Effect of different roughage sources associated banana pseudostem hay on the nutritional and behavioral parameters and performance of F1 Holstein/Zebu lactation cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of pseudostem hay of banana trees of different roughages in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis, ingestive behavior, and milk production. The experiment was distributed in two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments were as follows: diet 1-sorghum silage as exclusive dietary roughage; diet 2-sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); diet 3-70% elephant grass with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); and diet 4-70% sugarcane with 30% banana pseudostem hay (dry matter basis). The roughage/concentrate ratio was 75:25. The animals fed with sorghum silage presented 14.45% higher intake (p = 0.01) to that of animals fed hay and elephant grass. The diets containing silage and silage with hay showed digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein that was 57.75% higher (p < 0.01) than that of other diets. Cows fed elephant grass spent more time intake (p = 0.01). Diets did not influence milk yield (p = 0.47), and the milk yield corrected for 3.5 fat (p = 0.22), final weight (p = 0.06), and intake efficiency (p = 0.57), presenting a mean of 14.16 kg/day, 15.94 kg/day, 590 kg, and 0.9 kg of milk/kg of ingested dry matter, respectively. The utilization of pseudostem hay associated with other roughage can be an alternative to milk yield in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows.

Productivity and nutritional value of BRS capiaçu grass (Pennisetum purpureum) managed at four regrowth ages in a semiarid region.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity, productive efficiency, and nutritional value of the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), managed at four regrowth ages during winter in the semiarid region of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. A completely randomized design with the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiaçu was submitted to four cut intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days) in the winter with ten replications, for a total of 40 plots, each with a useful area of 6 × 5 m. There was a linear increase of 76.25% (P < 0.01) in the height of BRS capiaçu grass when cut from 30 to 120 days. Green matter production (P < 0.01) and dry matter production (P < 0.01) increased daily by 1081 kg/ha and 237 kg/ha, respectively. The annual dry matter production was 72 t/ha. Efficiency in water use changed (P < 0.01) from 7.91 kg of dry matter (DM)/mm at 30 days to 57.59 kg of DM/mm at 120 days of regrowth. There was a reduction in the ash content (P < 0.01), crude protein (P < 0.01), and the total digestible nutrient content (P < 0.01) with the increase in the age of the cut. The readily soluble fraction of DM (fraction A, P < 0.01), degradation rate "c" of insoluble fraction "B" (P = 0.01), potential degradability (PD; P < 0.01), and degradability (ED; P < 0.01) decreased linearly as the regrowth age increased. Harvesting is recommended at 90 days of regrowth during the winter season in this semiarid region.

Sheep fed with banana leaf hay reduce ruminal protozoa population.

A ciliate protozoa suppression can reduce methane production increasing the energy efficiency utilization by ruminants. The physicochemical characteristics of rumen fluid and the profile of the rumen protozoa populations were evaluated for sheep fed banana leaf hay in replacement of the Cynodon dactylon cv. vaqueiro hay. A total of 30 male sheep were raised in intensive system during 15 days of adaptation and 63 days of experimental period. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design that included six replicates of five treatments with replacement levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of the grass vaquero for the banana leaf hay. Samples of fluid were collected directly from the rumen with sterile catheters. Color, odor, viscosity, and the methylene blue reduction potential (MBRP) were evaluated and pH estimated using a digital potentiometer. After decimal dilutions, counts of genus protozoa were performed in Sedgewick Rafter chambers. The averages of pH, MBRP, color, odor, and viscosity were not influenced by the inclusion of the banana leaf hay. However, the total number of protozoa and Entodinium spp. population significantly decreased at 75 and 100% inclusions of banana leaf hay as roughage.

Substituição da silagem de sorgo por silagem de capim-marandu: consumo, digestibilidade e ganho de peso / Substitution of sorghum silage by marandu grass silage: intake, digestibility and weight gain

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de novilhas ¾ Zebu x Holandês submetidas a diferentes níveis de substituição da silagem de sorgo por silagem de capim-marandu. Foram utilizadas vinte novihas com peso médio inicial de 346,25kg, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições, onde no Tratamento 1- fração volumosa da dieta composta por 100% de silagem de sorgo; Tratamento 2- fração volumosa da dieta composta por 70% de silagem de sorgo e 30% de silagem de capim-marandu; Tratamento 3- fração volumosa da dieta composta por 30% de silagem de sorgo e 70% de silagem de capim-marandu; Tratamento 4- fração volumosa da dieta composta por 100%de silagem de capim-marandu. Juntamente com os volumosos foi adicionado concentrado na proporção de 1,2% do peso vivo,sendo as dietas isoproteicas, tendo como única fonte de variação os diferentes volumosos e suas proporções em cada tratamento.O aumento dos níveis de substituição da silagem de sorgo por silagem de capim-marandu aumentou consumo de matéria mineral e diminuiu consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais, porém não alterou consumo de matéria seca,proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro. Interferiu de forma linear decrescente nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e extrato etéreo, prejudicando o ganho de peso das novilhas.

The experiment was carried out in order to evaluate intake, digestibility and performance of ¾ Zebu x Holstein heifers submitted to different levels of substitution of sorghum silage by marandu grass silage. Twenty heifers were used with initial average weight of 346.25 kg, divided into entirely randomized experimental design with 5 repetitions in which the Treatment 1 - roughage fraction of the diet composed of 100% of sorghum silage; Treatment 2 - roughage fraction of the diet composed of 70% of sorghum silageand 30% of marandu grass silage; Treatment 3 - roughage fraction of the diet composed of 30% of sorghum silage and 70% of marandu grass silage; Treatment 4 - roughage fraction of the diet composed of 100% of marandu grass silage. The concentrate was added to roughage, made calculations for ingestion of 1.2% of the live weight, and diets isonitrogenous with the sole source of variation in the different forages and their proportions in each treatment. The increased levels of substitution of sorghum silageby marandu grass silage increased consumption of mineral matter, decreased consumption of non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients, but did not alter the intake of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber. Interfered linear decrease in digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and ether extract, affecting weight gain of heifers.

Tamanho relativo dos órgãos internos e do trato gastrintestinal de bovinos indubrasil e mestiços leiteiros em fase de engorda / Relative size of the internal organs and gastrointestinal tract of dairy crossbreeds and zebu steers in fattening

Utilizaram-se 12 bovinos machos castrados, com peso vivo médio de 276kg, sendo quatro indubrasil e oito mestiços leiteiros (quatro ½ sangue HolandêsxGir e quatro ½ sangue HolandêsxGuzerá). Foram pesados e distribuídos em dois tratamentos (indubrasil e mestiços leiteiros), em fase de engorda. Os animais foram avaliados até atingirem 480kg de peso vivo. O volumoso utilizado foi o feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon). Por ocasião do abate foram coletadas amostras de rúmen, retículo, omaso, abomaso e intestinos, após o seu esvaziamento e limpeza, obtendo-se ainda os pesos e amostras de sangue, couro, pés, cabeça, fígado, rins, pulmões, língua, baço e gordura interna (mesentério e gorduras perirenal e pericardíaca). O peso do corpo vazio (PCVZ) foi obtido pela soma dos pesos da carcaça, sangue, couro, pés, rabo, vísceras e órgãos. Animais da raça indubrasil apresentam o conjunto cabeça-pés-couro mais pesado do que animais mestiços leiteiros. Animais mestiços leiteiros e indubrasil, em fase de engorda, não apresentam diferenças significativas quanto ao peso total de intestinos e órgãos. Animais mestiços leiteiros apresentam, em fase de engorda, maiores proporções de gordura interna do que animais indubrasil.

Twelve steers have been used, when they had average live weight of 276kg, being four indubrasil and eight dairy crossbreeds (four crossbreeds HolsteinxGir and four HolsteinxGuzera). They have been weighted and distributed into two treatments (indubrasil and dairy crossbreeds), in phase fattening. The animals were studied up to 480kg of live weight. Grass hay Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) have been used as feedstuff. After slaughtering samples of rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum and intestines have been collected after emptying and cleaning. Weight and samples values of blood, leather, feet, head, liver, kidneys, lung, tongue, spleen and internal fat (mesenterium plus perirenal and pericardia fats) have been collected. Empty body weight (EBW) have been obtained by summing weights of carcass, blood, leather, feet, tail, intestines and organs. The group head-foot-leather of indubrasil steers have been heaver than in dairy crossbreeds. The animals indubrasil and dairy crossbreeds, in fattening phase, have not presented significant differences for total weight of intestines and organs. The animals dairy crossbreeds present, in fattening phase, higher fat proportions intern than indubrasil animals.

Suplementação protéica e energética para bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais / Suplemento proteico y energético para ganado de carne en pastos tropicales / Energetic and protein supplementation for beef cattle in tropical pasture

O abate de animais jovens, denominados precoces e superprecoces, com idade entre 12 e 24 meses, são os principais responsáveis pelo fornecimento de produtos de qualidade ao longo do ano. A pastagem é a forma mais prática e econômica para a alimentação de bovinos, sendo a pecuária brasileira sustentada desta forma. No entanto, animais mantidos a pasto não expressam todo o seu potencial, atingindo baixas taxas de ganho ao longo do ano, em função de vários fatores. Com isso, a suplementação de animais em pastagens se torna uma alternativa de manter o peso dos animais durante a seca. Os suplementos protéicos ou energéticos normalmente aumentam o desempenho dos bovinos a pasto. Quando as forrageiras são de baixa qualidade, o aumento é mais significativo. No entanto, a suplementação energética causa a diminuição do consumo de forragens.

Slaughtering young animals, assigned as young steers and super-young steers (12-24 months of age), are mostly responsible for the supply of quality products throughout the year. Forage is the most practical and economic way of feeding beef cattle. Brazilian beef cattle breeding are sustained this way; however, animals maintained in pastures do not express their full potential - presenting low gain rates throughout the year- for several reasons. Thus, supplementation of animals on pasture is a alternative for sustaining weight during dry season. Energetic and protein supplementation usually increase the performance of beef cattle maintained in pasture - when forages are low quality, the increase is more significant. However, energetic supplementation reduces forage intake.

El abate de animales jóvenes, denominados precoces y superprecoces, con edad entre 12 y 24 meses, son los principales responsables por el suministro de productos de calidad durante todo el año. Los pastos son la forma más práctica y económica para la alimentación de bovinos, siendo la pecuaria brasileña sostenida de esta forma. Sin embargo, animales mantenidos a pasto no expresan todo su potencial, llegando a bajas tasas de ganancia al largo del año, en función de varios factores. Por eso, el suplemento de animales en pastos se vuelve una alternativa de mantener el peso de los mismos durante el período de sequía. Los suplementos proteicos o energéticos normalmente aumentan el desempeño de los bovinos que pastan. Cuando los forrajes son de baja calidad, el aumento es más significativo. Sin embargo, el suplemento energético causa la disminución del consumo de forrajes.

Tamanho relativo dos órgãos internos e do trato gastrintestinal de bovinos Zebu e mestiços leiteiros em sistema de recria / Relative size of the internal organs of the gastrointestinal tract of dairy crossbreeds and Zebu bulls in growing

Utilizaram-se 12 bovinos machos castrados, com peso vivo médio de 257kg, sendo quatro zebu e oito mestiços leiteiros (quatro ½ sangue Holandês x Gir e quatro ½ sangue Holandês x Guzerá). Foram pesados e distribuídos em dois tratamentos (zebu e mestiços leiteiros), em fase de recria. Os animais foram avaliados até atingirem 340kg de peso vivo. O volumoso utilizado foi o feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon). Por ocasião do abate foram coletadas amostras de rúmen, retículo, omaso, abomaso e intestinos, após o seu esvaziamento e limpeza, obtendo-se ainda os pesos e amostras de sangue, pele, pés, cabeça, fígado, rins, pulmões, língua, baço e gordura interna (mesentério e gorduras perirenal e pericardíaca). O peso do corpo vazio (PCVZ) foi obtido pela soma dos pesos da carcaça, sangue, pele, pés, rabo, vísceras e órgãos. Na fase de recria e engorda, os animais zebu apresentaram a pele e o conjunto cabeça-pés-pele mais pesado do que os mestiços leiteiros. Também apresentaram os órgãos rins, baço, coração e língua mais leves do que dos mestiços. O conjunto rúmen-retículo-omaso-abomaso e os teores de gordura mesentérica e interna não apresentaram diferença entre animais mestiços leiteiros e zebu.