Conceptos actuales sobre el tratamiento ortésico en el método Ponseti / Current concepts on bracing in the Ponseti method

El método Ponseti se ha convertido en el patrón de referencia para el tratamiento del pie bot, con excelentes resultados funcionales en el seguimiento a largo plazo. El cumplimiento del protocolo de férula es fundamental para mantener la corrección obtenida y el éxito terapéutico a largo plazo. Existen múltiples férulas para mantener la corrección y prevenir la recurrencia. En este artículo, proporcionamos una revisión de las férulas utilizadas para el pie bot, y analizamos sus ventajas y desventajas, así como la evi-dencia sobre cada una. Nivel de evidencia: V

The Ponseti method has become the gold standard for the treatment of clubfoot, with excellent long-term functional outcomes. Adherence to the bracing protocol is essential for the long-term success of the treatment. Currently, there are multiple braces that can be used to prevent relapse. In this article, we provide a review of clubfoot braces, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the current evidence on each of them. Level of Evidence: V

Fracturas metafiso-diafisarias de radio distal en adolescentes: estudio comparativo entre fijación percutánea con clavijas y clavos elásticos de titanio / Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning versus dorsal-entry elastic intramedullary nailing

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados y las complicaciones entre la fijación percutánea con clavijas (FPC) y el enclavado endomedular elástico (EEE). materiales y métodos:Se evaluaron las radiografías para determinar deformidades angulares en la consolidación. Se usó el sistema de Clavien-Dindo adaptado para clasificar las complicaciones. Resultados: El grupo A (FPC) incluyó a 17 pacientes y el grupo B (EEE), a 19. La edad promedio era de 12.5 ± 1.6 años y el seguimiento promedio fue de 27.6 ± 16.6 meses. Los pacientes con EEE requirieron menos tiempo de inmovilización (2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 5.9 ± 1.3 semanas, p 0,00029). Un paciente de cada grupo tuvo una angulación >10° en la consolidación. La tasa de complicaciones fue mayor en el grupo A (18% vs. 5,3%, p 0,27). En el grupo A, hubo 2 complicaciones tipo III (pérdida de corrección) y 2 tipo II (infección y granuloma). Un paciente del grupo B presentó una complicación tipo I (prominencia del implante). Dieciséis pacientes del grupo B se sometieron a una segunda cirugía para extraer el implante. Dos del grupo A requirieron revisión de la fijación por pérdida de alineación. Conclusiones: Ambas técnicas son eficaces para estabilizar fracturas metafiso-diafisarias de radio distal en adolescentes. El EEE tiene la ventaja de una inmovilización más corta y menos complicaciones, pero es más caro y requiere otra cirugía para extraer el implante. La FPC no requiere de anestesia para extraer el implante, aunque sí una inmovilización más prolongada y la tasa de complicaciones es más alta. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Objective: To compare results and complications of closed reduction percutaneous pinning (CRPP) versus dorsal entry elastic intramedullary nails (ESIN). Materials and methods: Radiographs were evaluated to determine angular deformities at the time of radiographic union. Complications were graded with a modification of the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: The CRPP group consisted of 17 patients (Group A) whereas the ESIN group consisted of 19 patients (Group B). The average age of the patient cohort was 12.5±1.6 years. The average follow-up was 27.6±16.6 months. The demographic data revealed no differences between groups (p> 0.05). Patients treated with ESIN required a shorter immobilization time (2.8±1.8 versus 5.9±1.3 weeks, p 0.00029). One patient in each group presented an angulation >10° at the time of consolidation. The complication rate was higher in group A (18% versus 5.3%, p 0.27). According to the Clavien-Dindo classification, group A presented 2 type II (infection and granuloma), and 2 type III complications (loss of reduction). Group B presented one type I complication (implant prominence). Sixteen patients in group B underwent a second procedure for hardware removal. Two patients (11.8%) in group A required revision due to loss of reduction. Conclusions: Both techniques are effective in stabilizing metaphyseal-diaphyseal fractures of the distal radius in the adolescent population. ESIN has the advantage of requiring a shorter immobilization time and fewer complications but needs a second surgery for implant removal. CRPP does not require anesthesia for implant removal, although it requires a longer postoperative immobilization, and has a higher complication rate. Level of Evidence: III

Resultados funcionales del tratamiento de coaliciones calcaneo-escafoideas con reseccion e interposicion de grasa autologa. Experiencia de dos centros / Patient-reported outcomes of calcaneonavicular coalitions treated with surgical excision and fat graft interposition: A two-center experience

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínico-radiográficos y las complicaciones en pacientes <18 años con coaliciones calcáneo-escafoideas (CCE) sintomáticas tratados con resección e interposición de grasa autóloga de la región glútea. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó retrospectivamente a los pacientes con CCE sintomáticas operados con dicha técnica, en dos instituciones, y un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Se analizaron los datos demográficos y las complicaciones posoperatorias. Los resultados funcionales fueron evaluados con la escala AOFAS y la EAV. Se determinó la presencia de recidiva en la radiografía oblicua más reciente (defecto remanente <50%). Resultados: Entre enero de 2008 y enero de 2018, se operó a 52 pacientes (65 pies) con CCE. Cuarenta (48 pies) cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. La edad promedio al operarse era de 11.9 años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 43 meses. El puntaje AOFAS promedio mejoró significativamente de 58,9 ± 8,2 precirugía a 92,9 ± 7,8 después (p <0,001). El puntaje promedio preoperatorio de la EAV era de 6,9 ± 2,5 y de 0,49 ± 1,1 (p <0,001) en el último seguimiento. El 87,5% no tenía síntomas en el último control y 5 pacientes (6 pies) sufrían molestias ocasionales con la actividad física intensa. Hubo 5 complicaciones posoperatorias: dehiscencia de la herida e infección superficial. Dos pies (4,2%) presentaron recidiva radiográfica de la coalición aunque ningún paciente requirió revisión. Conclusión: La resección de CCE y la interposición de grasa autóloga permiten aliviar el dolor y mejorar la función con una baja tasa de complicaciones en la población pediátrico-adolescente. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

background: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate clinical/radiographic outcomes, and complications for calcaneonavicular coalition (CNC) excision and fat graft interposition in patients under the age of 18. materials and methods: A retrospective review of all pediatric patients surgically treated with symptomatic CNC at two institutions was performed. Demographic data and postoperative complications were recorded. Functional results were evaluated with AOFAS Ankle-hindfoot Scale and Visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographic assessment of coalition recurrence was performed on the most recent oblique radiograph (resect-ed gap remaining <50%). Results: Between January 2008 and January 2018, 52 patients (65 feet) with CNC were surgically treated. Forty patients (48 feet) met the inclusion criteria and were available for evaluation. The average age at surgery was 11.9 years old (range 9-17 years old). The average follow-up was 43 months. The average AOFAS score improved from 58.9±8 points preoperative to 92.9±7.8 points postoperatively (p<0.001). Preoperative pain scores averaged 6.9 ± 2.5 points. At the last follow-up, the VAS score was 0.49 ±1.1 points (p<0.001). Most patients (87.5%) were painless at the last follow-up and five patients (6 feet) had occasional pain with strenuous activities. Five complications were recorded: wound dehiscence (N=3) and superficial infection (N=2). Two feet (4.2%) had coalition regrowth on the postoperative radiographs without requiring further surgery. Conclusion: Calcaneonavicular coalition excision with fat graft interposition can improve function and relieve pain with a low rate of complications in the pediatric adolescent population. Level of Evidence: IV

Distal Femoral Physeal Bar Resection Combined With Guided Growth for the Treatment of Angular Limb Deformity Associated With Growth Arrest: A Preliminary Report.

PURPOSE: Distal femoral growth arrest can result in progressive deformities and functional disability. The treatment is challenging given the significant growth potential of the distal femoral physis. This study addresses the short-term outcomes after distal femoral physeal bar resection combined with guided growth for the treatment of angular limb deformity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated with distal femoral physeal bar resection, fat graft interposition, and growth modulation with a tension-band plate. Data recorded included patient demographics, growth arrest cause, physeal bar size, time-to-surgery, details of the operative procedure, and complications. The mechanical axis zones, tibiofemoral angle, and the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle were assessed on 51-inch anteroposterior standing radiographs. RESULTS: Five patients (3 male individuals) with valgus (n=4) and varus deformities (n=1) due to physeal arrests of the distal femur were analyzed. The cause of the physeal arrest was trauma (n=3) and infection (n=2). The average age at the time of surgery was 6.6 years (range: 2 to 11 y). Average size of the physeal bar was 413.4 mm, which represented 16.8% of the total distal femoral physis (range: 12% to 26%). Four of the 5 patients had a total correction of the deformity in 14.3 months (range: 9 to 22 mo). One patient required correction by osteotomy and external fixation. Postoperatively, 1 patient presented no improvement, and 4 had restoration of the longitudinal bone growth and alignment. Two patients had rebound valgus: one is being observed and another has undergone a repeat guided growth procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Distal femoral physeal bar resection combined with tension-band hemiepiphysiodesis provides a viable option for the correction of angular deformities associated with physeal arrest. Longer follow-up is required to evaluate future growth of the distal femoral physis after this combined procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic study.

Medial Epicondyle Fractures: Current Practices and Preferences Between SLAOTI Members (Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia y Traumatología Infantil).

BACKGROUND: Medial epicondyle fractures represent up to 20% of elbow fractures in children and adolescents. There is a growing body of literature to support surgical fixation for displaced fractures. However, controversy regarding imaging modality for displacement measurement and surgical indications remain controversial. The purpose of this survey was to gauge Latin American surgeons' practices and preferences for the evaluation and treatment of medial epicondyle fractures. METHODS: A web-based survey containing 19 questions was distributed to active members of SLAOTI (Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia y Traumatología Infantil) in November 2018. The survey elicited information regarding surgeon demographics, evaluation methods, the factors involved in the decision to perform surgery, and their experience in cases of symptomatic nonunion. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and proportions. Analysis of associations between surgeon demographics and treatment preferences were carried out. RESULTS: A total of 193 out of 354 completed questionnaires were returned (54% response rate). In total, 74% of the participants (142/193) favored radiographs for the evaluation of the fracture displacement, and 25.4% (49/193) added a computed tomography scan for a more detailed evaluation. The majority of respondents (48.2%) would consider a 5 mm displacement as the cutoff for surgical treatment, 21.8% 2 mm, 20.7% 10 mm, and 9.3% 15 mm. There were no differences between the experience of the participants, academic versus private setting, or training regarding surgical/nonsurgical management. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in opinions between SLAOTI members as to the optimal management of medial epicondyle fractures. Implications of disagreement in evaluation and treatment support the need for multicenter prospective studies to develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of this fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V-expert opinion. Cross-sectional electronic survey.

Complex Clubfoot Treatment With Ponseti Method: A Latin American Multicentric Study.

BACKGROUND: Complex clubfoot is a term used to describe those feet that present after treatment with a short first metatarsal, severe plantar flexion of all metatarsals, rigid equinus, and deep folds through the sole of the foot and above the heel. Ponseti has described a modification of his original technique for the treatment of the deformity. Few series have reported the treatment outcomes of this group of patients. The purpose of this study is to analyze mid-term results and complications of a large multicenter cohort. METHODS: Patients with complex clubfoot treated at 6 tertiary-care institutions with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data, previous treatment, number of casts, Achilles tenotomy, recurrences, complications, and additional procedures were documented. The patients were clinically evaluated at the time of presentation, after treatment, and at the last follow-up according to the Pirani score. All variables had a nonparametric distribution and are thus described as median (interquartile range (IQR), minimum-maximum). A comparison between the variables was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test, the change within each group was performed with a Wilcoxon-designated range test. A P-value <0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four feet (79 patients) were evaluated. The median age at initial treatment was 7 months (IQR, 15; min-max, 1 to 53 mo). The mean follow-up was 49 months (IQR, 42; min-max, 12 to 132 mo). A median of 5 casts (IQR, 5; min-max, 3 to 13) was required for correction. Percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon was performed in 96% of the feet. One hundred twenty-two feet (98%) were initially corrected; 2 feet could not be corrected and required a posteromedial release. The Pirani score improved significantly from a pretreatment mean of 6 points (IQR, 1; min-max, 4.5 to 6) to 0.5 (IQR, 0.5; min-max, 0 to 2.5) at the last follow-up (P <0.001). Seven feet (6%) presented minor complications related to casting. Relapses occurred in 29.8% (37/124). In this subgroup, the number of casts required at initial treatment was higher (6; IQR, 5; min-max, 1 to 12 vs. 4 IQR, 4; min-max, 1 to 13; P<0.001), and follow-up was significantly longer (62 mo; IQR, 58; min-max, 28 to 132 vs. 37 mo; IQR, 48, min-max, 7 to 115; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ponseti method is safe and effective for the correction of complex clubfeet. Early diagnosis and strict adherence to the Ponseti principles are key to achieve deformity correction. Patients with complex clubfoot require frequent follow-up because of a higher recurrence rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-therapeutic study.

Recomendaciones para el seguimiento de niños con asimetría en la longitud de los miembros inferiores: consenso de expertos / Recommendations for the follow-up of children with leg length discrepancy: expert consensus

La asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores es una afección en la cual la longitud de una pierna difiere de la contralateral, motivo de consulta frecuente en el consultorio del pediatra y del ortopedista infantil. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue desarrollar recomendaciones de seguimiento, planificación prequirúrgica y tratamiento de niños con asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores mediante el consenso de expertos. Material y métodos. Se utilizó el método Delphi. Un grupo coordinador seleccionó el panel de expertos, diseñó y analizó cada una de las rondas de consulta. Los cuestionarios semiestructurados fueron enviados por correo electrónico en forma personalizada. Se estableció como criterio de consenso un acuerdo entre los expertos > 80 %. En cada una de las rondas, se reformularon los aspectos no consensuados y se agregaron nuevos sugeridos en la ronda anterior. Se consideró como medida de estabilidad para concluir la consulta cuando más del 70 % de los expertos no modificó su opinión en rondas sucesivas. Resultados. Participaron del consenso 8 expertos en ortopedia y 6 en diagnóstico por imágenes. Luego de 3 rondas de consulta, se logró el consenso en 39 recomendaciones referentes a seguimiento, planificación prequirúrgica y tratamiento. Fueron reagrupadas en 32 recomendaciones finales. Conclusiones. Estas son las primeras recomendaciones para el seguimiento de niños con asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores mediante el consenso de expertos.

Leg length discrepancy is when the length of one leg is different from the other, and is a common reason for consultation at the pediatrician's and pediatric orthopedist's office. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for the follow-up, pre-surgical planning, and treatment of children with leg length discrepancy based on expert consensus. Material and methods. The Delphi method was used. A coordinating group selected a panel of experts, designed and analyzed each of the rounds of consultations. Semistructured questionnaires were sent by personalized e-mail. Agreement among experts ≥ 80 % was established as the criterion for consensus. At each round of consultation, non-consensual aspects were reformulated and new aspects suggested in the previous round were included. A measure of stability to conclude the consultation was determined when more than 70 % of experts sustained their opinion in successive rounds. Results. Eight experts in orthopedics and six experts in imaging studies participated. After three rounds of consultations, consensus was reached in terms of 39 recommendations for follow-up, pre-surgical planning, and treatment. These were reorganized into 32 final recommendations. Conclusions. These are the first recommendations for the follow-up of children with leg length discrepancy agreed by expert consensus.

Recommendations for the follow-up of children with leg length discrepancy: expert consensus. / Recomendaciones para el seguimiento de niños con asimetría en la longitud de los miembros inferiores: consenso de expertos.

INTRODUCTION: Leg length discrepancy is when the length of one leg is different from the other, and is a common reason for consultation at the pediatrician's and pediatric orthopedist's office. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for the follow-up, pre-surgical planning, and treatment of children with leg length discrepancy based on expert consensus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Delphi method was used. A coordinating group selected a panel of experts, designed and analyzed each of the rounds of consultations. Semistructured questionnaires were sent by personalized e-mail. Agreement among experts > 80 % was established as the criterion for consensus. At each round of consultation, non-consensual aspects were reformulated and new aspects suggested in the previous round were included. A measure of stability to conclude the consultation was determined when more than 70 % of experts sustained their opinion in successive rounds. RESULTS: Eight experts in orthopedics and six experts in imaging studies participated. After three rounds of consultations, consensus was reached in terms of 39 recommendations for follow-up, pre-surgical planning, and treatment. These were reorganized into 32 final recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first recommendations for the follow-up of children with leg length discrepancy agreed by expert consensus.

La asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores es una afección en la cual la longitud de una pierna difiere de la contralateral, motivo de consulta frecuente en el consultorio del pediatra y del ortopedista infantil. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue desarrollar recomendaciones de seguimiento, planificación prequirúrgica y tratamiento de niños con asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores mediante el consenso de expertos. Material y métodos. Se utilizó el método Delphi. Un grupo coordinador seleccionó el panel de expertos, diseñó y analizó cada una de las rondas de consulta. Los cuestionarios semiestructurados fueron enviados por correo electrónico en forma personalizada. Se estableció como criterio de consenso un acuerdo entre los expertos > 80 %. En cada una de las rondas, se reformularon los aspectos no consensuados y se agregaron nuevos sugeridos en la ronda anterior. Se consideró como medida de estabilidad para concluir la consulta cuando más del 70 % de los expertos no modificó su opinión en rondas sucesivas. Resultados. Participaron del consenso 8 expertos en ortopedia y 6 en diagnóstico por imágenes. Luego de 3 rondas de consulta, se logró el consenso en 39 recomendaciones referentes a seguimiento, planificación prequirúrgica y tratamiento. Fueron reagrupadas en 32 recomendaciones finales. Conclusiones. Estas son las primeras recomendaciones para el seguimiento de niños con asimetría de la longitud de los miembros inferiores mediante el consenso de expertos.

Treatment of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis With the Modified Dunn Procedure: A Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of moderate to severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is controversial. Over the last years, 3 institutions in Argentina adopted the modified Dunn procedure for capital realignment in selected cases of SCFE. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and the rate of complications of patients who had undergone surgical hip dislocation and capital realignment. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients who received the modified Dunn procedure from January 2009 to 2013 was performed. Data concerning clinical features, surgical technique, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications were obtained from all available medical records. The operative results were evaluated on clinical and radiographic criteria. RESULTS: Twenty patients (21 hips) with a mean of 40.4 months (range, 12 to 84 mo) of follow-up were evaluated. The average Harris Hip score was 76.3 points (range, 40 to 100 points). Seven patients had excellent results, 6 good, 2 fair, and 5 poor. Mean slip angle improved from a preoperative value of 59.1±11.2 degrees to 5.4±2.5 degrees (P=0.001). The mean postoperative alpha angle and neck-shaft angle were 40.8±2 degrees and 131±9.9 degrees, respectively. One patient had a superficial infection that was resolved with oral antibiotics. Six patients had complete osteonecrosis with severe involvement and 4 partial femoral head necrosis with minimal deformity. No patients developed chondrolysis, infection, deep venous thrombosis, heterotopic ossification, nonunion, or nerve palsies. DISCUSSION: Modified Dunn procedure for treating hip SCFE is a technically demanding surgery with wide variations in the reported outcomes. Although in this series 65% of patients had good or excellent functional results, a high rate of complications was observed. This may be related, among other factors, to the learning curve of the procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic study.

Fat Graft and Bone Wax Interposition Provides Better Functional Outcomes and Lower Reossification Rates Than Extensor Digitorum Brevis After Calcaneonavicular Coalition Resection.

BACKGROUND: Calcaneonavicular coalitions are the most common form of tarsal coalitions. The prefered treatment for symptomatic coalitions is surgical resection; however, there are no published studies that directly compare different interposition techniques. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively compare pain relief, functional outcomes, and complications of children and adolescents who had a resection of a symptomatic calcaneonavicular coalition with interposition of fat graft, bone wax, or extensor digitorum brevis (EDB). METHODS: In total, 48 patients (56 ft) underwent calcaneonavicular coalition resection-interposition at 3 institutions from July 2008 to July 2015. There were 23 feet in group 1 (fat graft), 18 feet in group 2 (bone wax), and 15 feet in group 3 (EDB). Patient demographic characteristics were similar between all groups for age, sex, coalition type, and symptoms onset. Data concerning clinical and radiographic features, surgical technique, and postoperative complications were obtained from all available medical records. Radiographs were evaluated at last follow-up to determine coalition regrowth. Preoperative and postoperative pain was assessed with the visual analog scale, and function was assessed with use of the American-Orthopaedic-Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. RESULTS: Pain improved to an average of 0.5 in the first group (range, 0 to 6), 0 in group 2, and 1.7 in group 3 (range, 0 to 5) (P=0.033). The average AOFAS score improved from 59 (range, 33 to 71 points) to 98 points (range, 62 to 100 points) in the fat graft group, from 50 (range, 34 to 62 points) to 98 points (range, 88 to 100 points) in the bone wax group, and from 48 (range, 30 to 60 points) to 75 points (range, 70 to 95 points) in the EDB group (P<0.001). Eight feet had regrowth of the coalition on the postoperative radiographs: 1 in group 1 (4%), 1 in group 2 (6%), and 6 in group 3 (40%) (P=0.004). Five feet from the third group developed progressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, autogenous fat graft and bone wax interposition techniques provided better pain relief, gave better functional scores, and avoided more effectively coalition reossification than EDB technique. Further studies are required to evaluate safety of bone wax as an interposition material. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-therapeutic.

Surgical Reconstruction for Talocalcaneal Coalitions With Severe Hindfoot Valgus Deformity.

INTRODUCTION: Coalition resection can restore motion, and improve pain in patients with talocalcaneal coalitions (TCCs) and an aligned foot. However, there is some debate regarding appropriate treatment of patients with associated valgus deformity. The purpose of this study was to present the outcomes and complications following surgical reconstruction, with or without coalition resection, in a series of patients with TCC and severe hindfoot valgus. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients (14 feet) were evaluated. Eleven patients were male. Mean age was 14 years. Mean follow-up was 43.8 months. Seven patients (8 feet) underwent simultaneous resection of the coalition and reconstruction, and 6 patients (6 feet) isolated reconstruction. The talar-first metatarsal angle, the talar-horizontal angle, and calcaneal pitch were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Clinical evaluation was made according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score. RESULTS: All radiographic values improved significantly and were within the normal ranges postoperatively. The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score had improved from 45 to 98 points (P<0.001) in the group of simultaneous resection and reconstruction, and from 60 to 92.3 points (P=0.002) in the group of isolated reconstruction. All patients were asymptomatic at the last follow-up and were satisfied with the procedure. DISCUSSION: Surgical reconstruction with or without coalition resection can achieve significant functional and radiographic improvements, and symptoms relief in selected patients with TCCs and severe valgus deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic study.

Seudoartrosis congénita de antebrazo asociada a luxación de radio proximal: tratamiento quirúrgico mediante antebrazo de un solo hueso / Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis associated with dislocation of the radial head: surgical treatment with one-bone forearm

La seudoartrosis congénita de antebrazo es una entidad clínica rara que se asocia a habitualmente a neurofibromatosis de tipo 1. La lesión de ambos huesos del antebrazo asociada con luxación de la cabeza del radio es extremadamente inusual. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 8 años con neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 y seudoartrosis de ambos huesos del antebrazo asociada a luxación de la cabeza del radio, que fue sometida a resección del cúbito distal, escisión amplia de la seudoartrosis y reconstrucción mediante antebrazo de un hueso con placa. La primera cirugía fracasó y fue necesaria una revisión con retiro del implante, injerto óseo autólogo y fijación con enclavado endomedular. Tras la segunda cirugía, la niña tenía un antebrazo de un hueso estable, con un acortamiento de 7 cm. En el último control, 4 años después, no tiene síntomas y utiliza el miembro superior con una mínima limitación de la flexo-extensión de la muñeca. La reconstrucción mediante antebrazo de un hueso es una opción razonable para la seudoartrosis de ambos huesos del antebrazo con luxación de la cabeza radial en niños. El procedimiento de salvataje produce un miembro superior estable, con una función satisfactoria de la muñeca y el codo.

Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis is a rare clinical entity which is often linked with neurofibromatosis type 1. Involvement of both bones associated with dislocation of the radial head is extremely rare, and few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a case of an 8-year-old girl with neurofibromatosis type 1 and pseudarthrosis of both forearm bones associated with dislocation of the radial head. She underwent resection of the distal ulna, excision of the pseudarthrosis, and a one-bone forearm procedure fixed with a plate. The first surgery failed to achieve bone union, and she required revision with bone grafting, plate removal, and intramedullary nailing. After the second surgery, she had a stable forearm that was shortened approximately 7 cm. At the last follow-up, 4 years postoperatively, the patient is asymptomatic, and has a mild limitation of wrist flexion-extension. The one-bone forearm is a reasonable option for forearm pseudarthrosis with radial head dislocation in children. This salvage procedure produces a stable upper limb with a satisfactory wrist and elbow function.

Displasia fibrocartilaginosa focal de femur. Un caso de correccion espontanea / Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of the femur. A case with spontaneous resolution

La displasia fibrocartilaginosa focal es una enfermedad rara que genera una deformidad localizada en los huesos largos de los niños. Algunos autores recomiendan la cirugía como tratamiento inicial. El objetivo de este trabajo es comunicar un caso de displasia fibrocartilaginosa en el fémur que tuvo una resolución espontánea y revisar la bibliografía. Se comunica el caso de una niña de 2 meses de edad con deformidad en varo del fémur izquierdo y discrepancia de longitud de los miembros inferiores. La radiografía mostró una imagen en la diáfisis femoral radiolúcida de bordes escleróticos y deformidad en varo de 30º. En un período de 22 meses, se observó la corrección espontánea completa de la deformidad. Se han publicado 20 casos de localización femoral, 17 tratados con cirugía y tres, con corrección espontánea. Se aconseja mantener una conducta expectante durante un período más prolongado que el recomendado en la literatura para evitar procedimientos invasivos innecesarios.

Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is a condition of unknown etiology associated with long bone deformities in children. Some authors recommend surgery as the initial treatment. The aim of this paper is to report a case of focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of the femur with spontaneous resolution and to review the literature. A case of a 2-month-old girl with varus deformity of the left femur and leg length discrepancy is reported. Radiographs showed a radiolucent area with marginal sclerosis and a varus deformity of 30º. Over a period of 22 months, complete spontaneous correction of the deformity was noticed. Twenty cases of femoral focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia have been reported in the literature, 17 were treated surgically, three showed spontaneous correction. Patients should be monitored during a period longer than that recommended to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

Fracturas fisarias Salter-Harris VI de tobillo y pie / Salter-Harris VI fractures of the foot and ankle

Introducción: Las fracturas Salter-Harris VI son lesiones cuya característica es la ablación del anillo pericondral. Son infrecuentes, pero potencialmente devastadoras. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el mecanismo, el tratamiento y los resultados funcionales de estas lesiones en pie y tobillo. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes con lesiones Salter-Harris VI de tobillo y pie, tratadas entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2013. Se documentaron datos demográficos, clasificación, mecanismo de lesión, tipo de lesiones asociadas y número de cirugías necesarias. La evaluación funcional se realizó con el puntaje de la AOFAS y se tomaron radiografías para determinar viabilidad de la fisis, acortamiento o deformidad angular. Resultados: Se analizaron 5 fracturas (4 pacientes). La edad promedio fue de 7.5 años (rango 6-10 años). El seguimiento promedio fue de 26.2 meses. Tres lesiones se produjeron por accidentes de moto y 2, por auto versus peatón. Todos los casos se acompañaron de pérdida de sustancia, el 75% tenía lesiones en más de un hueso y el 50%, lesiones tendinosas asociadas. Cada paciente requirió un promedio de 3,2 cirugías. El puntaje de la AOFAS promedio fue de 79.8 (rango 62-100). Sólo el 40% de las fisis afectadas permanecían viables al último control. Conclusiones: Las fracturas Salter-Harris VI se acompañan de una gran variedad de lesiones asociadas, requieren múltiples cirugías, suelen producir un cierre precoz de la fisis y algún grado de discapacidad. Se requieren medidas preventivas para evitar la exposición de los niños a este tipo de lesiones. Nivel de evidencia: IV - Serie de casos.

Background: Salter-Harris VI fractures (SHVI) are injuries in which part of the physis is missing. They are rare in children but potentially devastating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of production, treatment, and functional outcomes of these injuries in the foot and ankle. Methods: All patients with foot and ankle SHVI injuries treated between January 2010 and January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, classification, mechanism of injury, type and number of associated injuries that required surgery were documented. Patients were assessed functionally with the AOFAS score and a radiological evaluation was performed to determine the viability of the physis, limb length discrepancies or angular deformities. Results: Five fractures in 4 patients were analyzed. The average age at injury was 7.5 years (range 6-10 years). Mean follow-up was 26.2 months (range 12-37 months). Three injuries occurred as a result of motorcycle accidents, and 2 in a car accident. All were associated with soft-tissue injuries, 75% had more than one injured bone and 50% had tendon lesions. Each patient required an average of 3.2 surgeries (range 2-5). The average AOFAS was 79.8 points (range 62-100). Radiographically, only 40% of the affected physis remained viable at last follow-up. Conclusions: SHVI fractures are associated with several injuries, require multiple surgeries and often result in premature growth arrest and some degree of disability. Prevention measures are required to avoid the exposure of children to this type of injury.

Guided growth with the tension band plate construct: a prospective comparison of 2 methods of implant placement.

INTRODUCTION: Since its introduction in 2007, the use of 8-plates has gained great popularity for the correction of diverse deformities in skeletally immature patients. In this study, we evaluate 2 different techniques of implant placement. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients with indication of guided growth around the knee (femur or tibia) were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided in 2 groups, with 8-plate inserted using technique as described by Stevens (group A) versus technique modified from Paley (group B). We analyzed operative time, radiation exposure, incision size, and intraoperative complications. Comparisons between groups were performed with a Mann-Whitney test. A 2-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 31 procedures in 18 patients (16 in group A and 15 in group B). Age and sex was similar in both groups (P=0.470 and 0.720). Operative time and radiation exposure was significantly lower in group B: 20 minutes (range, 11.37 to 29.30 min) versus 13.09 minutes (range, 9.31 to 25 min) (P 0.009), and 0.30 µGy (range, 0.10 to 1.30 µGy) versus 0.10 µGy (range, 0.00 to 0.70 µGy) (P=0.013), respectively. The incision size was also smaller in group B: 27 mm (range, 23 to 29 mm) versus 23 mm (range, 18 to 24 mm) (P=0.05). There were no intraoperative complications in any of the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Modified technique for 8-plate placement seems to reduce operative time, radiation exposure, and incision size for guided growth around the knee. STUDY DESIGN: Level of evidence II-prospective randomized study.

Crecimiento guiado con placas en 8 para corregir deformidades angulares en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros / Eight-plate guided growth for angular deformity correction in skeletally inmature patients

La modulación del crecimiento permite corregir deformidades en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros. Se propuso el empleo de un nuevo implante con ventajas respecto de sus antecesores. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los resultados radiográficos y las complicaciones de una serie consecutiva de pacientes tratados con este método. Materiales y Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros con deformidades angulares sometidos a cirugía de realineación de miembros inferiores (rodilla o tobillo) mediante crecimiento guiado con placas en 8 (eight-plate) entre enero de 2009 y julio de 2013. Se evaluaron los datos demográficos, los cambios radiográficos y la tasa de complicaciones. Todos fueron intervenidos en la misma institución, por tres ortopedistas infantiles. Resultados: Se evaluaron 27 pacientes (47 fisis), 12 niños y 15 niñas. Se trataron 38 deformidades en valgo y nueve en varo. De las 47 fisis tratadas, 33 fueron en fémur distal; 12, en tibia proximal y dos, en tibia distal. La edad promedio al momento del procedimiento fue de 11.8 ± 1.36 años (rango 8-14). El tiempo promedio entre la colocación y el retiro fue de 10.6 ± 3 meses (rango 7-26). En todos los pacientes, menos en uno, se lograron ángulos de medición normales en relación con el eje mecánico de carga. Hubo seis complicaciones posoperatorias, dos requirieron una nueva intervención (un efecto rebote y una migración del implante). Conclusión: El empleo de placas en 8 para corregir deformidades angulares en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros es un método eficaz con una baja tasa de complicaciones. Nivel de Evidencia: IV...

Growth modulation allows correction of deformities in skeletally immature patients. A new implant (eightplate) that presents some advantages compared to its predecessors has been proposed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiographic results and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients treated with this method. Methods: The medical records of skeletally immature patients operated on to correct angular deformities of the lower extremities with eigth-plate guided growth between January 2009 and July 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, radiographic angular deformity correction and complication rate were evaluated. Results: Twenty seven patients (12 boys and 15 girls; 47 physes) were evaluated. Thirty eight valgus deformities and nine varus deformities were treated. Of 47 physis, 33 were in the distal femur, 12 in the proximal tibia and 2 in the distal tibia. Age at the time of surgery averaged 11.8 ± 1.36 years (range 8-14). The average time between placement and removal of the implant was 10.6 ± 3 months (range 7-26). All patients except one achieved complete correction of the deformity. There were 6 postoperative complications, and two required reintervention (a rebound and one implant migration). Conclusion: The use of plates in 8 for correction of angular deformities in skeletally immature patients is an effective method with a low complication rate. Level of Evidence: IV...

Percutaneous trigger thumb release in children: neither effective nor safe.

BACKGROUND: Although percutaneous trigger thumb release has been extensively used in adults, the technique is not widespread in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous trigger thumb release in the pediatric age group. METHODS: Twenty consecutive thumbs of 15 patients scheduled for surgical release of the A1 pulley were included in this cohort. Each patient received first the percutaneous release (PR) followed by an open release (OR) and served as self-controls. Thumb extension was assessed immediately before PR, after PR, and finally after OR, using a goniometer. Extent of the A1 pulley release, iatrogenic injury to the digital nerve and vessels, and flexor tendon laceration was assessed after PR. The distance between the PR and the digital nerve was measured in millimeters. Comparison between thumb extension after PR and OR was made using a paired t test. RESULTS: Preoperative range of motion averaged -45.2 ± 21.7 degrees loss of extension (range, -80 to -10 degrees), decreased to -4 ± 8 degrees loss of extension (range, -25 to 0 degrees) after PR, and to 0 degrees after OR. Clinically, release was complete in 14 cases (70%) and partial in 6 cases (30%). Once the thumb was approached, we confirmed that A1 pulley was completely cut in 4 cases (20%), to >75% in 2 cases (10%), and between 50% and 75% in the remaining 14 cases (70%). There were no neurovascular iatrogenic injuries. Mean distance between the needle and the digital nerve was 2.45 ± 0.9 mm (range, 1 to 4 mm). Lacerations to the flexor tendons were observed in 80% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: We do not recommend PR in the pediatric thumb given the risk of neurovascular iatrogenic injury or incomplete A1 pulley release. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II therapeutic study-prospective comparative study.

Crecimiento longitudinal posnatal del primer metatarsiano / Longitudinal postnatal growth of the first metatarsal bone

Introducción: Si bien el crecimiento prenatal y posnatal del pie ha sido documentado hace varios años, el crecimiento longitudinal del primer metatarsiano en particular, no ha sido estudiado previamente. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el patrón de crecimiento longitudinal posnatal de este hueso y compararlo con el del pie y los huesos largos del miembro inferior. Materiales y Métodos: Mediante una búsqueda informatizada, se identificaron pacientes <18 años de edad con radiografías informadas como “normal” por el radiólogo. Se analizó una muestra de 886 pacientes divididos en 18 grupos según la edad (0-11 meses, 1 año, 2 años, etc.) y el sexo. El análisis de las imágenes se realizó con un software de imágenes Kodak Carestream PACS. Resultados: El largo promedio en el primer grupo fue de 19,91 mm (3,20; 15,22-25,62). El largo promedio en el último grupo fue de 66,13 mm (5,33; 52,50-77,18). La tasa de crecimiento anual fue de 2,71 mm. La edad promedio al momento del cierre de la fisis fue de 14.85 años (± 1.64) para los varones y 14.77 años (± 3.63) para las niñas. Conclusión: El crecimiento del primer metatarsiano acompaña el crecimiento longitudinal del pie, pero no el de los huesos largos del miembro inferior. Las curvas de crecimiento del primer metatarsiano descritas en este artículo pueden ser aplicadas en patologías que afectan el desarrollo del pie o que requieren cirugía de corrección sobre el primer metatarsiano, o se las puede emplear como estándar de referencia en futuros estudios. Nivel de Evidencia: III.

Background: While prenatal and postnatal growth of the foot has been documented several years ago, longitudinal growth of the first metatarsal has not been previously evaluated. The aim of the study is to determine the postnatal longitudinal growth pattern of this bone and compare it with the foot and lower limb long bones. Methods: Through a computerized image search, we identified patients <18 years old with radiographs reported as “normal” by the radiologist. A sample of 886 patients was divided into 18 groups according to age (0-11 months, 1 year, 2 years, etc.) and sex. Analysis was performed using Kodak Carestream imaging software PACS. Results: The average length in the first group was 19.91 mm (3.20, 15.22-25.62). The average length in the last group was 66.13 mm (5.33, 52.50-77.18). Annual growth rate was 2.71 mm. The average age at the time of physeal closure was 14.85 years (± 1.64) for boys and 14.77 years (± 3.63) for girls. Conclusion: Longitudinal growth of the first metatarsal mimics the growth of foot but not that of the long bones of the lower limb. Growth curves described in this article can be applied to conditions that affect foot development or require corrective surgery on the first metatarsal, as well as a standard reference in future studies. Level of Evidence: III.

Precisión de la resonancia magnética para la medición de la distancia TT-TG en adolescentes / MRI measurement of the TT-TG distance in adolescents

Introducción: La distancia TT-TG representa la medición radiográfica del vector del cuádriceps. Se utiliza en pacientes con patología patelofemoral y se obtiene generalmente con tomografía computada (TAC). Objetivos: 1) Correlacionar las mediciones de la distancia TT-TG realizadas con tomografía computada (TAC) y Resonancia Magnética (RMN). 2) Analizar la variabilidad inter e intraobservador en un grupo de pacientes adolescentes evaluados con RMN. Métodos: 15 pacientes (edad media, 16,7 años) con diagnóstico de inestabilidad patelofemoral fueron evaluados con TAC y RMN. Usando el software PACS se midió la distancia TT-TG con ambos métodos y correlacionamos los resultados. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. En un segundo grupo de 50 pacientes (edad media, 16 años), tres observadores evaluaron de manera independiente, una serie de 50 Resonancias Magnéticas. Se utilizó un modelo ANOVA de efectos mixtos para calcular los coeficientes de correlación. Este procedimiento se aplicó a los tres observadores (variabilidad inter-observador) y a la prueba­reprueba (variabilidad intra-observador). Un valor p <0.05 a dos colas se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Existe una excelente correlación de la distancia TT-TG medida por TAC y RMN (0,984, p <0,001), y una excelente reproducibilidad inter e intraobservador en las mediciones por RMN (0.94 p<0.001, CI 95 por ciento: 0.91-0.97 y 0.96 p<0.001, CI 95 por ciento: 0.93-0.98 respectivamente). Conclusiones: La medición de la distancia TT-TG por RMN es un método fiable y reproducible para la evaluación de alineación distal del aparato extensor en adolescentes. Tipo de Estudio: Diagnóstico. Nivel de evidencia: III.

Experiencia inicial con la luxación controlada de cadera / Initial experience with surgical hip dislocation

Introducción: La luxación controlada de cadera es un abordaje quirúrgico que permite una amplia visualización del acetábulo, la cabeza y el cuello femoral. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir los resultados funcionales y las complicaciones obtenidos en nuestra institución. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 16 caderas (13 pacientes) intervenidas entre enero de 2003 y enero de 2010. El promedio de edad fue de 31 años (r 11 a 55 años). La cirugía se indicó en los pacientes con pellizcamiento femoroacetabular (4), coxa profunda (4), epifisiólisis de cadera (5), condromatosis sinovial (1), lesión condral (1), necrosis focal de la cabeza femoral (1). Se analizaron los datos clínicos y radiográficos prequirúrgicos y posquirúrgicos. Resultados: Tres pacientes requirieron reemplazo total de cadera (RTC), uno por necrosis avascular (NAV) y dos por progresión de los síntomas. Siete pacientes presentaron buenos a excelentes resultados, dos regulares y cuatro pobres. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones mayores (NAV); dos de ellos fueron secuela de una epifisiólisis inestable severa. Las complicaciones menores fueron molestias en el trocánter mayor (2) y el aflojamiento de la osteosíntesis (1). Seis pacientes requirieron cirugías adicionales. Conclusiones: La luxación controlada de cadera, en nuestra experiencia inicial, mostró ser un abordaje demandante que requiere un minucioso conocimiento anatómico y una exacta selección de los pacientes, no exento de complicaciones mayores