D-Limonene reduces depression-like behaviour and enhances learning and memory through an anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism in male rats subjected to chronic restraint stress.

D-limonene is a widely used flavouring additive in foods, beverages and fragrances due to its pleasant lemon-like odour. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D-limonene on the central nervous system when subjected to chronic restraint stress in rats for 21 days. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: i) control, ii) D-limonene, iii) restraint stress, iv) restraint stress+D-limonene and v) restraint stress+fluoxetine. Following the induction of restraint stress, the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the novel object recognition test and the forced swimming test were performed. The levels of BDNF, IL-1ß, IL-6 and caspase-1 were measured from hippocampal tissue using the ELISA method. Sucrose preference test results showed an increase in consumption rate in the stress+D-limonene and a decrease in the stress group. The stress+D-limonene group reversed the increased defensive behaviour observed in the open-field test compared to the stress group. In the novel object recognition test, the discrimination index of the stress+D-limonene group increased compared to the stress group. BDNF levels increased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In contrast, IL-1ß and caspase-1 levels increased in the stress group compared to the control and decreased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In this study, D-limonene has been found to have antidepressant-like properties, reducing anhedonic and defensive behaviours and the impairing effects of stress on learning and memory tests. It was observed that D-limonene showed these effects by alleviating neuroinflammation induced by chronic restraint stress in rats.

Dermatologic Reactions Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Series.

We describe 7 patients with various dermatologic reactions following COVID-19 vaccination, including herpes zoster (HZ) infection, herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), herpes labialis, and urticaria. Although the reactions described here may be related to COVID-19 vaccination, continued vaccination is recommended, as it is the most effective way to protect against serious COVID-19 infection.

Long-term smell loss experiences after COVID-19: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Sudden smell loss is one of the early symptoms of COVID-19. Although it is stated that the loss of smell and taste following COVID-19 improves within a few weeks, there are also cases that do not improve for a long time. The aim of this study is to reveal long-term smell loss experiences after COVID-19. METHODS: A qualitative approach was adopted. We conducted semistructured interviews with 11 participants who had smell loss for at least 3 months. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and evaluated using a thematic analysis for qualitative data. RESULTS: Nutrition and appetite, personal hygiene, threats to safety and emotional changes were the main themes created by the authors and were the areas where participant expressions focused. The participants used oral/nasal corticosteroid therapy for smell loss and received short-term olfactory training, but could not find a solution. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term smell loss problems, which were neglected during the pandemic period, should be carefully evaluated due to their negative effects. Understanding and focusing on the negative effects of loss of smell may contribute to the solution of long-term smell loss problems. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Eleven participants who experienced long-term loss of smell following COVID-19 contributed to the study. They enriched the study by describing the effects of their experiences. There was no other participation or contribution from the public to the research.

The effects of massage with frankincense and myrrh oil in chronic low back pain: A three-arm randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain is a common problem that impairs the activities of daily life. Massage therapy is one of the non-pharmacological treatment modalities in chronic low back pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy massage on pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. METHODS: Data were collected between August-December 2020 in a physical therapy clinic of a university hospital. The control, massage and aromatherapy massage groups included 30, 31 and 30 patients, respectively. Two sessions of low back massage per week were applied to the aromatherapy group with frankincense and myyrh essential oils and to the placebo group with jojoba oil. Massage was not applied to the control group. Outcome measures were Visual Analogue Scale, Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale and Roland-Morris Disability Scale. RESULTS: In the results of study, the decrease in Visual Analogue Scale (p < 0.001), Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale (p < 0.001) and Roland-Morris Disability Scale (p < 0.001) scores of the aromatherapy group was found to be statistically higher than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: As a result, aromatherapy massage with frankincense and myyrh essential oils can be integrated to medical treatments to relieve pain and reduce disability in an individual's daily life in chronic low back pain. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04494165.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Readiness to Encounter Partner Abuse Patients Scale.

AIM: Partner abuse is a global public health issue with both short- and long-term health effects. Healthcare professionals frequently encounter patients who experience partner abuse and should be knowledgeable about how to respond to these individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of The Readiness to Encounter Partner Abuse Patients (READI) Scale. DESIGN: A descriptive, methodological and cross-sectional design was used. METHODS: Data were collected with a sociodemographics form and the READI-T Scale between 13 December 2021 and 5 January 2022. The study sample comprised nursing students (n = 323) at or over the age of 18 years and accepting to take part in the study. The linguistic and content validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess the validity of the scale. The reliability of the scale was achieved using Cronbach's alpha, item-total correlations and test-retest. RESULTS: The READI-T Scale had a content validity index of 0.99 and adequate sensitivity. The factor loadings ranged from 0.63 to 0.84 for the self-efficacy sub-dimension, from 0.82 to 0.91 for the emotional readiness sub-dimension, from 0.47 to 0.81 for the motivational readiness sub-dimension and from 0.28 to 0.64 for the partner abuse knowledge sub-dimension. The CFA showed that the model had a good fit (x2 /df = 1.792; GFI = 0.88; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.050). Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.92 for the scale. CONCLUSION: The READI-T Scale is a valid and reliable tool to determine whether Turkish nursing students are knowledgeable enough to encounter partner abuse patients. IMPACT: This scale can be used to determine the training needs of healthcare professionals on partner abuse and may be useful as a pre-and posttest to determine the effects of partner abuse education programs. Thus, this scale may also assist early identification of persons who have a risk for partner abuse.