Elevated baseline soluble FcεRI may be linked to early response to omalizumab treatment in chronic spontaneous urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, is an effective treatment in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Predictors of fast and good response for omalizumab treatment have not yet been identified and characterized. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether soluble FcεRI (sFcεRI), a marker of IgE-mediated mast cell activation, predicts the time of response to omalizumab in CSU. METHODS: Sera of 67 CSU patients were obtained before omalizumab treatment and analysed for sFcεRI levels by ELISA (2 ng/mL was used as cut-off for elevated sFcɛRI). Treatment response during the first 4 weeks was assessed with the urticaria activity score (UAS7), urticaria control test (UCT) and the rolling UAS7 (rUAS7). RESULTS: Elevated pre-treatment sFcɛRI levels were detected in more than 70% of patients with completely controlled disease (UCT = 16) and well-controlled disease (UCT = 12-15) and were significantly associated with disease control (χ2 = 4.94, p < 0.05). More than half of the patients (14/25) with low levels had poor disease control (UCT < 12). Of the patients who achieved complete and marked UAS7 response, respectively, 75% and 63% had elevated baseline sFcɛRI levels. Post-treatment UAS7 scores were lower in patients with elevated sFcɛRI levels reaching statistical significance at Week 3 (p < 0.05). Patients with elevated baseline sFcɛRI levels achieved rUAS7 ≤ 6 and = 0 earlier than those with lower levels (Days 9 vs. 13 and Days 12 vs. 14, respectively). CONCLUSION: Elevated sFcεRI serum levels predict early and good response to treatment with omalizumab, which may help to better design treatment options for CSU patients.

Autologous serum skin test reactions in chronic spontaneous urticaria differ from heterologous cell reactions.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is due to mast cell (MC)-activating autoantibodies, which are screened for by the autologous serum skin test (ASST) and basophil tests (BTs). Many CSU patients are positive in only one of these tests. How often this occurs and why is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the prevalence of mismatched ASST and BTs in CSU patients, and to investigate possible reasons for these mismatches. METHODS: We determined the rates of ASST+/BT- and ASST-/BT+ mismatches in published CSU studies. We assessed sera from 48 CSU patients by ASST, two BTs (basophil histamine release assay, BHRA; basophil activation test, BAT), a MC histamine release assay (MCHRA) and by ex vivo skin microdialysis (SMD). RESULTS: The ASST/BT mismatch rate in published CSU studies was 31% (ASST+/BT-: 22%, ASST-/BT+: 9%). In our patients, the ASST/BHRA and ASST/BAT mismatch rate was 35.4% (ASST+/BHRA-: 18.8% and ASST-/BHRA+: 16.7%) and 31.3% (ASST+/BAT-: 6.3% and ASST-/BAT+: 25.0%), respectively, and the two BTs were significantly correlated (P = 0.0002). The use of heterologous MCs, in vitro and in situ, instead of basophils produced similar results (MCHRA mismatch: 47.9%, ASST+/MCHRA-: 18.8%, ASST-/MCHRA+: 29.2%; SMD mismatch: 40.0%, ASST+/SMD-: 10.0% and ASST-/SMD+: 30.0%), and the MCHRA was highly correlated with SMD results (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: The ASST and BTs show divergent results in a third of CSU patients. Mismatches cannot be explained by the choice of basophil assay, the type of heterologous cells exposed to CSU serum in vitro (basophils vs. mast cells), nor the experimental setting of heterologous skin mast cells (in vitro vs. in situ). Thus, serum-induced whealing, in CSU patients, seems to involve autologous skin signals modulating MC degranulation.

Comparison of pruritus and sensory qualities induced by capsaicin, histamine and cowhage.

BACKGROUND: In skin diseases and experimental models of pruritus, pure itch is accompanied by additional sensations that are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the sensory qualities evoked by different models of experimentally induced pruritus including skin prick testing (SPT) with histamine or capsaicin and application of cowhage spicules. SPT as a method of capsaicin application was validated for this purpose. METHODS: Two pilot experiments were performed in eight healthy volunteers. First, a concentration of 8% capsaicin was identified as evoking a reproducible itch using SPT. Further, a list of the seven most frequently reported sensations was chosen after SPT with 10 mg/mL histamine, 8% capsaicin and application of 40-45 cowhage spicules. Finally, 31 subjects were challenged with the same itch-inducers. Wheal and flare were measured at 10, 20, 40, 60 and 90 min, itch intensity every minute for 30 min, and the overall evaluation of sensory descriptors were recorded on a 100-mm visual analogue scale once itching had subsided. RESULTS: Skin prick testing with histamine and capsaicin resulted in flare reactions, which were 23% smaller for capsaicin (P < 0.001). Histamine, capsaicin and cowhage-induced pruritus, the duration of which was shorter for cowhage than for histamine (13.5 ± 1.4 vs. 8.8 ± 1.2 min, P = 0.005). Different mediators induced sensations of different intensities. Capsaicin produced less itch and physical urge to scratch than histamine (P = 0.001) and cowhage (P < 0.001). However, both capsaicin and cowhage induced more burning than histamine (P = 0.002 and P = 0.04, respectively). Provocation with cowhage caused more intense sensations of pricking than histamine (P = 0.033). CONCLUSION: This study shows that provocation with histamine, capsaicin and cowhage results in itch responses that are different in their duration, the profile of accompanying sensations, and the flare that comes with the itch.

In chronic spontaneous urticaria, IgE against staphylococcal enterotoxins is common and functional.

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a frequent disorder with recurrent itchy wheals and/or angioedema. Despite the known effectiveness of omalizumab therapy, the relevant IgE antigens are largely unknown. Recently, increased rates of elevated levels of IgE towards Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SEs) were described in CSU. AIM: To assess the prevalence and functional relevance of IgE to SEs in CSU. METHOD: We investigated serum levels of IgE against SEs in 49 CSU patients and in 15 CSU patients additional specific IgE to SE components and basophil histamine release (BHR). Sera of 15 healthy controls (HCs) served as control group. RESULTS: Twenty-five (51%) of the CSU patients had detectable levels of SE-IgE as compared to 5 (33%) of HCs. Specific IgE to one of the SEs, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), was present in 5 (33%) of 15 randomly selected CSU patients vs 3 (20%) of HC. Total IgE serum levels in CSU patients were significantly correlated with SE-IgE (r = .52, P < .001) and SEB-IgE (r = .54, P = .04) serum concentrations. Interestingly, SEB-IgE levels were strongly correlated with disease activity (UASday) in CSU patients (r = .657, P = .01). Furthermore, BHR in response to SEB was significantly higher in basophils loaded with the serum of CSU patients compared to HC (P < .05) and was clinically correlated with duration of disease (r > .51, P < .05). DISCUSSION: IgE against SEs may contribute to the pathogenesis of CSU in a subpopulation of patients. Its role and relevance in the pathophysiology of CSU need to be further analysed.

Development and validation of the Cholinergic Urticaria Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (CholU-QoL).

BACKGROUND: Cholinergic urticaria (CholU), a common form of chronic inducible urticaria, is characterized by itchy weals that occur in response to physical exercise or passive warming. CholU patients frequently exhibit a high burden of disease. As of yet, no specific instrument is available to assess their disease-related quality-of-life (QoL) impairment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the first disease-specific QoL instrument for CholU patients, the Cholinergic Urticaria Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (CholU-QoL). METHODS: Using a combined approach of the literature search, semistructured patient interviews and expert opinion, we developed 96 potential CholU-QoL items. Subsequent item selection was performed by means of impact analysis complemented by an expert review for face validity. The resulting final CholU-QoL was then tested for levels of validity, reliability and influence factors in 88 CholU patients. In parallel, an US American-Canadian English version of the CholU-QoL was developed. RESULTS: The final 28-item CholU-QoL was found to have a 5-domain structure ("symptoms," "functional life," "social interaction," "therapy," "emotions") with excellent internal consistency. The CholU-QoL also showed a valid total score, and good levels of convergent validity, known-groups validity, as well as test-retest reliability. Multiple regression analysis found no significant drivers of the CholU-QoL total score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The CholU-QoL is the first disease-specific QoL instrument for CholU and also the first specific QoL measure in the field of chronic inducible urticarias. It may serve as a valuable tool for clinical trials and improve routine patient management.

C-reactive protein is linked to disease activity, impact, and response to treatment in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation, have been consistently reported in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Here, we retrospectively analyzed data from 1253 CSU patients from 2 centers to answer the following questions: (i) What is the prevalence of elevated levels of CRP in CSU? (ii) Why do CSU patients show elevated levels of CRP? (iii) Are elevated CRP levels relevant? METHODS: Serum levels of CRP were measured by the nephelometric method. We collected information regarding various laboratory tests including ESR, CBC with differential, D-dimer, fibrinogen, C3, C4, IL-6, etc. For most patients, we also collected data on age, gender, duration of CSU, presence of angioedema, activity (UAS at the time of blood sampling and for 7 days), quality of life (CU-Q2oL and/or DLQI), comorbidities and possible causes of CSU, and autologous serum skin test (ASST) response. The efficacy of second-generation antihistamines was evaluated on the day of blood collecting. RESULTS: One-third of CSU patients had elevated levels of CRP. Higher levels of CRP were associated with ASST positivity (P = .009) and arterial hypertension (P = .005), but not with other possible causes or comorbidities of CSU. C-reactive protein correlated with urticaria activity (P < .001), quality of life impairment (P = .026), and inflammatory and coagulation markers (P < .001). C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in nonresponders to antihistamines as compared to responders (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of CRP are common and relevant in CSU patients. The assessment of CRP levels may help to optimize the management of patients with CSU.

Cholinergic urticaria patients of different age groups have distinct features.

BACKGROUND: Cholinergic urticaria (CholU) is a common skin disease characterized by the development of pinpoint-sized weals and severe itch upon physical exercise. Little is known about the epidemiology of CholU. CholU can occur at any age and has the highest prevalence among young adults. As of now, it is unclear whether patients of different age show differences in the clinical manifestation of CholU, duration of disease, comorbidities or response to treatment. METHODS: Here, we analysed the demographic data and clinical characteristics including disease duration and comorbidities of 200 patients with CholU, 12-76 years of age. RESULTS: We identified two distinct types of CholU, one with early onset (EO, 71%) and one with late onset (LO, 29%). Patients with EO and LO CholU markedly differ in key characteristics: patients with EO, who had a disease onset before the age of 36, showed no gender preponderance and had a significantly higher rate of concomitant atopic dermatitis (16.9% vs 5.2%; P = .028) and higher IgE levels (295.5 vs 267.1 IU/mL; P = .020) as compared to patients with LO, who were mainly female (69%), had a shorter duration of disease (33.3 vs 63.7 months; P = .005), a higher rate of concomitant other forms of urticaria (48.3% vs 33.1%; P = .044) and a higher rate of psychiatric comorbidities (12.1% vs 1.4%; P = .001). CONCLUSION: There are two subtypes of CholU patients with different gender ratios, disease duration and comorbidities. These findings suggest that two distinct underlying pathogenetic pathways are relevant in these two subgroups of patients with CholU.

Comorbidity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and autoimmune thyroid diseases: A systematic review.

Patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are widely held to often have other autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease. Here, we systematically evaluated the literature on the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in CSU and vice versa. There is a strong link between CSU and elevated levels of IgG antithyroid autoantibodies (AAbs), with most of a large number of studies reporting rates of ≥10%. Levels of IgG against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) are more often elevated in CSU than those of other IgG antithyroid AAbs (strong evidence). Levels of IgG antithyroid AAbs are more often elevated in adult patients with CSU than in children (strong evidence). Patients with CSU exhibit significantly higher levels of IgG antithyroid AAbs (strong evidence) and IgE-anti-TPO (weak evidence) than controls. Elevated IgG antithyroid AAbs in CSU are linked to the use of glucocorticoids (weak evidence) but not to disease duration or severity/activity, gender, age, or ASST response (inconsistent evidence). Thyroid dysfunction rates are increased in patients with CSU (strong evidence). Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are more common than hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease (strong evidence). Thyroid dysfunction is more common in adult patients with CSU than in children (strong evidence) and in female than in male patients with CSU (weak evidence). Urticaria including CSU is more prevalent in patients with thyroid autoimmunity than in controls (weak evidence). CSU can improve in response to treatment with levothyroxine or other thyroid drugs (strong evidence). Pathogenic mechanisms in CSU patients with thyroid autoimmunity may include IgE against autoantigens, immune complexes, and complement.

Skin provocation tests may help to diagnose atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder. Its diagnosis relies on clinical judgment. Mild and untypical manifestations may cause diagnostic difficulties. Biomarkers for the differential diagnostic workup of AD are needed. OBJECTIVE: To test whether the results of skin provocation with cowhage, an established model of histamine-independent pruritus, and histamine are different in AD patients and healthy subjects and whether these tests may be used as diagnostic markers of AD. METHODS: Twenty-two AD patients and 18 healthy controls were subjected to topical cowhage provocation and skin prick testing with histamine and assessed for differences in the quality, intensity, and persistence of itch, for wheal diameter, volume, and flare size and intensity. RESULTS: Patients with AD, compared with healthy controls, exhibited significantly smaller histamine-induced flares (P < 0.01) and markedly longer itch persistence after provocation with cowhage (P < 0.01). Both parameters showed good diagnostic properties for AD (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.78 and 0.80, respectively). The persistence of cowhage-induced itch for at least 30 min and a histamine-induced flare of less than 2 cm in diameter were reliable thresholds for the diagnosis of AD. If combinations of the results of both tests were used, their sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing AD were up to 91% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The clinical benefit of cowhage and histamine skin provocation tests should be investigated in further studies. Long persistence of cowhage-induced itch and diminished histamine-induced flare in nonlesional skin may support diagnosis of AD.

Atopic predisposition in cholinergic urticaria patients and its implications.

BACKGROUND: Cholinergic urticaria (CholU) is a frequent chronic urticaria disorder with itchy weal and flare-type skin reactions in response to physical exercise or passive warming. A higher frequency of atopy among CholU patients has been reported, but the significance of this observation is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and relevance of atopy in CholU patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty CholU patients were assessed for atopic skin diathesis (atopic predisposition) by use of the Erlangen Atopy Score and divided into atopic and non-atopic predisposed CholU individuals. Both groups were assessed for disease severity (CholUSI) and activity (CholUAS7), quality of life impairment [Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and CU-Q2 OL], seasonal exacerbation, total and specific serum IgE and comorbidities. RESULTS: CholU patients were found to exhibit high rates of atopic predisposition (57%), with higher prevalence and scores in female than in male patients. High Erlangen Atopy Scores were linked to high CholU severity, activity and impact on QoL. Atopic predisposed CholU patients show different seasonal exacerbation patterns, IgE specificity and comorbidity profiles as compared to non-atopic CholU patients. CONCLUSION: Atopic predisposition and cholinergic urticaria appear to be linked more closely than previously thought, which suggests shared pathogenetic mechanisms. Atopic patients with cholinergic urticaria have more severe disease and poorer quality of life than those who do not. Thus, all cholinergic urticaria patients should be assessed for atopic predisposition.

The definition, diagnostic testing, and management of chronic inducible urticarias - The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/UNEV consensus recommendations 2016 update and revision.

These recommendations for the definition, diagnosis and management of chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) extend, revise and update our previous consensus report on physical urticarias and cholinergic urticaria (Allergy, 2009). The aim of these recommendations is to improve the diagnosis and management of patients with CIndU. Our recommendations acknowledge the latest changes in our understanding of CIndU, and the available therapeutic options, as well as the development of novel diagnostic tools.

An improved Peltier effect-based instrument for critical temperature threshold measurement in cold- and heat-induced urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Cold- and heat-induced urticaria are chronic physical urticaria conditions in which wheals, angioedema or both are evoked by skin exposure to cold and heat respectively. The diagnostic work up of both conditions should include skin provocation tests and accurate determination of critical temperature thresholds (CTT) for producing symptoms in order to be able to predict the potential risk that each individual patient faces and how this may be ameliorated by therapy. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate TempTest(®) 4, a simple and relatively inexpensive instrument for the accurate determination of CTT which may be used in clinical practice. METHODS: TempTest(®) 4 has a single 2 mm wide 350 mm U-shaped Peltier element generating a temperature gradient from 4 °C to 44 °C along its length. Using a clear plastic guide placed over the skin after provocation, CTT values may be determined with an accuracy of ±1 °C. Here, TempTest(®) 4 was compared with its much more expensive predecessor, TempTest(®) 3, in inducing wheals in 30 cold urticaria patients. RESULTS: Both TempTest(®) 4 and TempTest(®) 3 induced wheals in all 30 patients between 8 ° and 28 °C. There was a highly significant (P < 0.0001) correlation between the instruments in the CTT values in individual patients. CONCLUSION: The TempTest(®) 4 is a simple, easy to use, licensed, commercially available and affordable instrument for the determination of CTTs in both cold- and heat-induced urticaria.

Strokes in the anterior circulation: comparison between bridging and intravenous thrombolysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To compare safety and efficacy of bridging approach with intravenous (IV) thrombolysis in patients with acute anterior strokes and proximal occlusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with ischemic anterior strokes admitted within a 4 h 30 min window in two different centers were included. The first center performed IV therapy (alteplase 0.6 mg/kg) during 30 min and, in absence of clinical improvement, mechanical thrombectomy with flow restoration using a Solitaire stent (StS); the second carried out IV thrombolysis (alteplase 0.9 mg/kg) alone. Only T, M1 or M2 occlusions present on CT angiography were considered. Endpoints were clinical outcome and mortality at 3 months. RESULTS: There were 63 patients in the bridging and 163 in the IV group. No significant differences regarding baseline characteristics were observed. At 3 months, 46% (n = 29) of the patients treated in the combined and 23% (n = 38) of those treated in the IV group had a modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 0-1 (P < 0.001). A statistical significant difference was observed for all sites of occlusion. In a logistic regression model, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and bridging therapy were independent predictors of good outcome (respectively, P = 0.001 and P = 0.0018). Symptomatic hemorrhage was documented in 6.3% vs 3.7% in the bridging and in the IV group, respectively (P = 0.32). There was no difference in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients treated with a bridging approach were more likely to have minimal or no deficit at all at 3 months as compared to the IV treated group.

Interleukin-31 does not induce immediate itch in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls after skin challenge.

BACKGROUND: The most intriguing function attributed to interleukin-31 (IL-31) is its ability to induce pruritus in pathologic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). As of today, this feature of IL-31 was tested in vivo only in animal models. METHODS: Ten patients with AD and 10 healthy controls were challenged with IL-31 and NaCl (negative control) by skin prick testing. Twenty additional healthy controls were subjected to skin prick testing with histamine. Itch and local inflammatory responses of the skin were assessed for up to 72 h. RESULTS: All of the histamine-challenged subjects developed immediate pruritus (i.e. within the first 5 min). In contrast, only one IL-31- and two of the NaCl-challenged subjects reported immediate itch at the provocation site (short lasting, for 2-6 min). Nine subjects (five patients with AD) reported late itch responses to IL-31 challenges with a mean delay of 143 min. No subject reported late itch responses to histamine or NaCl testing. There was no significant difference in IL-31-induced itch start time, duration and intensity between patients with AD and healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: IL-31 does not induce immediate itch responses in humans. The late onset of IL-31-induced itch supports the notion that IL-31 exerts its pruritic effect indirectly via keratinocytes and secondary mediators, rather than through its receptors on cutaneous nerves.

Efficacy and safety of the interleukin-1 antagonist rilonacept in Schnitzler syndrome: an open-label study.

BACKGROUND: Schnitzler syndrome (SchS) is a rare disease with suspected autoinflammatory background that shares several clinical symptoms, including urticarial rash, fever episodes, arthralgia, and bone and muscle pain with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes respond to treatment with interleukin-1 antagonists, and single case reports of Schnitzler syndrome have shown improvement following treatment with the interleukin-1 blocker anakinra. This study evaluated the effects of the interleukin-1 antagonist rilonacept on the clinical signs and symptoms of SchS. METHODS: Eight patients with SchS were included in this prospective, single-center, open-label study. After a 3-week baseline, patients received a subcutaneous loading dose of rilonacept 320 mg followed by weekly subcutaneous doses of 160 mg for up to 1 year. Efficacy was determined by patient-based daily health assessment forms, physician's global assessment (PGA), and measurement of inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12). RESULTS: Treatment with rilonacept resulted in a rapid clinical response as demonstrated by significant reductions in daily health assessment scores and PGA scores compared with baseline levels (P < 0.05). These effects, which were accompanied by reductions in CRP and SAA, continued over the treatment duration. Rilonacept treatment was well tolerated. There were no treatment-related severe adverse events and no clinically significant changes in laboratory safety parameters. CONCLUSION: Rilonacept was effective and well tolerated in patients with SchS and may represent a promising potential therapeutic option.