A Dose-Response Study to Examine Paraxanthine's Impact on Energy Expenditure, Hunger, Appetite, and Lipolysis.

This study investigated if paraxanthine (PX) impacts energy expenditure, lipolysis and perceptual responses. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, 21 adults (13 M, 8 F; 26.0 ± 6.4 years, 174.9 ± 11.5 cm, 81.0 ± 15.7 kg body mass, 26.3 ± 3.4 kg/m2) consumed a placebo (PLA), 100 mg (PX100), 200 mg (PX200), and 300 mg of PX (PX300, enfinity®, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P. Lewisville, TX, USA). Venous blood was collected 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min (min) after ingestion and analyzed for glycerol and free fatty acids. Resting hemodynamics, metabolic rate and perceptual indicators of hunger, appetite and anxiety were evaluated. Mixed factorial analysis of variance were used to evaluate changes time within and between groups. Heart rate decreased in PX100 compared to PLA 60 (p = .022) and 180 min (p = .001). Blood pressure did not change. Hunger ratings in PLA increased 30 (p = .05), 60 (p = .04), 90 (p = .02), and 180 min (p = .05) after ingestion when compared to PX200. PX200 increased energy expenditure (all p < .05) when compared to PLA. Rates of fat oxidation tended to increase 90 (p = .056) and 120 min (p = .066) in PX200 compared to PLA. Free fatty acids increased in PX300 compared to PLA (p = .002). Glycerol did not change. Ingestion of PX200 augmented energy expenditure and hunger ratings when compared to PLA without impacting hemodynamics or lipolysis.

Corrigendum: A randomized controlled trial to examine the impact of a multi-strain probiotic on self-reported indicators of depression, anxiety, mood, and associated biomarkers.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1219313.].

A randomized controlled trial to examine the impact of a multi-strain probiotic on self-reported indicators of depression, anxiety, mood, and associated biomarkers.

Objective: To examine the efficacy of supplementing with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) on changes associated with mood, anxiety, and neurotransmitter levels. Method: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, 70 healthy men and women (31.0 ± 9.5 years, 173.0 ± 10.4 cm, 73.9 ± 13.8 kg, 24.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2) supplemented with a single capsule of MSP (a total daily dose of 4 × 109 colony forming units [CFU] comprised of a 1 × 109 CFU dose from each of the following strains: Limosilactobacillus fermentum LF16, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR06, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP01, and Bifidobacterium longum 04, Probiotical S.p.A., Novara, Italy) or a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). After 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of supplementation and 3 weeks after ceasing supplementation, study participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity (LEIDS-R) questionnaires and had plasma concentrations of cortisol, dopamine, serotonin, and C-reactive protein determined. Results: BDI, STAI, and total LEIDS-R scores were reduced from baseline (p < 0.05) with MSP supplementation after 4 and 6 weeks of supplementation and 3 weeks after supplementation while no changes (p > 0.05) were reported in PLA. When compared to PLA, MSP scores for state anxiety, trait anxiety, and LEIDS-R (hopeless, aggression, rumination, and total score) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) after supplementation. Plasma serotonin concentrations in MSP were increased from baseline after 6 weeks of supplementation and 3 weeks after ceasing supplementation. No changes (p > 0.05) in plasma dopamine, C-reactive protein, or cortisol concentrations were observed between groups. Conclusion: MSP supplementation resulted in widespread improvements in several questionnaires evaluating mood, anxiety, and depression in young, healthy men and women. MSP supplementation increased serotonin increased after 6 weeks of MSP supplementation with no change in dopamine, C-reactive protein, or cortisol. Clinical trial registration: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05343533, NCT05343533.