RESUMO
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is a worldwide zoonotic disease, which affects most warm-blooded species. Besides the zoonotic relevance, toxoplasmosis is one of the major causes of reproductive disorders in small ruminants. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in sheep and goats in southern Spain. During 2015-2017, a total of 1,943 small ruminants (998 sheep and 945 goats) from 127 flocks were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25). Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 464 of the 998 sheep (46.5 %; CI95 %: 43.4-49.6%) and 362 of the 945 goats (38.3 %; CI95 %: 35.2-41.4%) tested. The farm prevalence was 98.4 % (CI95 %: 95.4-100%) for sheep and 93.7 % (CI95 %: 87.6-99.7%) for goats. The generalized estimating equation analysis showed that presence of cats and existence of previous reproductive disorders were risk factors potentially associated with T. gondii seropositivity in small ruminants. Two statistically significant spatial clusters (P < 0.001) were identified. The seroprevalence observed in the present study indicates a widespread exposure to T. gondii in sheep and goats in southern Spain, which might have important implications for animal and public health. Management measures should be implemented in small ruminant farms in this region in order to reduce the risk of T. gondii infections, particularly in those areas identified in the spatial analysis.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/análise , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Carneiro Doméstico , Espanha/epidemiologia , Análise Espacial , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologiaRESUMO
Based on the raw data from the Spanish intake, have made the necessary changes and groupings to establish nutritional content per serving as percentages, regarding the total daily intake of each individual surveyed (n = 3000). Also, it was found the effect of the rating factors (sex, age and location) on the distribution of these percentages. The result indicates that individuals below 25 year should be considered as different groups, front those above that age; and locality effect (treated as random factor rather than fixed) causes differences in the distribution of nutrients between food daily intakes. However, the sex was was not relevant to the anecdotal footage found in statistically significant differences. Percentage distribution of individual nutrients between different food outlets is proposed.
A partir de datos de consumo alimentario de España se han realizado las transformaciones y agrupaciones necesarias para establecer los contenidos nutricionales por toma, en forma de porcentajes, respecto a la ingesta total diaria de cada individuo encuestado (n = 3000). Así mismo, se ha comprobado el efecto de los factores de clasificación (sexo, edad y localidad) sobre la distribución de dichos porcentajes. El resultado del estudio estadístico indica que se deben considerar como grupos diferentes los individuos por debajo de 25 años respecto a los que superan esa edad y que el efecto localidad (entendido como aleatorio y no como fijo) ocasiona diferencias en la distribución de nutrientes entre las tomas de alimentos del día. En cambio, el factor sexo no resultó relevante al encontrarse en tomas anecdóticas las diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se propone una distribución porcentual de nutrientes concretos entre las diferentes tomas de alimentos.