Bioimpedância em doenças infecciosas: revisão crítica / Bioimpedance in infectious diseases: critical review

Objetivo: verificar se o ângulo de fase, obtido por bioimpedância elétrica, pode ser utilizado como indicador prognóstico em doenças infecciosas e em quais dessas doenças seu uso está adequadamente embasado pela literatura científica. Métodos: revisão integrativa realizada por meio das bases de dados, como google acadêmico, na BVS Brasil, nas bases SciELO, LILACS e Pubmed, utilizando o termo para busca (bioimpedância e doenças infectocontagiosas e bioimpedância) AND (bioimpedance and infectious diseases OR bioimpedance). A seleção dos estudos foi feita, considerando artigos originais completos disponíveis on-line, em inglês, espanhol e português, publicados entre 2007 e 2021. Resultados: todos os estudos considerados (793) foram realizados em adultos com doença infecciosa. Destes 28 (3,5%) foram separados para leitura aprofundada sobre o perfil metodológico, e apenas quatro (0,50%) do total de artigos consideraram o ângulo de fase como índice prognóstico para doenças infeciosas, ambos em pacientes HIV + hospitalizados. Conclusão: A bioimpedância vem sendo considerada como instrumento de avaliação de estado nutricional em pacientes com doenças infecciosas. Mas o uso do ângulo de fase vem sendo pouco estudado como índice prognóstico para essa população, não podendo ser considerado adequadamente embasado para uso clínico na população com doença infecciosa, o que suscita maior atenção a esta população e a necessidade de maior investigação científica.

Objective: to verify if the phase angle obtained by electrical bioimpedance can be used as a prognostic indicator in infectious diseases and in which infectious diseases its use is adequately supported by scientific literature. Methods: integrative review conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, BVS Brazil, SciELO, LILACS and Pubmed, using the search term (bioimpedance and infectious diseases and bioimpedance) AND (bioimpedance and infectious diseases OR bioimpedance). The selection of studies was made considering complete original articles available online, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published between 2007 and 2021. Results: all studies considered (793) were carried out in adults with infectious disease. Of these, 28 (3.5%) were separated for in-depth reading on the methodological profile, and only four (0.50%) of the total articles considered the phase angle as a prognostic index for infectious diseases, both in hospitalized HIV + patients. Conclusion: Bioimpedance has been considered as an instrument to assess nutritional status in patients with infectious diseases. However, the use of the phase angle has been little studied as a prognostic index for this population, and cannot be considered adequately substantiated for clinical use in the population with infectious disease, which raises more attention to this population and the need for further scientific investigation.

Iron intake is positively associated with viral load in antiretroviral naïve Brazilian men living with HIV.

BACKGROUND: Iron homeostasis contribute for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the iron intake pattern in antiretroviral naïve Brazilian men living with HIV correlating with clinical and nutritional parameters. METHODS: The iron consumption mean was estimated according to a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a 3-day food record (3dFR) submitted to the patients. HIV viral load, CD4+ T cell counts, serum iron, haematological and anthropometrics parameters were recorded. FINDINGS: Fifty-one HIV-infected adult men naïve for antiretroviral therapy (ART) were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 35 (SEM ± 1.28) years old, with mean time of HIV-1 infection of 1.78 (0-16.36, min-max) years. Majority (41.18%) had complete secondary, and 21.57% had tertiary educational level. The income was around 1x (54.90%) to 2x (41.18%) minimum wage. Fifty-four percent showed normal weight, while 40% were overweight. The patients showed normal mean values of haematological parameters, and mean serum iron was 14.40 µM (SEM ± 0.83). The FFQ showed moderate correlation with the 3dFR (ρ = 0.5436, p = 0.0009), and the mean values of iron intake were 10.55(± 0.92) mg/day, recorded by FFQ, and 15.75(± 1.51) mg/day, recorded by 3dFR. The iron intake, recorded by FFQ, negatively correlated with serum iron (ρ = -0.3448, p = 0.0132), and did not have influence in the CD4+ T cell counts [e.B 0.99 (0.97-1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI), p = 0.2]. However, the iron intake showed a positive effect in HIV viral load [e.B 1.12 (1.02-1.25, 95%CI), p < 0.01]. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This study draws attention for the importance of iron intake nutritional counseling in people living with HIV. However, more studies are required to clarify the association between high iron intake and HIV infection and outcome.

Nutritional status of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 patients: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The nutritional status of people with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection has been poorly described because it involves a neglected disease. The few studies that have been conducted mostly involve people with neurologic consequences and the possible clinical evolutions of the disease. The aim of this study was to describe the nutritional status of patients with HTLV-1, including those with associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and to evaluate food security in these patients. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in people with HTLV-1 admitted to a referral hospital. We collected data from 17 medical records, including anthropometric data (i.e., body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and mid-arm muscle circumference), laboratory test results (i.e., haemoglobin, haematocrit, albumin, globulin, iron fixation capacity, and iron), the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) method, and food security (Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale) data. The data were analysed using the R-project software. To evaluate possible associations between the outcomes and predictors (age at hospitalisation, food security, presence of children <18 years of age living in the household, income, schooling, ANSG, BMI, difference between ideal weight and hospitalisation, TSF, MUAC ICU days, hospitalisation outcome, rehospitalisation in the first year after discharge, interval between readmissions, death, associated conditions, constipation upon admission), we used Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Fisher's exact, chi-square tests with continuity correction, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Hypothesis tests were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57 (52-60) years. The patients were predominantly women (59%) and had an income lower than the local minimum wage with at least 6 years of schooling (52.3%). Only 18.2% of patients were eutrophic according to their BMI and 23.5% of patients were malnourished based on the SGA method. Patients predominantly had food security (64.7%) and good intestinal functions (64.7%) during their hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Despite having a limited number of patients in this study, HTLV-1 patients admitted to hospital are at high risk of malnutrition based on the scores from the SGA method.

Desnutrição e Qualidade de Vida em Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS / Malnutrition and Quality of Life in People Living with HIV/AIDS

Objetivo: explorar a associação entre o estado nutricional e os aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA) em tratamento antirretroviral. Materiais e Métodos: estudo seccional com uma amostra de 83 pacientes selecionada nos ambulatórios de doenças infecciosas de um instituto de referência para tratamento do HIV/AIDS. Os participantes foram avaliados quanto ao estado nutricional (avaliação nutricional subjetiva global - ANSG) e aos aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida (questionário Item Short-Form Health Survey -SF-36) por uma fisioterapeuta treinada da equipe multidisciplinar de terapia nutricional. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa e todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Resultados: A maioria era do sexo masculino (56,6%), tinha concluído o ensino médio (54,2%), era ativo profissionalmente (54,2%), e ganhava pelo menos um salário mínimo (92,8%). Um terço da amostra tinha desnutrição leve ou moderada, e relatou presença de algum sintoma gastrintestinal. Grande parte dos pacientes apresentava perda de tecido adiposo (65%) e de massa muscular (34,9%) e 40,9% tinham deficiência funcional relacionada ao estado nutricional. Os pacientes classificados como desnutridos, tiveram piores resultados com relação aos componentes da ANSG e menores escores nos domínios da qualidade de vida (capacidade funcional, vitalidade, e limitação por aspectos físicos, emocionais e sociais). Conclusão: A desnutrição parece interferir negativamente na qualidade de vida de PVHA, e o uso de um instrumento de triagem rápida do estado nutricional, como a ANSG, por uma equipe interdisciplinar pode identificar precocemente pacientes que precisam de rápida intervenção nutricional. (AU)

Objective: To explore the association between nutritional status and aspects related to quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) under antiretroviral treatment. Material and Methods: This was a crosssectional study with a convenience sample of 83 adults. Subjects were randomly selected at the infectious diseases outpatient's clinics at a reference institute for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Nutritional status (subjective global assessment - SGA) and issues relating to quality of life (questionnaire Short-Form Health Survey Item -SF-36) were assessed by a trained physiotherapist of the nutritional therapy multidisciplinary team. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and all participants signed an informed consent form. Results: Most study subjects were males (56.6%), had completed high school (54.2%), were professionally active (54.2%), with an income of at least one minimum wage (92.8%). A third of the sample had mild or moderate malnutrition and reported presence of some gastrointestinal symptoms. Most patients showed loss of subcutaneous fat (65%) and muscle mass (34.9%), and 40.9% of them had functional impairment related to nutritional status. As expected, patients classified as malnourished showed worse results in relation to SGA components and lower scores in some domains of quality of life (functional capacity, energy, and physical, emotional and social limitations). Conclusion: Malnutrition appears to interfere negatively on PLHA's quality of life, and the use of a rapid screening tool to assess nutritional status, such as SGA, by an interdisciplinary team can early identify patients in need of a quick nutritional intervention. (AU)

Omega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been focusing on the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on modulation of inflammatory markers in several cardiopathies. Although immunoregulatory dysfunction has been associated to the chronic cardiac involvement in Chagas disease, there is no study examining the effects of omega-3 supplementation in these patients. We investigated the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on markers of inflammation and lipid profile in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients. METHODS: The present study was a single-center double-blind clinical trial including patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Patients were randomly assigned to receive omega-3 PUFAs capsules (1.8g EPA and 1.2g DHA) or placebo (corn oil) during an 8-week period. Cytokines, fasting glucose, lipid, and anthropometric profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (23 women and 19 men) were included in the study and there were only two losses to follow-up during the 8-week period. Most of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the groups at baseline, except for the cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17α, and IFNγ. The omega-3 PUFAs group demonstrated greater improvements in serum triglycerides (-21.1 vs. -4.1; p = 0.05) and IL-10 levels (-10.6 vs. -35.7; p = 0.01) in comparison to controls after 8 weeks of intervention. No further differences were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 PUFAs supplementation may favorably affect lipid and inflammatory profile in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients, demonstrated by a decrease in triglycerides and improvements on IL-10 concentration. Further studies examining the clinical effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy are necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01863576.

Educação alimentar e nutricional para o controle de comorbidades em pessoas com doenças infecciosas / Food and nutrition education for control of comorbidities among people with infectious diseases / Educación alimentaria y nutricional para el control de comorbidades en personas con enfermedades infecciosas

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência da implantação de práticas de educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) em grupo, para melhoria de adesão às orientações nutricionais, para pessoas com doenças infecciosas. Síntese de dados: Trata-se de um relato de experiência de atividade de educação alimentar e nutricional realizada no período de abril a novembro de 2015, no Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI/ Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Doze indivíduos portadores de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, de ambos os sexos, com diagnósticos de excesso de peso e de síndrome metabólica participaram de sete oficinas temáticas mensais. Foram abordados temas relevantes para o tratamento da síndrome metabólica e do excesso de peso por meio de rodas de conversa, dinâmicas e distribuição de folhetos explicativos. Durante as oficinas, foram identificados de forma clara comportamentos alimentares que não correspondiam à orientação nutricional prévia fornecida na consulta individual e que dificultavam o controle das condições clínicas presentes na síndrome metabólica e excesso de peso. Nas oficinas, os participantes consolidaram o conhecimento sobre práticas alimentares saudáveis e, com a troca de experiência, sentiram-se mais seguros e motivados para superarem as dificuldades durante o tratamento nutricional. Conclusão: Observou-se que os participantes consolidaram seus conhecimentos e a autonomia para escolhas alimentares saudáveis e, com a troca de experiência, sentiram-se mais seguros e motivados para superarem as dificuldades durante o tratamento nutricional. Portanto, a implementação da EAN em grupo foi efetiva na melhora da adesão às orientações nutricionais, refletindo em novos relatos de práticas alimentares saudáveis.

Objective: To report the experience of implementing Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) Practices in group, for improvement of nutrition counseling acceptance among patients with infectious diseases. Data synthesis: This is an experience report of food and nutrition education activity carried out from April to November 2015 at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI/Fiocruz). Twelve individuals carrying infectious and parasitic diseases, of both genders, diagnosed with overweight and metabolic syndrome, took part in seven monthly thematic workshops. Themes of relevance to the treatment of metabolic syndrome and overweight were approached by means of group chats and dynamics, and explanatory brochure distribution. During the workshops, eating behaviors were clearly identified, which were not in conformity with the nutrition counseling provided in previous individual appointments and hampered the control of the clinical conditions experienced in metabolic syndrome and overweight. In the workshops, the participants consolidated the knowledge of healthy eating habits and, by exchanging experiences, they felt more confident and motivated to overcome the difficulties during nutrition treatment. Conclusion: It was observed that the participants consolidated their knowledge and autonomy for healthy food choices and, with the exchange of experience, they felt more confident and motivated to overcome the difficulties during the nutrition treatment. Therefore, the implementation of FNE in group was effective in improving nutrition counseling acceptance, which brings forward new reports of healthy eating practices.

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de la aplicación de prácticas de educación alimentaria y nutricional (EAN) en grupo para mejorar la adhesión de las orientaciones nutricionales en personas con enfermedades infecciosas. Síntesis de los datos: Se trata de un relato de experiencia de la actividad de educación alimentaria y nutricional realizada en el periodo entre abril y noviembre de 2015, en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas Evandro Chagas (INI / Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Doce personas com enfermidades infecciosas y parasitarias de ambos sexos y diagnostico de exceso de peso y del síndrome metabólico participaron en siete talleres temáticos mensuales. Fueron discutidos temas de interés para el tratamiento del síndrome metabólico y el sobrepeso a través de ruedas de conversación, dinámicas y distribución de folletos. Durante los talleres fueron claramente identificadas las conductas alimentarias que no correspondían con la orientación nutricional previa proporcionada en la consulta individual, lo que hace que sea difícil controlar las condiciones clínicas presentes en el síndrome metabólico y el sobrepeso. En los talleres, los participantes consolidaron el conocimiento sobre prácticas saludables de alimentación y con el intercambio de experiencias se sintieron más seguros y motivados para superar las dificultades en el tratamiento nutricional. Conclusión: Hemos observado con la aplicación del EAN en grupo, una mejora efectiva en la adhesión de las orientaciones nutricionales reflejadas en los nuevos informes de prácticas de alimentación saludables. También observamos que la frecuencia y la regularidad de la vigilancia nutricional tienen un papel crucial en el éxito del tratamiento nutricional.

Vitaminas antioxidantes na prevenção do câncer do colo uterino / Antioxidant vitamins and cervix cancer prevention

O câncer do colo uterino é a terceira neoplasia maligna mais comum nas mulheres, entretanto apresenta um dos mais altos potenciais de prevenção e cura se descoberto no início e tratado adequadamente. O principal fator etiológico para esse câncer é o Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) que induz a lesões no epitélio cervical, podendo evoluir para lesões precursoras e neoplasia invasiva. Os fatores dietéticos apresentam papel importante como cofatores no desenvolvimento da neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e consequentemente do câncer cervical.Este trabalho de revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo analisar a associação das vitaminas antioxidantes com aprevenção do câncer do colo uterino, identificando suas ações na prevenção das lesões displásicas. A oferta de vitaminas antioxidantes como A, C e E apresenta benefícios para prevenção do câncer do colo uterino, principalmente nos estágios iniciais da carcinogênese cervical. A vitamina A, através dos carotenoides, tem capacidade de inibira formação dos radicais livres, sendo também potentes moduladores da diferenciação celular, o que confere proteção para inibir o desenvolvimento do HPV. As vitaminas C e E podem evitar a formação de carcinógenos,além de aumentar a imunidade. Dessa forma, a terapêutica nutricional, baseada na utilização de nutrientesantioxidantes, pode ser uma estratégia preventiva para o câncer do colo uterino, podendo assim ampliar os conceitos da terapia oncológica atual, o que permitirá melhores resultados quanto ao controle dessa doença.

Efeito da suplementação oral de glutamina sobre a mucosa intestinal de ratos desnutridos submetidos à irradiação abdominal

A enterite induzida pela radioterapia (RT) é uma desordem da função intestinal resultante do tratamento radioterápico de tumores pélvicos e abdominais. Tem sido demonstrado que a suplementação com glutamina durante o período pré e pós radioterapia abdominal, parece prevenir as complicações da enteropatia provocada pela radioterapia. A desnutrição é muito freqüente no paciente oncológico, tem sido considerada um fator de prognóstico ruim para a sobrevida e resposta ao tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos profiláticos e terapêuticos da suplementação oral da glutamina sobre o conteúdo protéico e estrutura da mucosa intestinal em ratos adultos desnutridos submetidos à radiação. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos: C: dieta controle (23% proteína); restrição protéica (RP - 8% proteína); restrição calórica (RC - dieta controle restrita à 60% da ingestão). Após 21 dias, os animais foram subdivididos: CGlutA, RPGlutA ou RCGlutA: com suplementação oral de Glutamina (125 mg/100g/p.c) por 5 dias antes da RT; e CGlic, RPGlic ou RCGlic: com suplementação de Glicina. Os animais receberam dose única de 1000 cGy no abdômen. Após radioterapia os animais dos grupos GlutA foram subdivididos em: CGlutA+GlicP, RPGlutA+GlicP e RCGlutA+GlicP, que corresponde aos animais que receberam glutamina antes da RT e glicina após a RT e CGlutAP, RPGlutAP e RCGlutAP que corresponde aos animais que receberam glutamina antes e após RT. Os animais foram monitorizados diariamente quanto à ingestão e peso corporal. No 6° dia pós RT foram sacrificados e o jejuno retirado para análise estereológica, histopatológica e dosagem de proteínas. A suplementação com glutamina antes da radioterapia nos animais controles (CGlutA+GlicP) resultou em maiores concentrações de proteína na mucosa intestinal, aumento no número de mitoses por cripta e ausência de inflamação, porém não foram observadas alterações na área de superfície das vilosidades intestinais...

The enteritis induced by radiation therapy (XRT) is an intestinal disorder that occur as consequence of cancer abdominal irradiation. It has been demonstrated the protective role of glutamine supplemented diet before abdominal irradiation. Malnutrition is prevalent in oncologic pacients and has been considered a bad prognostic factor for treatment response. However, there are scanty data about the effects of the glutamine when the malnutrition is associated with the radiation injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of glutamine, administered orally before and after wholeabdominal radiation, on gut mucosal structure and nutritional status of adult rats. The animals four- month old were assigned to one of the following groups: control (C), diet with 23% protein; protein-restricted (PR), diet with 8% protein; energy restriction (ER), control diet restricted to 60% of ingestion. After 21 days of diet treatment, the animals from C and PR groups were randomized to a glutamine or glicine treatment 5 days before XRT in: CGlutB; PRGlutB, CGlicB; PRGlicB; CGlutB; RCGlutB, RCGlicB; RCGlicB. The glutamine or glicine were oral administered (125mg/100g body weight). All animals were subjected to a single dose of 1000 cGy x-radiation (227 cGy per minute). After radiation the groups GlutB were randomized in CGlutB+GlicA, PRGlutB+GlicA and ERGlutB+GlicA, that correspond to animals which received glutamine before XRT and glicine after XRT, and CGlutBA, PRGlutBA, ERGlutBA that correspond to animals which received glutamine before and after XRT. Body weight and food intake will be monitored daily, from beginning treatment diet. Six days after radiation the animals will be sacrificed with a lethal dose of pentobarbital and blood was obtained by cardiac puncture. The jejunum was removed and processed for histologic, stereologic evaluation and protein concentration. The control animals (CGlutB+GlicA) had higher protein concentrations in gut mucosal, higher number of mitoses per crypt and inflamation absence, but no changes in jejunal vilous area. The CGlutBA had a higher jejunal vilous area, higher number of mitoses per crypt and inflamation absence. The groups PRGlic and ERGlic, which no received glutamine, had higher protein concentrations in gut mucosal and no changes in jejunal vilous area compared to control animals, while ER group had a lower number of mitoses per crypt and higher level of inflamation...