Incidência de Streptococcus ß-Hemolítico em Gestantes do Município de Campinas, São Paulo / ß-hemolytic Streptococcus incidence in pregnant women of Campinas Municipality, São Paulo

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência de Streptococcus ß-hemolítico em gestantes e a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das pacientes colonizadas. Métodos: Para isso, foram analisadas 4.380 amostras de secreções vaginais e anais de gestantes, a partir de 35 semanas de gestação, atendidas em laboratório particular na cidade de Campinas, para detecção da presença de Streptococcus ß-hemolítico. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma prevalência de colonização nas gestantes analisadas de 12% (504/4380), sendo 293 (13%) vaginais e 211 (10%) anais. Das positivas, foi realizado o perfil de resistência bacteriana em 60 amostras, sendo 20% das amostras anais resistentes à clindamicina e 22% à eritromicina e das amostras vaginais 25% resistentes à clindamicina e 33% à eritromicina, não havendo resistência à penicilina e ampicilina. Conclusão: Diante da incidência apresentada, ressalta-se a importância da realização do rastreio da colonização transitória de estreptococos ß-hemolíticos em gestantes durante o pré-natal, associado à adequada profilaxia intraparto, para minimizar os riscos de ocorrência de sepse nos neonatos.

Objective: The aim of this study was evaluate the incidence of ß-hemolytic Streptococcus in pregnant women and antimicrobial susceptibility of colonized patients. Methods: For this, a cohort of 4,380 of pregnant women, from 35 weeks of gestation, were analyzed, samples of vaginal and anal secretion were collected in a private laboratory in the city of Campinas. Result: The prevalence of colonization was of 12% (504/4380) in pregnant women was evidenced, being 293 (13%) vaginal and 211 (10%) anal. From the positives, the bacterial resistance profile was performed in 60 samples, 20% of the clinical samples resistant to Clindamycin and 22% of Erythromycin and 25% of the vaginal samples resistant to Clindamycin and 33% to Erythromycin, without resistance to Penicillin and Ampicillin. Conclusion: We conclude that the emphasize the importance of performing the screening of ß-hemolytic Streptococcus in pregnant women during the prenatal period, associated with adequate intrapartum prophylaxis is needed.

Análise filogenética do SARS-Cov-2 na pandemia de COVID-19 de 2020 / Philogenetics analysis of SARS-Cov-2 in the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak

Objetivo ­ Realizar análise filogenética do vírus SARS-CoV-2, em comparação a outros betacoronavírus e aplicar ferramentas in sílico de análise genômica. Métodos ­ Foi realizado um estudo observacional, retrospectivo de caráter transversal no qual foram analisados sequenciamentos do genoma completo do vírus SARS-CoV-2 através do banco de dados NCBI, utilizando o termo "sars-cov-2seqs" inseridos até 25/03/2020. Foi realizado o alinhamento múltiplo de sequencias (MSA) através do programa MAFFT, o cálculo de identidade e similaridade entre os sequenciamentos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 e demais Betacoronavirus utilizando o programa IVistMSA. Foi realizada ainda, a construção da árvore filogenética pelo método neighbor joinging (NJ). Resultados ­ Foram encontradas 99 sequências completas do SARS-CoV-2 isoladas em 13 países. Os EUA foi o país com maior percentual de identidade, 99,98% com a sequência referência NC045512 isolada na China. Em comparação com o primeiro sequenciamento realizado no Brasil (MT126808), o percentual de similaridade foi de 99,90%. No entanto, pela análise da árvore filogenética o primeiro vírus isolado no Brasil apresentou estreita relação evolutiva com o vírus sequenciado na Itália, por pertencerem ao mesmo clado. Conclusão ­ O novo coronavírus demonstra rápida evolução, o que reforça a necessidade de medidas de contenção e prevenção para a desaceleração do contágio entre a população, como o uso de medidas de prevenção de contágio como uso de máscaras em locais públicos, o distanciamento social e evitar a formação de aglomerações, a fim de diminuir a incidências de novos casos e para não sobrecarregar ainda mais o sistema público de saúde

Objective ­ The aim of this study was to perform phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in comparison to other beta-coronaviruses and to apply silico genomic analysis tools. Methods ­ An observational, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in which sequences of the complete genome of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were analyzed through the NCBI database, using the term "sarscov-2seqs" uploaded until 03/25/2020. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) was performed using the MAFFT program, the identity and similarity calculation between the sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other Betacoronavirus was performed using the IVistMSA program. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joinging method (NJ). Results ­ There were 99 complete SARSCoV-2 genome sequences inserted in NCBI plataforma isolated from 13 countries. The USA was the country with the highest percentage of identity, 99.98% with the reference sequence NC045512 isolated in China. In comparison with the first sequencing performed in Brazil (MT126808), the percentage of similarity was 99.90%. However, by analyzing the phylogenetic tree, the first virus isolated in Brazil showed a close evolutionary relationship with the virus sequenced in Italy, as they belong to the same clade. Conclusion ­ The new coronavirus shows rapid evolution, which reinforces the need for containment and prevention measures to slow down contagion among the population, such as the use of contagion prevention measures such as the use of masks in public places, social distance and avoidance of formation of agglomerations, in order to reduce the incidence of new cases and not to overburden the public health system

Epstein-Barr virus induces morphological and molecular changes in thyroid neoplastic cells.

Although the evolution of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is usually indolent, some tumors grow fast, metastasize, and may be fatal. Viruses have been associated with many human tumors, especially the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which shows a high viral load in DTC. In order to evaluate the ability of the virus to cause morphological and molecular changes in neoplastic thyroid cell lines TPC-1, BCPAP, and 8505C, a viral adaptation was performed for the analysis of EBV cytopathic effect (CPE), viral kinetics and gene expression analysis of oncogenes KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, and TP53. Comparison of inoculated cells with non-inoculated control cells showed that all tumor cell lines were permissive to the virus. The virus caused CPE in the TPC-1 and 8505C, but not in BCPAP cells. Viral kinetic was similar in both BCPAP and 8505C with a point of eclipse at 24 h post infection. TPC-1 cell line displayed a decreasing growth curve, with highest viral load right after inoculation, which decreased over time. There was hyperexpression of TP53 and NRAS in BCPAP cell (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0344, respectively). The 8505C cell line presented NRAS hyperexpression (p = 0.0255), but lower TP53 expression (p = 0.0274). We concluded that neoplastic thyroid cell lines are permissive to EBV that the virus presents different viral kinetic patterns in different cell lines and produces a CPE on both well-differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cell lines. We also demonstrated that EBV interferes in oncogene expression in thyroid neoplastic cell lines, suggesting that these effects could be related to different tumor progression patterns.

Perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase no período de 2011 a 2018 no município de Campinas - SP / Epidemiological profile of leprosy in the period from 2011 to 2018 in the municipality of Campinas - SP

Objetivo ­ Descrever o perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em Campinas através do levantamento do número de casos da doença, registrados de 2011 a agosto de 2018 no município. Métodos ­ Tratou-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem transversal retrospectiva, quantitativa do tipo descritiva com a coleta de dados registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) a respeito dos casos de hanseníase notificados no período de agosto de 2011 a agosto de 2018. Resultados ­ Foram encontrados 213 novos casos de hanseníase em Campinas no período estudado, com uma taxa de incidência de 2,47 casos para cada 100 mil habitantes. A população masculina apresentou-se com 57% dos casos registrados e a população feminina com 43%. A hanseníase mostrou-se prevalente em populações com idade acima de 14 anos com 96% das notificações. As formas clínicas iniciais mais encontradas foram a Virchowiana e a Dimorfa, com 31% e 26% respectivamente. O distrito residencial com o maior número de casos foi o Sul, com 28% dos casos registrados e o grau de incapacidade mais prevalente no momento do diagnóstico, foi o grau 0 da patologia com 59% dos casos notificados. Quanto a classificação operacional da notificação, notou-se que a classificação multibacilar apresentou 69% dos casos. Conclusão ­ Conclui-se que apesar da taxa de incidência da hanseníase no município de Campinas estar em declínio nas últimas décadas, é necessário manter o afinco dos órgãos de saúde do município na luta contra a doença, pois esta, ainda é considerada como um grave problema de saúde pública

Objective ­ To describe the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Campinas by surveying the number of cases of disease, recorded from 2011 to August 2018 in the city. Methods ­ This is a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive retrospective research with data collection recorded in the Notification Recording Information System (Sinan) and respect for unreported leprosy cases from August 2011 to August 2018. Results ­ A total of 213 new leprosy cases were found in Campinas during the study period, with an incidence rate of 2.47 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The male population shows up with 57% of registered cases and the female population with 43%. Leprosy was prevalent at ages over 14 years with 96% of notifications. The most recent clinical forms found were Virchowiana and Dimorfa, with 31% and 26%, respectively. The residential district with the largest number of cases was the South, with 28% of the cases registered and the most prevalent degree of disability at the time of diagnosis, was the degree 0 pathology with 59% of the reported cases. Regarding the operational classification of the notification, there is no multibacillary classification Displaying 69% of cases. Conclusion ­ It was concluded that, although leprosy incidence rates in the city of Campinas have been declining in the last decades, it is necessary to maintain the commitment of public agencies of the city in the fight against the disease, since it is still considered as a serious public health problem.

Thyroid autoimmune diseases and thyroid tumors: Would EBV infection be the link?

The role of EBV in thyroid cancer development and the patient's outcome is still unclear. Using nested-PCR, Moghoofei et al. reported a high incidence of a virus in thyroid tumor samples, different from our results, obtained by quantitative real-time PCR and confirmed by in situ hybridization. Because lymphocytes are the main reservoir of the virus and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are commonly observed in thyroid cancer, it is important to distinguish follicular cells infection from lymphoid tissue infection. The association between autoimmune diseases and thyroid cancer raises the importance of continuing to investigate the role of ubiquitous pathogens in thyroid tumorigenesis.

Epstein-Barr Virus and Thyroid Cancer.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) seroprevalence is extremely high worldwide. This member of the herpesvirus family is considered to be a human carcinogen, implicated in lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Because of its characteristics, EBV has been investigated in thyroid specimens, especially in autoimmune and neoplastic lesions. However, the role of EBV in thyroid diseases is still unclear. Reports on its presence in thyroid cancer (TC) vary drastically according to population and applied methodology. This review presents the history of EBV and TC, aiming to better understand the role of this oncogenic virus in thyroid tumorigenesis. We hope to assist researchers, and we discuss possible approaches to better understand the role of EBV in TC.

Polymorphism in LEP and LEPR May Modify Leptin Levels and Represent Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer.

Purpose. To understand the role of polymorphisms in the LEP (rs7799039 and rs2167270) and LEPR (rs1137101 and rs1137100) genes in DTC susceptibility and their effect on leptin levels. Methods. We studied 153 patients with DTC and 234 controls through TaqMan SNP Genotyping and ELISA, comparing these data to the clinicopathological data of patients with DTC. Results. Patients with AA genotype of rs7799039 had higher levels of serum leptin (9.22 ± 0.98 ng/mL) than those with AG genotype (10.07 ± 0.60 ng/mL; P = 0.005). Individuals with AG genotype of rs2167270 also produced higher serum leptin levels (10.05 ± 0.59 ng/mL) than the subjects with GG genotype (9.52 ± 0.79 ng/mL; P < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, and BMI showed that the AG genotype of rs7799039 was an independent risk for DTC (OR, 11.689; P = 0.0183; 95% CI, 1.516-90.119). Similarly, AG and GG genotypes of rs1137101 increased the susceptibility to DTC (OR, 3.747; P = 0.027; 95% CI, 1.161-12.092 and OR, 5.437; P = 0.013; 95% CI, 1.426-20.729). Conclusions. We demonstrated that rs7799039 and rs2167270 polymorphisms modify the serum leptin concentrations in patients with DTC. Furthermore, polymorphisms rs7799039 and rs1137101 increase the risk of DTC development, although they do not correlate with tumor aggressiveness.