Leptospira infection and carrier survey on rats from wet market areas in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infection that has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. This disease is endemic in Malaysia and as a developing tropical country, leptospirosis is concerning as it threatens Malaysian public health and the country's economic sectors. However, there is limited information on leptospirosis in Malaysia, especially regarding leptospiral seroepidemiology among carriers in Malaysia. Therefore, more epidemiological information on the source of the disease and reservoir are needed for better disease control and source intervention. The objectives of this study are to gather information on Leptospira infection and the carrier status of rats captured from selected wet markets of Kuala Lumpur metropolitan city in Malaysia. METHODS: Live rat trappings were performed in four major wet markets in Kuala Lumpur, namely, Pudu, Chow Kit, Datuk Keramat, and Petaling Street. Animal samplings were performed for 12 months in 2017, where blood and kidney samples were collected and tested for anti-leptospiral antibodies via Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) and pathogenic Leptospira screening via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification offlaB gene. RESULTS: MAT showed that 34.7% (n = 50/144) of the captured rats were positive for anti-leptospiral antibody of which the most prominent serovar was Malaya followed by a local strain, IMR LEP 175. In parallel, 50 rats were also positive for pathogenic Leptospira DNA. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION: This study showed that there are persistent Leptospira infections among rats in Kuala Lumpur wet markets and these rats are important reservoir hosts for the bacteria.

Comparison of in vitro Susceptibilities of Talaromyces marneffei in Mold and Yeast Forms in Malaysia.

Purpose: This study was aimed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) differences between yeast and mold forms of T. marneffei in Malaysia. Patients and Methods: Ninety-seven clinical strains of T. marneffei were received from various Malaysian hospitals from the year 2020 until 2022. Their identities were determined using microscopic, macroscopic and molecular methods. Next, the susceptibility of yeast and mold forms of each isolate against amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole, isavuconazole, terbinafine, caspofungin and micafungin were tested according to the broth microdilution according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38 and M27 guidelines. The geometric means of minimal inhibitory concentration (GM MIC), MIC50, and MIC90 were determined for each antifungal. Additionally, Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the significant difference of GM MICs for each antifungal, GM MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 for the combined nine antifungals against different growth forms of T. marneffei. The significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Micafungin had the highest GM MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 for mold form of T. marneffei. For yeast form, amphotericin B achieved the highest GM MIC and MIC50 while micafungin achieved the highest MIC90. However, the GM MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 of terbinafine and azole antifungals on T. marneffei were similar to each other, namely between 0.03 and 0.60µg/mL. The difference of GM MIC of all tested antifungals except caspofungin and micafungin was insignificant. Overall, GM MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 of the combined nine antifungals against two growth forms were insignificant. Conclusion: The findings suggested either yeast or mold form can be used in the susceptibility testing of T. marneffei against amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole, isavuconazole and terbinafine.

Application of Multilocus Sequence Typing for the Characterization of Leptospira Strains in Malaysia.

Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. It is considered an emerging disease in Malaysia and is a notifiable disease. This study was conducted to characterize Malaysian isolates from human, animal and environmental samples via MLST and rrs2 sequencing in an attempt to develop a Malaysian genotypic database. An existing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based MLST scheme was performed to facilitate subsequent sequencing. Out of 46 extracted DNA, 36 had complete MLST profiles whereby all six genes were amplified and sequenced. Most of the pathogenic Leptospira genotypes with full MLST profiles were L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae (n = 17), followed by L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica (n = 9), L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe (n = 2), L. interrogans serogroup Australis (n = 2), L. kirschneri (n = 2), L. interrogans serogroup Grippotyphosa (n = 1) and L. interrogans serogroup Pyrogenes (n = 3). Two samples (R3_SER/17 and R4_SER/17) were not closely related with any of the reference strains. For the samples with incomplete MLST profiles, leptospiral speciation was conducted through rrs2 analysis, in which four samples were identified as L. borgpetersenii, five samples were closely related to L. kmetyi and one sample was known as L. yasudae. This study shows that molecular approaches that combine both MLST and rrs2 sequencing have great potential in the comprehensive characterization of pathogenic Leptospira because they can be performed directly from cultured and clinical samples.

Burden of pertussis among young infants in Malaysia: A hospital-based surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: The case fatality rate and the risk of complications due to pertussis is very high in infants. Asia has the second highest childhood pertussis burden. The study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical complications, and mortality rates of pertussis disease requiring hospitalization among young infants in Malaysia. METHODS: The study was a one-year, hospital-based, multi-site surveillance of infants less than six months of age with symptoms consistent with pertussis and a cross-sectional analysis of their mothers for recent pertussis infection. Information was obtained from medical records and interviews with the parents. Pertussis diagnosis was confirmed for all infants through serum anti-PT titration test or PCR test. RESULTS: 441 possible cases of pertussis were included in this study. Of these, 12.7 % had laboratory confirmation of pertussis. Infants with confirmed pertussis had significantly higher rates of cyanosis (37.5 % vs 8.6 %; p < 0.0001) and apnea (12.5 % vs 3.9 %; p = 0.027) than test-negative infants. Most infants from both groups were in recovery/recovered at discharge. Those with confirmed pertussis had higher case fatality rate than test-negative cases (5.4 % vs 1.0 %; p = 0.094), but the difference did not reach significance. The majority of confirmed pertussis cases (89.3 %) occurred in infants too young to be fully vaccinated or under-vaccinated for their age. Both test-negative and confirmed pertussis resulted in work-day losses and incurred costs for both parents. CONCLUSIONS: A high pertussis disease burden persists in infants less than six months of age, especially among those un- and under-vaccinated. Maternal and complete, on-time infant vaccination is important to reduce disease burden.

Draft Genome Sequence of Leptospira yasudae Strain BJ3, Isolated from the Soil of an Ex Situ Wild Animal Conservation Area.

Previously, a novel Leptospira strain (BJ3) was isolated from the soil of an ex situ wild animal conservation area in Perak, Malaysia. Molecular identification via whole-genome sequencing confirmed that the strain was Leptospira yasudae. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of L. yasudae strain BJ3.

Protothecosis algaemia in a patient presenting with septic arthritis: A rare case of Prototheca zopfii isolated from Malaysia.

Prototheca species have been reported to cause infections in human. Typically, clinical symptoms of protothecosis include cutaneous infection, olecranon bursitis, tenosynovitis and disseminated systemic disease. We report a case of septic arthritis in which Prototheca zopfii was isolated from blood. Joint aspirate was also sent for cultures but did not yield any growth. No other organisms were isolated from this patient during his admission. The blood isolate was identified to species level via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The patient improved with administration of intravenous itraconazole.

COVID-19 screening test by using random oropharyngeal saliva.

An optimal clinical specimen for accurate detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by minimizing the usage of consumables and reduce hazard exposure to healthcare workers is an urgent priority. The diagnostic performance of SARS-CoV-2 detection between healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP + OP) swabs and patient performed self-collected random saliva was assessed. Paired NP + OP swabs and random saliva were collected and processed within 48 h of specimen collection from two cohort studies which recruited 562 asymptomatic adult candidates. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction targeting Open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) and nucleocapsid (N) genes was performed and the results were compared. Overall, 65 of 562 (28.1%) candidates tested positive for COVID-19 based on random saliva, NP + OP swabs, or both testing techniques. The detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 was higher in random saliva compared to NP + OP testing (92.3%; 60/65 vs. 73.8%; 48/65; p < .05). The estimated sensitivity and specificity of random saliva were higher than NP + OP swabs (95.0; 99.9 vs. 72.2; 99.4). The Ct  values of ORF1a and N genes were significantly lower in random saliva compared to NP + OP swabs specimens. Our findings demonstrate that random saliva is an alternative diagnostic specimen for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Self-collected random oropharyngeal saliva is a valuable specimen that provides accurate SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing of a community.

Comparing Nasopharyngeal Swab and Early Morning Saliva for the Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

BACKGROUND: The ideal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARs-CoV-2) testing method would be accurate and also be patient-performed to reduce exposure to healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to compare patient-performed testing based on a morning saliva sample with the current standard testing method, healthcare worker-collected sampling via a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). METHODS: This was a prospective single center study which recruited 217 asymptomatic adult male participants in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine center who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 8-10 days prior to isolation. Paired NPS and saliva specimens were collected and processed within 5 hours of sample collection. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting Envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes was performed and the results were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 160 of the 217 (74%) participants tested positive for COVID-19 based on saliva, NPS, or both testing methods. The detection rate for SARS-CoV-2 was higher in saliva compared to NPS testing (93.1%, 149/160 vs 52.5%, 84/160, P < .001). The concordance between the 2 tests was 45.6% (virus was detected in both saliva and NPS in 73/160), whereas 47.5% were discordant (87/160 tested positive for 1 whereas negative for the other). The cycle threshold (Ct) values for E and RdRp genes were significantly lower in saliva specimens compared to NP swab specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that saliva is a better alternative specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Taking into consideration, the simplicity of specimen collection, shortage of PPE and the transmissibility of the virus, saliva could enable self-collection for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing.

Development of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant LipL21 protein of pathogenic Leptospira through phage display technology.

Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonosis that is caused by spirochete Leptospira. The signs and symptoms of leptospirosis are usually varied, allowing it to be mistaken for other causes of acute febrile syndromes. Thus, early diagnosis and identification of a specific agent in clinical samples is crucial for effective treatment. This study was aimed to develop specific monoclonal antibodies against LipL21 antigen for future use in leptospirosis rapid and accurate immunoassay. A recombinant LipL21 (rLipL21) antigen was optimized for expression and evaluated for immunogenicity. Then, a naïve phage antibody library was utilized to identify single chain fragment variable (scFv) clones against the rLipL21 antigen. A total of 47 clones were analysed through monoclonal phage ELISA. However, after taking into consideration the background OD405 values, only 4 clones were sent for sequencing to determine human germline sequences. The sequence analysis showed that all 4 clones are identical. The in silico analysis of scFv-lip-1 complex indicated that the charged residues of scFv CDRs are responsible for the recognition with rLipL21 epitopes. The generated monoclonal antibody against rLipL21 will be evaluated as a detection reagent for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in a future study.

Case Report: Fatal Human Leptospirosis Caused by Leptospira interrogans Genotype ST149.

Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution and nonspecific clinical manifestation. We report a case of fatal leptospirosis in a previously healthy woman with a causative agent. A young adult Indian woman was brought in dead to the forensic department. Ten days before, she developed fever, dizziness with headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and vomiting. Routine inquest and autopsy were performed on the deceased, revealing hemorrhagic lungs with extensive intra-alveolar hemorrhages, pale liver with dissociation and separation of hepatocyte plates, and edematous brain with histiocyte and lymphocyte infiltration in the parenchyma and meninges. Heart tissue depicts myocarditis and pericarditis inflammatory changes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was turbid in appearance with mildly elevated leukocytes, predominantly lymphocytes. Real-time PCR targeting lipL32 gene of pathogenic Leptospira was detected in the blood, CSF, brain, kidney, heart, and liver. The genetic profile of the causative agent was ST149 (multi-locus sequence typing Scheme 3). This study illustrates the usefulness of Leptospira PCR assay in postmortem diagnosis and addresses the need for further surveillance to identify the epidemiological link of the disease.

Multi locus sequence typing of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease with rising global public health and clinical importance. Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is of increasing concern in Malaysia. Despite a number of reported studies from Malaysia, these reports are limited to certain parts of the country and do not provide a cohesive link between epidemiology of melioidosis cases and the nation-wide distribution of the causative agent Burkholderia pseudomallei. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Here we report on the distribution of B. pseudomallei sequence types (STs) in Malaysia and how the STs are related to STs globally. We obtained 84 culture-confirmed B. pseudomallei from confirmed septicaemic melioidosis patients from all over Malaysia. Prior to performing Multi Locus Sequence Typing, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of the YLF/BTFC genes and BimA allele. Up to 90.5% of the isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested while resistance was observed for antimicrobials typically administered during the eradication stage of treatment. YLF gene cluster and bimABp allele variant were detected in all the isolates. The epidemiological distribution patterns of the Malaysian B. pseudomallei isolates were analysed in silico using phylogenetic tools and compared to Southeast Asian and world-wide isolates. Genotyping of the 84 Malaysian B. pseudomallei isolates revealed 29 different STs of which 6 (7.1%) were novel. ST50 was identified as the group founder followed by subgroup founders ST376, ST211 and ST84. A low-level diversity is noted for the B. pseudomallei isolates described in this study while phylogenetic analysis associated the Malaysian STs to Southeast Asian isolates especially isolates from Thailand. Further analysis also showed a strong association that implicates agriculture and domestication activities as high-risk routes of infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In conclusion, MLST analysis of B. pseudomallei clinical isolates from all states in Malaysia revealed low diversity and a close association to Southeast Asian isolates.

Cyphellophora sp. Isolated from a Corneal Ulcer in the Human Eye.

Cyphellophora is a black yeast-like fungus with most of the strains being isolated from soil and plants. It tends to cause sooty blotch and flyspeck disease in plants. In humans, it is known to cause superficial skin and nail infections. This report highlights the case of a patient who initially presented with a small corneal abrasion which rapidly progressed into a corneal ulcer after the patient did not respond to the initial conventional treatment. The laboratory results from the corneal scraping found it to be Cyphellophora sp.

Elevated levels of IL-8 in fatal leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis causes a wide range of clinical outcomes, including organ failure and death. Early treatment significantly increases the chances of cure. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemoattractant cytokine for neutrophil and is associated with multiple organ failure. Research has indicated IL-8 to be raised in severe and fatal cases of leptospirosis, but its suitability as a prognostic biomarker has yet to be confirmed. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of IL-8 with the clinical outcomes of leptospirosis patients. Plasma IL-8 was measured in fifty-two samples from hospitalized patients and nineteen healthy controls. The comparisons were made between mild, severe-survived and fatal groups identified by clinical or laboratory findings. IL-8 was significantly higher in fatal (p = 0.01) compared to mild cases. IL-8 was also significantly higher in fatal (p = 0.02) when compared to survived cases of leptospirosis. IL-8 levels in the plasma of fatal leptospirosis cases were significantly elevated compared to survived cases and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in determining the possible outcome of leptospirosis patients.

Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease isolated from a paediatric patient.

The emergence of non-vaccine multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes is on rise. This study was performed to investigate a highly resistant serotype 15A S. pneumoniae isolated from the blood specimen of a 20-month-old patient who died of her infection. The SS40_16 isolate was resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, as well as to penicillin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime (using meningitis cut-off points, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). The isolate belonged to sequence type 1591 (ST1591) and was related to CC81 clonal complex, suggesting the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. Scanning electron microscopy comparison between resistant and sensitive pneumococcal isolates also indicated similar phenotypic characteristics that confer high resistance. The emergence of highly resistant non-vaccine pneumococci is of great concern to public health and in the clinical setting. Pneumococcal surveillance programs represent a crucial tool, not only for determining the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, but also for monitoring the selective pressure of serotype replacement with regard to the treatment of invasive pneumococcal disease.

Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis-malaria co-infections in Peninsular Malaysia.

Introduction. Co-infection of leptospirosis-malaria is not uncommon due to their overlapping geographical distribution in the tropics.Aim. This study aimed to describe and compare the demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis-malaria co-infection (LMCI) against leptospirosis mono-infection (LMI) in Peninsular Malaysia.Methodology. Data of patients admitted to various hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia from 2011 to 2014 diagnosed with leptospirosis in our laboratory were obtained from their admission records. Co-infections with malaria were identified via blood film for malaria parasites (BFMP). Description with inferential statistics analysis and multiple logistic regressions were used to distinguish features between dual and mono-infections.Results. Of 111 leptospirosis-positive patients, 26 (23.4 %) tested positive for malaria. Co-infections were predominant among male patients with a mean age of 33 years and were prevalent among immigrant populations who had settled in high-density suburban areas. Chills and rigor with splenomegaly were the only significant distinguishing clinical features of LMCI while leukocytosis and raised transaminases were significant laboratory parameters. Only chills and rigor demonstrated a predictive value for LMCI from analysis of multiple logistic regressions. No death was attributed to co-infection in this study, in contrast to LMI (11.8 %, n=10).Conclusion. The significant prevalence of LMCI found in this study with overlapping demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters makes diagnosis of co-infection challenging. It is essential to evaluate co-infection in endemic areas. Strengthened awareness of LMCI, comprehensive diagnostic services and further prospective studies are warranted.

Raised levels of Il-6, Il-17a, and Il-22 in fatal leptospirosis.

Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis range from mild, common cold-like illness, to a life-threatening condition. The host immune response has been hypothesized to play a major role in leptospirosis outcome. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, may promote tissue damage that lead to increased disease severity. The question is whether cytokines levels may predict the outcome of leptospirosis and guide patient management. This study aimed to assess the association between Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-related cytokines with the clinical outcome of patients with leptospirosis. Different cytokine levels were measured in fifty-two plasma samples of hospitalized patients diagnosed with leptospirosis in Malaysia (January 2016-December 2017). Patients were divided into two separate categories: survived (n = 40) and fatal outcome (n = 12). Nineteen plasma samples from healthy individuals were obtained as controls. Cytokine quantification was performed using Simple Plex™ assays from ProteinSimple (San Jose, CA, USA). Measurements were done in triplicate and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad software and SPSS v20. IL-6 (p = 0.033), IL-17A (p = 0.022), and IL-22 (p = 0.046) were significantly elevated in fatal cases. IL-17A concentration (OR 1.115; 95% CI 1.010-1.231) appeared to be an independent predictor of fatality of leptospirosis. Significantly higher levels of TNF-α (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-6 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-10 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-12 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL17A (p ≤ 0.0001), and IL-18 (p ≤ 0.0001) were observed among leptospirosis patients in comparison with healthy controls. Our study shows that certain cytokine levels may serve as possible prognostic biomarkers in leptospirosis patients.

Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics.

The causative agents of leptospirosis are responsible for an emerging zoonotic disease worldwide. One of the major routes of transmission for leptospirosis is the natural environment contaminated with the urine of a wide range of reservoir animals. Soils and surface waters also host a high diversity of non-pathogenic Leptospira and species for which the virulence status is not clearly established. The genus Leptospira is currently divided into 35 species classified into three phylogenetic clusters, which supposedly correlate with the virulence of the bacteria. In this study, a total of 90 Leptospira strains isolated from different environments worldwide including Japan, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Algeria, mainland France, and the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean were sequenced. A comparison of average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of genomes of the 90 isolates and representative genomes of known species revealed 30 new Leptospira species. These data also supported the existence of two clades and 4 subclades. To avoid classification that strongly implies assumption on the virulence status of the lineages, we called them P1, P2, S1, S2. One of these subclades has not yet been described and is composed of Leptospira idonii and 4 novel species that are phylogenetically related to the saprophytes. We then investigated genome diversity and evolutionary relationships among members of the genus Leptospira by studying the pangenome and core gene sets. Our data enable the identification of genome features, genes and domains that are important for each subclade, thereby laying the foundation for refining the classification of this complex bacterial genus. We also shed light on atypical genomic features of a group of species that includes the species often associated with human infection, suggesting a specific and ongoing evolution of this group of species that will require more attention. In conclusion, we have uncovered a massive species diversity and revealed a novel subclade in environmental samples collected worldwide and we have redefined the classification of species in the genus. The implication of several new potentially infectious Leptospira species for human and animal health remains to be determined but our data also provide new insights into the emergence of virulence in the pathogenic species.

Evaluation of a Rapid Kit for Detection of IgM against Leptospira in Human.

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness, known for its protean clinical manifestations and the challenge in differentiating from other infectious diseases. Standardized confirmatory test is antibody dependent and not accessible by the suburban community. This study measures efficiency of an immune-chromatographic assay, Leptocheck WB, in detecting acute leptospirosis. METHODS: A total of 142 sera were used for kit evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing rapid kit results with gold standard laboratory, microscopic agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: We found this rapid kit to have a sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 78.9%, respectively, whereas the PPV and NPV of the kit appeared to be 73.3% and 73.2%, respectively. DISCUSSION: Test efficiency of this rapid kit is reasonable. It is specific in detecting leptospiral antibody and assures clinician of accurate diagnosis by having higher PPV and NPV. It is prompt and efficient in comparison with conventional methods in assisting differential diagnosis. High sensitivity and specificity leptospirosis rapid test is indeed a crucial measure to assist the diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses.

Pneumococcal serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility in Malaysia: A four-year study (2014-2017) on invasive paediatric isolates.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to analyze the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children aged 5 years and under in Malaysia and to assess the antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: From 2014 to 2017, a total of 245 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates from children ≤5 years of age were received from hospitals all around Malaysia. All isolates were identified and subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS: Of the 245 isolates, 117 (48.0%) were from children aged <1year, 46 (19.05%) were from children aged 1-2 years, and 82 (33.0%) were from children aged 2-5 years. The most common serotypes were 14 (26.9%), 6B (19.6%), 19A (11.8%), 6A (10.6%), and 19F (6.9%) and vaccine coverage was 88.2% for PCV13, 64.1% for PCV10, and 63.3% for PCV7. Resistance to penicillin was 0.2% for non-meningitis cases and 22.2% for meningitis cases; erythromycin resistance was reported in 42.9%, co-trimoxazole in 35.9%, and tetracycline in 42.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Serotypes 14, 6B, 19A, 6A, and 19F were the most common serotypes isolated from children with IPD in Malaysia during this pre-vaccination era. The lack of reports on the serotype distribution has limited action for the implementation of PCV in the national immunization programme (NIP). The information from this study may benefit future policies for the introduction of PCV in the Malaysian NIP and ultimately may reduce the morbidity and mortality among children in Malaysia.

Leptospirosis seropositivity and its serovars among cattle in Northeastern Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that infects human and livestock which causes economic losses to the farmers. It has been reported as one of the causes of reproductive failure in cattle and other ruminants, determining abortions, stillbirth, weak newborns, and decrease in their growth rate and milk production. AIM: The objectives of this study were to determine the leptospirosis seroprevalence and to identify the predominant infecting serovars among cattle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 420 cattle from six randomly selected districts in Kelantan was conducted. A serological test using the microscopic agglutination test was conducted in the Institute of Medical Research with a cutoff titer for seropositivity of ≥1:100. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of leptospirosis seropositivity among cattle in this study was 81.7% (95% confidence interval: 63.5, 80.1). The most common reaction obtained with the sera tested was from the serovar Sarawak with 78.8%. CONCLUSION: A high seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies was found among cattle in Northeastern Malaysia. These findings urge that more studies are required to determine the reasons for the high seroprevalence among the cattle along with its transmission and pathogenicity of the local serovar Sarawak.