Use of low-cost virtual reality in the treatment of the upper extremity in chronic stroke: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronicity and lack of motivation often go together during the upper limb rehabilitation process in stroke. Virtual reality is a useful tool in this context, providing safe, intensive, individualised treatments in a playful environment. B-cost, easy-to-use devices with personalised and motivating games for a specific population seem to be the most effective option in the treatment of the upper limbs. METHODS: A randomised clinical study with follow-up was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the Leap Motion Controller® device in improving the functionality of the upper limb in patients with chronic stroke. Patients (n = 36) were randomised into a control group that performed conventional therapy and an experimental group that combined the virtual reality protocol with conventional therapy. The outcome measures used were grip strength; the Block and Box Test; the Action Research Arm Test; the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; as well as a Technology Satisfaction Questionnaire and adherence to treatment. RESULTS: Inter-group statistical analysis showed no significant differences except in subsection D of the Action Research Arm Test. Intra-group analysis showed significant differences in both groups, but the experimental group reached significance in all long-term variables. Satisfaction and adherence levels were very high. CONCLUSIONS: The Leap Motion Controller® system, as a complementary tool, produces improvements in grip strength, dexterity and motor function in patients with chronic stroke. It is perceived as a safe, motivating, and easy-to-use device. CLINICAL REGISTRATION: NCT04166617 Clinical Trials.

Conditioned Pain Modulation and Temporal Summation of Pain in Patients With Traumatic and Non-Specific Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In patients with neck pain, it is unclear whether pain inhibition and facilitation endogenous pain mechanisms are altered. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to improve their understanding by assessing conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal summation of pain (TSP) in patients with neck pain associated with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) or of a nonspecific neck pain (NSNP) nature compared to pain-free controls. Very low certainty evidence suggests: impaired CPM when assessed remotely in chronic WAD patients (n = 7, 230 patients and 204 controls, standardized mean differences (SMD) = -.47 [-.89 to -.04]; P = .04) but not locally (n = 6, 155 patients and 150 controls; SMD = -.34 [-.68 to .01]; P = .05), impaired CPM in chronic NSNP patients when assessed locally (n = 5, 223 patients and 162 controls; SMD = -.55 [-1.04 to -.06]; P = .04) but not remotely (n = 3, 72 patients and 66 controls; SMD = -.33 [-.92 to .25]; P = .13), TSP not facilitated in either chronic WAD (local TSP: n = 4, 90 patients and 87 controls; SMD = .68 [-.62 to 1.99]) (remote TSP: n = 8, 254 patients and 214 controls; SMD = .18 [-.12 to .48]) or chronic NSNP (local TSP: n = 2, 139 patients and 92 controls; SMD = .21 [-1.00 to 1.41]), (remote TSP: n = 3; 91 patients and 352 controls; SMD = .60 [-1.33 to 2.52]). The evidence is very uncertain whether CPM is impaired and TSP facilitated in patients with WAD and NSNP. PERSPECTIVE: This review and meta-analysis present the current evidence on CPM and TSP in patients with WAD and NSNP. Standardization of measurement methodology is needed to draw clear conclusions. Subsequently, future studies should investigate the clinical relevance of these measurements as prognostic variables or predictors of treatment success.

[Occupational balance, disability and functionality in people with rheumatic disease]. / Equilibrio ocupacional, discapacidad y funcionalidad en personas con enfermedades reumáticaS

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the occupational balance of people with rheumatic disease, analyze its relationship with participation, performance, and satisfaction with daily life activities, and evaluate whether age or receiving non-pharmacological treatment affects the outcome. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out between March and November 2021; patients with non-advanced stage of rheumatic disease from the ConArtritis Association - selected through simple random sampling -, were included. Sociodemographic data and scores from the OBQ, IMPACT-S, COPM questionnaires, and a questionnaire created ad hoc for daily life activities were collected online and/or by telephone. RESULTS: The occupational balance of the 47 participants was low (OBQ: 34.2; SD: 13.7). Despite a high participation in daily life activities (IMPACT-S: 76.8; SD: 13.1), the degree of performance and satisfaction with these activities was far from optimal (COPM-R: 3.9; SD: 2.0 and COPM-S: 4.3; SD: 2.5); 46.8% of the participants found limitations in at least four daily life activities (basic and instrumental) and 61.7% used at least one support product in their daily lives. These limitations reduced their resting time and affected their jobs, hobbies, and personal relationships. The level of performance was negatively related to age (p=0.04); No changes in the scores were found in patients who received non-pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that individuals with non- advanced stage of a rheumatic disease perceive that their occupational balance may be improved should they have fewer limitations in daily life activities.

A Novel Active Device for Shoulder Rotation Based on Force Control.

This article describes a one-degree-of-freedom haptic device that can be applied to perform three different exercises for shoulder rehabilitation. The device is based on a force control architecture and an adaptive speed PI controller. It is a portable equipment that is easy to use for any patient, and was optimized for rehabilitating external rotation movements of the shoulder in patients in whom this was limited by muscle-skeletal injuries. The sample consisted of 12 shoulder rehabilitation sessions with different shoulder pathologies that limited their range of shoulder mobility. The mean and standard deviations of the external rotation of shoulder were 42.91 ± 4.53° for the pre-intervention measurements and 53.88 ± 4.26° for the post-intervention measurement. In addition, patients reported high levels of acceptance of the device. Scores on the SUS questionnaire ranged from 65 to 97.5, with an average score of 82.70 ± 9.21, indicating a high degree of acceptance. The preliminary results suggest that the use of this device and the incorporation of such equipment into rehabilitation services could be of great help for patients in their rehabilitation process and for physiotherapists in applying their therapies.

Kinesiology tape versus non-standardized tape in the treatment of balance in non-operated anterior cruciate ligament rupture patients: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE/AIM: Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are the most common traumatic ligament injuries of the knee, which course with impaired balance. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of kinesiology tape on balance in subjects with non-operated anterior cruciate ligament rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 subjects were randomly assigned to the kinesiology tape group (KT = 20) and the non-standardized tape group (NST = 16). Balance was assessed in the following 3 conditions: no bandage, immediately after application, and after four days of use. The outcome measures used were the Sensory Organisation Test (SOT), assessed by computerised dynamic Posturography (CDP), the modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT), the Spanish version of the KOOS and the Lysholm Knee Score. A 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, with time as a within-subject factor and group as a between-subjects factor. Bonferroni correction was applied when the ANOVA was significant. RESULTS: ANOVA showed that there was no significant interaction between group and time for all outcome measures. However, a significant effect on the time factor was observed for: composite SOT score in both groups immediately after tape application; composite SOT after four days of use in the KT group; mSEBT in the KT group immediately after tape application. The KOOS improved in both groups after four days of tape use, while the Lysholm Knee Score improved only in the NST group. CONCLUSIONS: No differences were observed between the KT or NST groups in balance measurements.

Use of the Leap Motion Controller® System in the Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb in Stroke. A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: Upper limb impairment is the most common motor impairment in stroke survivors. The use of new technologies in the field of rehabilitation aims to reduce the impact of functional problems. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of using the Leap Motion Controller® virtual reality system in the treatment of upper limb functionality in people with stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were used to carry out the systematic review. The literature search was restricted to articles written in English or Spanish published from 2012 to December 2020 in Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro and Science Direct. Of the 309 search results, 230 unique references were reviewed after duplicates were removed. The Downs and Black and CONSORT scales were applied to evaluate the methodological quality of the included papers and the degree of evidence and level of recommendation were determined through the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: Six papers with a total of 144 participants were included in this review, with heterogeneity of the sample, assessment measures, protocols, number of sessions and diversity of games applied. The main results of the studies show favourable data after using the Leap Motion Controller® system in the improvement of upper limb functionality in people with stroke. CONCLUSIONS: There is a growing trend in the use of the Leap Motion Controller® device as a tool in the treatment of the upper limb in people with stroke. Nevertheless, the limitations encountered suggest the need for future research protocols with greater scientific rigor.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Physiotherapy on Gait Pattern, Balance, and Functionality in Stroke Patients. A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) together with conventional physiotherapy in motor rehabilitation after stroke has been widely studied. Despite this, few studies have focused on its application in gait and balance rehabilitation. This review aimed to determine the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with conventional physiotherapy on gait, balance, and the functionality of the lower limb after stroke. METHODS: This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant articles. Randomized clinical trials in English or Spanish that evaluated the use of the transcranial direct current stimulation, combined with physiotherapy, to improve gait, balance, and lower limb functionality after stroke were included. MAIN RESULTS: 10 articles were included, with a total of 222 subjects. Data about population, assessment tools, protocols, sessions, and results were extracted. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged between 3 and 5. CONCLUSION: The use of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physiotherapy improves gait parameters, static and dynamic balance, and lower limb functionality in stroke patients. Long-term effects have not yet been demonstrated.

Neuroplasticity Modifications Following a Lower-Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Although there are studies that have examined brain functional reorganization following upper-limb amputation, understanding of the brain changes that occur in people with lower-limb amputation is limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate modifications in the brain following lower-limb amputation. METHODS: We included case-control studies that evaluate neuroplasticity in the central nervous system using neuroimaging techniques. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. RESULTS: Eleven articles were included (total n = 204 people with unilateral lower-limb amputation). These studies showed an increase in cerebellar gray matter volume in prosthesis users, as well as a decrease in thickness of the premotor cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporo-occipital junction, precentral gyrus, visual areas, and somatosensory cortex. Regarding white matter, the trials observed a decrease in the integrity at the corona radiata, the connections between the premotor areas, the fronto-occipital fasciculus and the corpus callosum. In addition, a decreased functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical areas has been described. CONCLUSIONS: Lower-limb amputation causes changes in several brain structures that may occur in the absence of pain and regardless of prosthesis use. The modifications observed include thinning or loss of gray matter volume, decrease in the integrity of the white matter connections between brain structures and changes in the functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical areas. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

Living with lymphoedema-the perspective of cancer patients: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the lived experience of lymphoedema and the barriers faced by cancer sufferers receiving physiotherapy outpatient treatment. METHODS: A qualitative, phenomenological study was performed. Purposeful sampling method was used. Data collection methods included unstructured and semi-structured interviews and researcher field notes. A thematic analysis was used. The study was conducted following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines. RESULTS: Eleven patients (62.18 ± 10.14 years) (90.91% women) participated. One theme was identified with different subgroups. The main theme 'Living a life with multiple barriers'-formed by the subthemes 'Discovering physical and psychological barriers', 'Searching information', 'Building relationships' and 'Controlling expenses'-displays the daily difficulties they must face in areas such as work. The patients reported that lymphoedema is a constant emotional and physical challenge. They need to adapt their lives to their new situation, learning how to manage the lymphoedema. CONCLUSIONS: Patients considered lymphoedema as a clinical situation with multiple barriers and they found that it does alter their quality of life. These results can be applied in onco-haematology units to develop specific protocols for customers.

Effect of elastic bandage on postural control in subjects with chronic ankle instability: a randomised clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To report the immediate and prolonged (one week) effects of elastic bandage (EB) on balance control in subjects with chronic ankle instability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight individuals successfully completed the study protocol, of whom 14 were randomly assigned to the EB group (7 men, 7 women) and 14 were assigned to the non-standardised tape (NST) group (9 men, 5 women). To objectively measure postural sway we used computerised dynamic posturography (CDP) with sensory organisation test (SOT) and unilateral stance (US) test. We analysed the following SOT parameters: the composite SOT score, the composite SOT strategy and the SOT condition 2 and its strategy. In addition, we studied the centre of gravity (COG) sway velocity with open eyes and close eyes during the US test. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect for time in composite SOT score (F= 34.98; p= <0.01), composite SOT strategy (F= 12.082; p= 0.02), and COG sway with open eyes (F= 3.382; p= 0.039) in EB group and NST group. Therefore, there were improvements in balance control after bandage applications (defined as better scores in SOT parameters and decreased COG sway in US test). However, no differences between groups were observed in the most relevant parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not observe differences between EB and NST during the follow-up in the majority of measurements. Several outcome measures for SOT and US tests improved in both groups immediately after bandage applications and after one week of use. EB of the ankle joint has no advantage as compared to the non-standardised tape. Implications for rehabilitation Elastic bandage (EB) of the ankle joint has no advantage as compared to the non-standardised tape. The effects of the bandages could be due to a greater subjective sense of security. It is important to be prudent with the use of bandage, since a greater sense of safety could also bring with it a greater risk of injury. The application of the bandage on subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI) should be prolonged and used alongside other physiotherapy treatments.

Examination of the reliability of Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool in patients with a stroke.

The Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (GAIT) has been recently developed for gait assessment in patients with stroke, and it is considered as a tool that may identify clinically relevant deviations from normal gait and quantifies relevant changes in gait because of an intervention. The objective was to analyze the GAIT psychometric properties in participants with stroke. A convenience sample of 15 adults with stroke was selected (58.15±7.8 years; 5.38±3.3 years from injury). We used the GAIT for evaluating the gait in patients with stroke. GAIT scoring is based on observations of anterior/posterior and lateral-view video documents. Inter-rater reliability of the GAIT between trained raters was good (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.762; P=0.008; 95% confidence interval=0.749-0.926). The minimal detectable change was 7.68 points (12.39%). Inter-rater reliability for the hip, knee, and ankle items was also good. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that GAIT has good inter-rater reliability and good internal consistency.

Combining muscle synergies and biomechanical analysis to assess gait in stroke patients.

The understanding of biomechanical deficits and impaired neural control of gait after stroke is crucial to prescribe effective customized treatments aimed at improving walking function. Instrumented gait analysis has been increasingly integrated into the clinical practice to enhance precision and inter-rater reliability for the assessment of pathological gait. On the other hand, the analysis of muscle synergies has gained relevance as a novel tool to describe the neural control of walking. Since muscle synergies and gait analysis capture different but equally important aspects of walking, we hypothesized that their combination can improve the current clinical tools for the assessment of walking performance. To test this hypothesis, we performed a complete bilateral, lower limb biomechanical and muscle synergies analysis on nine poststroke hemiparetic patients during overground walking. Using stepwise multiple regression, we identified a number of kinematic, kinetic, spatiotemporal and synergy-related features from the paretic and non-paretic side that, combined together, allow to predict impaired walking function better than the Fugl-Meyer Assessment score. These variables were time of peak knee flexion, VAFtotal values, duration of stance phase, peak of paretic propulsion and range of hip flexion. Since these five variables describe important biomechanical and neural control features underlying walking deficits poststroke, they may be feasible to drive customized rehabilitation therapies aimed to improve walking function. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of combining biomechanical and neural-related measures to assess locomotion performance in neurologically injured individuals.

Corrigendum: Low Latency Estimation of Motor Intentions to Assist Reaching Movements along Multiple Sessions in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Feasibility Study.

[This corrects the article on p. 126 in vol. 11, PMID: 28367109.].

Limits of stability in patients with vascular (due to diabetes) and nonvascular unilateral transtibial amputation: a cross-sectional study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in the stability limits between patients with vascular and nonvascular unilateral transtibial amputation (UTA) and patients without amputation. Eighteen patients with UTA who used a prosthesis were divided into two groups: vascular (n=9) and nonvascular (n=9). Twenty-four patients without amputation served as the control group. Computerized dynamic posturography Smart EquiTest System, version 8.0 was used for measuring stability limits. The limits of stability test was used to assess the participants' ability to voluntarily sway to various locations in space. The measured parameters were maximum centre of gravity (COG) excursion, endpoint COG excursion and directional control. Single-factor analysis of variance and Bonferroni adjustment a posteriori tests was performed to investigate the differences between groups. The patients with vascular UTA had significantly lower endpoint COG excursion to oblique and forward direction compared with controls (P=0.017). In addition, the patients with vascular UTA had significantly lower maximum COG excursion to oblique and forward and to oblique and backward directions (P=0.031; 0.019). Patients with vascular UTA had significantly lower endpoint and maximum COG excursion to oblique and backward direction compared with patients with nonvascular UTA (P=0.30; 0.029). To summarize, patients with vascular UTA have substantially reduced limits of stability compared with patients without amputation and the patients with nonvascular UTA.

Use of Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Systems as a Rehabilitative Approach for Upper Limb Function After a Stroke: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems have been suggested as a promising tool for neurorehabilitation. However, to date, there is a lack of homogeneous findings. Furthermore, no systematic reviews have analyzed the degree of validation of these interventions for upper limb (UL) motor rehabilitation poststroke. OBJECTIVES: The study aims were to compile all available studies that assess an UL intervention based on an electroencephalography (EEG) BCI system in stroke; to analyze the methodological quality of the studies retrieved; and to determine the effects of these interventions on the improvement of motor abilities. TYPE: This was a systematic review. LITERATURE SURVEY: Searches were conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial from inception to September 30, 2015. METHODOLOGY: This systematic review compiles all available studies that assess UL intervention based on an EEG-BCI system in patients with stroke, analyzing their methodological quality using the Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies, and determining the grade of recommendation of these interventions for improving motor abilities as established by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. The articles were selected according to the following criteria: studies evaluating an EEG-based BCI intervention; studies including patients with a stroke and hemiplegia, regardless of lesion origin or temporal evolution; interventions using an EEG-based BCI to restore functional abilities of the affected UL, regardless of the interface used or its combination with other therapies; and studies using validated tools to evaluate motor function. SYNTHESIS: After the literature search, 13 articles were included in this review: 4 studies were randomized controlled trials; 1 study was a controlled study; 4 studies were case series studies; and 4 studies were case reports. The methodological quality of the included papers ranged from 6 to 15, and the level of evidence varied from 1b to 5. The articles included in this review involved a total of 141 stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review suggests that BCI interventions may be a promising rehabilitation approach in subjects with stroke. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Low Latency Estimation of Motor Intentions to Assist Reaching Movements along Multiple Sessions in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Feasibility Study.

Background: The association between motor-related cortical activity and peripheral stimulation with temporal precision has been proposed as a possible intervention to facilitate cortico-muscular pathways and thereby improve motor rehabilitation after stroke. Previous studies with patients have provided evidence of the possibility to implement brain-machine interface platforms able to decode motor intentions and use this information to trigger afferent stimulation and movement assistance. This study tests the use a low-latency movement intention detector to drive functional electrical stimulation assisting upper-limb reaching movements of patients with stroke. Methods: An eight-sessions intervention on the paretic arm was tested on four chronic stroke patients along 1 month. Patients' intentions to initiate reaching movements were decoded from electroencephalographic signals and used to trigger functional electrical stimulation that in turn assisted patients to do the task. The analysis of the patients' ability to interact with the intervention platform, the assessment of changes in patients' clinical scales and of the system usability and the kinematic analysis of the reaching movements before and after the intervention period were carried to study the potential impact of the intervention. Results: On average 66.3 ± 15.7% of trials (resting intervals followed by self-initiated movements) were correctly classified with the decoder of motor intentions. The average detection latency (with respect to the movement onsets estimated with gyroscopes) was 112 ± 278 ms. The Fügl-Meyer index upper extremity increased 11.5 ± 5.5 points with the intervention. The stroke impact scale also increased. In line with changes in clinical scales, kinematics of reaching movements showed a trend toward lower compensatory mechanisms. Patients' assessment of the therapy reflected their acceptance of the proposed intervention protocol. Conclusions: According to results obtained here with a small sample of patients, Brain-Machine Interfaces providing low-latency support to upper-limb reaching movements in patients with stroke are a reliable and usable solution for motor rehabilitation interventions with potential functional benefits.

Immediate and short-term effects of the combination of dry needling and percutaneous TENS on post-needling soreness in patients with chronic myofascial neck pain

ABSTRACT Background Dry needling (DN) and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) are widely used techniques in the treatment of myofascial pain. Objective To investigate the immediate and short-term effects of the combination of DN and PENS compared to DN alone on the upper trapezius muscle. Method This is a 72-hour follow-up single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Sixty-two volunteer patients with chronic myofascial neck pain with active Myofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs) in the upper trapezius muscle were recruited. Randomization was performed, and 31 patients received DN treatment (DN group) and 31 received DN and PENS (DN+PENS group). The primary outcomes were neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scale for pain for both post-needling soreness (PNS) and neck pain intensity (NPI). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) and cervical range of motion (CROM) were the secondary outcomes. Results We detected between-group differences in NPI and PNS in favor of the DN+PENS group immediately after treatment. No between-group differences in NDI were observed. Conclusion PENS application after dry needling treatment is more effective than dry needling alone for decreasing soreness in the short term and improving neck pain intensity immediately in patients with myofascial chronic neck pain.

Immediate and short-term effects of the combination of dry needling and percutaneous TENS on post-needling soreness in patients with chronic myofascial neck pain.

BACKGROUND: Dry needling (DN) and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) are widely used techniques in the treatment of myofascial pain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate and short-term effects of the combination of DN and PENS compared to DN alone on the upper trapezius muscle. METHOD: This is a 72-hour follow-up single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Sixty-two volunteer patients with chronic myofascial neck pain with active Myofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs) in the upper trapezius muscle were recruited. Randomization was performed, and 31 patients received DN treatment (DN group) and 31 received DN and PENS (DN+PENS group). The primary outcomes were neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scale for pain for both post-needling soreness (PNS) and neck pain intensity (NPI). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) and cervical range of motion (CROM) were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: We detected between-group differences in NPI and PNS in favor of the DN+PENS group immediately after treatment. No between-group differences in NDI were observed. CONCLUSION: PENS application after dry needling treatment is more effective than dry needling alone for decreasing soreness in the short term and improving neck pain intensity immediately in patients with myofascial chronic neck pain.

Observational Gait Assessments in People With Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and psychometric properties of observational gait assessment scales in people with neurological disorders. DATA SOURCES: The databases used for the literature search were MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health. The search was conducted between September 15 and November 30, 2014. STUDY SELECTION: Studies that investigate and validate observational gait assessment scales in people with central nervous system disorders. DATA EXTRACTION: General characteristics of the studies, including number of patients and observational gait assessment scales analyzed and their psychometric properties, were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS: After the literature search, 15 articles were included in this review. Seven of the 15 articles studied the Tinetti Gait Scale (TGS), 2 studied the Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA), 1 studied the Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (G.A.I.T.), 3 studied the Wisconsin Gait Scale, and one of them compared the TGS and the G.A.I.T. CONCLUSIONS: The scale that appears to be the most suitable for both clinical practice and research is the G.A.I.T. because it has shown to be valid, reliable, and sensitive to change, homogeneous, and comprehensive, containing a large number of items that assess most components of the gait pattern. The RVGA was studied in those with diverse neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis. For those with Parkinson disease, the TGS showed sensitivity and the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) showed predictive capability for falls and mortality as well as intra- and interrater reliability. The Tinetti POMA was also studied in those with normal pressure hydrocephalus, showing sensitivity and in those with Huntington disease, showing reliability and validity. More research is needed to more comprehensively analyze the psychometric properties of the RVGA, Wisconsin Gait Scale, TGS, and G.A.I.T. in patients with diverse neurological disorders, other than stroke.

Weight Symmetry and Latency Scores for Unexpected Surface Perturbations in Subjects With Traumatic and Vascular Unilateral Transtibial Amputation.

BACKGROUND: Subjects with lower limb amputation develop new motor control strategies to preserve balance when they experience unexpected perturbations. Most studies performed thus far have not aimed to discuss the possible differences in postural control between subjects with vascular unilateral transtibial amputation (UTA) and subjects with traumatic UTA. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the automatic postural reaction in response to unexpected surface perturbations in a sample of subjects with traumatic and vascular UTA and to compare these observations with those for a group of healthy subjects. SETTING: University department. DESIGN: Observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 9 men with traumatic UTA, 7 men with vascular UTA, and 10 control subjects without amputation. INTERVENTION: Computerized dynamic posturography Smart EquiTest System version 8.0 was used to measure automatic postural responses in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The motor control test was used to assess the participants' automatic postural responses to unexpected surface perturbations. RESULTS: Latency scores showed that subjects with traumatic UTA coped with faster latencies under their sound limb than did the subjects with vascular UTA in medium backward and forward perturbations (medium-backward: P = .004; medium-forward: P = .037). In addition, the subjects with traumatic UTA also managed faster responses to medium-backward (P = .017 versus right control limb; P = .046 versus left control limb) and large-backward (P = .021 versus right control limb) and medium-forward (P = .012 versus right control limb; P = .043 versus left control limb) perturbations in their sound limb in contrast to control subjects. Weight symmetry showed that the subjects with traumatic UTA bore significantly more weight through their sound limb compared with the control subjects during medium and large backward translations (P = .028 and P = .045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The subjects with traumatic UTA had a greater reliance on their sound limb, and they had faster latencies and more weight in the sound limb upon experiencing unexpected perturbations compared with the control subjects. Conversely, persons with vascular UTA experienced slower latency responses in the sound limb compared with persons with traumatic UTA.