental Students' on Dental Shades Matching Quality.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of color training on the dental shade matching quality of dental students of both gender and to study the need to include lectures and exercises about shade selection in the undergraduate dental curriculum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty junior dental students from the College of Dentistry at King Saud University participated in the present study and were distributed randomly into four testing groups. They were asked to match the color of four target shade tabs from the VITA Linearguide 3D-MASTER. Group 1 attended a brief lecture and a training exercise about dental shade matching, Group 2 only attended the lecture, and Group 3 only performed the training exercise. Group 4 did not participate in the lecture or the training exercise and served as a control. Exact matching rates were calculated and analyzed to determine the pre- and post-test matching values. Three way repeated measures analysis of variance, paired t test, and independent t-test were used to compare shade matching quality, with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test values for the students' dental shade matching qualities for all of the test groups. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the dental shade matching training about color and dental shade matching for improving the students' shade matching quality was proven for both genders. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Training can improve shade matching quality of dental students. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:346-351, 2017).