Contemporary Multicenter Outcomes for Truncus Arteriosus With Interrupted Aortic Arch.

BACKGROUND: Truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch (TA-IAA) is a rare congenital heart defect with historically poor outcomes. Contemporary multicenter data are limited. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of children who underwent repair of TA-IAA between 2009 and 2016 at 12 tertiary care referral centers within the United States was performed. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or operative mortality. TA-IAA patients were compared with TA patients who underwent repair during the study period from the same institutions. RESULTS: We reviewed 35 patients with TA-IAA. MACE occurred in 12 patients (34%). Improvement over time was observed during the study period with 11 events (92%) occurring in the first half of the study period (P = .03). Factors associated with MACE included moderate or severe truncal valve insufficiency (P < .01), concomitant truncal valve repair (P = .04), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass duration (P = .02). In comparison with 216 patients who underwent TA repair, patients with TA-IAA had a higher rate of MACE, but this finding was not statistically significant (34% vs 20%, respectively; P = .07). Additionally no differences between TA-IAA and TA groups were observed for unplanned reoperations (14% vs 22%, respectively; P = .3), hospital length of stay (24 vs 23 days, P = .65), or late deaths (7% vs 7%, P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary, multicenter cohort the rate of MACE after repair of TA-IAA was high but improved during the study period. Early childhood outcomes of patients with TA-IAA were similar to those with TA.

Patent foramen ovale in children: Unique pediatric challenges and lessons learned from adult literature.

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent incidental finding during echocardiography in otherwise healthy children. In most healthy children with a diagnosis of isolated incidental PFO, no further follow-up or intervention is necessary. In some children, PFO is associated with certain clinical syndromes such as cryptogenic stroke, decompression sickness, migraine, and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. This review discusses PFO anatomy, diagnostic imaging, PFO-associated clinical situations, management options, and the role of PFO in certain congenital heart disease. This review also highlights the current deficiency of pediatric data guiding management of these uncommon but important PFO-associated conditions. Future multicenter randomized controlled studies are necessary to guide the management of these unique and challenging PFO-associated conditions.

Intermediate Outcomes After Repair of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery.

BACKGROUND: Multicenter studies on infants with anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) are lacking. We report the intermediate-term outcomes after ALCAPA repair in a multicenter cohort and identify risk factors for reintervention or death after discharge. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed infants under 1 year of age who underwent ALCAPA repair from January 2009 to March 2018 at 21 US centers. The primary composite outcome was freedom from reintervention or death after discharge. We used the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to examine freedom from reintervention or death and the Cox proportional hazard analysis to identify risk factors for this composite outcome. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven infants underwent ALCAPA repair; 170 (97%) survived to hospital discharge without transplantation. Twenty-three patients were lost to follow-up. The median duration of follow-up in the remaining 147 patients was 3.8 years (25%, 75%: 1.9 years, 6.0 years). Echocardiographic data were available at ∼3 years after discharge in 98 patients. Left ventricular function was normal in 96 patients (98%), whereas 26 patients (27%) had greater than mild mitral valve regurgitation. Sixteen patients (11%) underwent 20 reinterventions with 1 late death. Patients undergoing the Takeuchi procedure or atypical repairs (hazard ratio, 8.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-30.0) or with moderate or greater mitral regurgitation on discharge echocardiogram (hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-9.1) were at increased risk for reintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Intermediate-term outcomes after ALCAPA repair in infants are favorable. Persistent left ventricular dysfunction and reinterventions were uncommon, and mortality was rare. Patients who required atypical surgical repair or had moderate or greater mitral regurgitation at discharge warrant closer follow-up.

Multicenter Analysis of Truncal Valve Management and Outcomes in Children with Truncus Arteriosus.

Truncal valve management in patients with truncus arteriosus is a clinical challenge, and indications for truncal valve intervention have not been defined. We sought to evaluate truncal valve dysfunction and primary valve intervention in patients with truncus arteriosus and determine risk factors for later truncal valve intervention. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children who underwent truncus arteriosus repair at 15 centers between 2009 and 2016. Multivariable competing risk analysis was performed to determine risk factors for later truncal valve intervention. We reviewed 252 patients. Forty-two patients (17%) underwent truncal valve intervention during their initial surgery. Postoperative extracorporeal support, CPR, and operative mortality for patients who underwent truncal valve interventions were statistically similar to the rest of the cohort. Truncal valve interventions were performed in 5 of 64 patients with mild insufficiency; 5 of 16 patients with mild-to-moderate insufficiency; 17 of 35 patients with moderate insufficiency; 5 of 9 patients with moderate-to-severe insufficiency; and all 10 patients with severe insufficiency. Twenty patients (8%) underwent later truncal valve intervention, five of whom had no truncal valve intervention during initial surgical repair. Multivariable analysis revealed truncal valve intervention during initial repair (HR 11.5; 95% CI 2.5, 53.2) and moderate or greater truncal insufficiency prior to initial repair (HR 4.0; 95% CI 1.1, 14.5) to be independently associated with later truncal valve intervention. In conclusion, in a multicenter cohort of children with truncus arteriosus, 17% had truncal valve intervention during initial surgical repair. For patients in whom variable truncal valve insufficiency is present and primary intervention was not performed, late interventions were uncommon. Conservative surgical approach to truncal valve management may be justifiable.

Utilization of inhaled nitric oxide after surgical repair of truncus arteriosus: A multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND: Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is common following repair of truncus arteriosus. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is an effective yet costly therapy that is frequently implemented postoperatively to manage elevated PVR. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe practice patterns of iNO use in a multicenter cohort of patients who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus, a lesion in which recovery is often complicated by elevated PVR. We also sought to identify patient and center factors that were more commonly associated with the use of iNO in the postoperative period. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: 15 tertiary care pediatric referral centers. PATIENTS: All infants who underwent definitive repair of truncus arteriosus without aortic arch obstruction between 2009 and 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate practice patterns of iNO use. Bivariate comparisons of characteristics of patients who did and did not receive iNO were performed, followed by multivariable mixed logistic regression analysis using backward elimination to identify independent predictors of iNO use. MAIN RESULTS: We reviewed 216 patients who met inclusion criteria, of which 102 (46%) received iNO in the postoperative period: 69 (68%) had iNO started in the operating room and 33 (32%) had iNO initiated in the ICU. Median duration of iNO use was 4 days (range: 1-21 days). In multivariable mixed logistic regression analysis, use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 8.4) and center (analyzed as a random effect, p = .02) were independently associated with iNO use. CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary multicenter study, nearly half of patients who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus received iNO postoperatively. Use of iNO was more dependent on individual center practice rather than patient characteristics. The study suggests a need for collaborative quality initiatives to determine optimal criteria for utilization of this important but expensive therapy.

Changes in Anesthetic and Postoperative Sedation-Analgesia Practice Associated With Early Extubation Following Infant Cardiac Surgery: Experience From the Pediatric Heart Network Collaborative Learning Study.

OBJECTIVES: The Pediatric Heart Network sponsored the multicenter Collaborative Learning Study that implemented a clinical practice guideline to facilitate early extubation in infants after repair of isolated coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot. We sought to compare the anesthetic practice in the operating room and sedation-analgesia management in the ICU before and after the implementation of the guideline that resulted in early extubation. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a multicenter study from January 2013 to April 2015. Predefined variables of anesthetic, sedative, and analgesia exposure were compared before and after guideline implementation. Propensity score weighted logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine administration on early extubation. SETTING: Five children's hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 240 study subjects who underwent repair of coarctation of the aorta or tetralogy of Fallot (119 preguideline implementation and 121 postguideline implementation). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical practice guideline implementation was accompanied by a decrease in the median total intraoperative dose of opioids (49.7 vs 24.0 µg/kg of fentanyl equivalents, p < 0.001) and benzodiazepines (1.0 vs 0.4 mg/kg of midazolam equivalents, p < 0.001), but no change in median volatile anesthetic agent exposure (1.3 vs 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration hr, p = 0.25). Intraoperative dexmedetomidine administration was associated with early extubation (odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI, 1.02-5.99, p = 0.04) when adjusted for other covariates. In the ICU, more patients received dexmedetomidine (43% vs 75%), but concomitant benzodiazepine exposure decreased in both the frequency (66% vs 57%, p < 0.001) and cumulative median dose (0.5 vs 0.3 mg/kg of ME, p = 0.003) postguideline implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an early extubation clinical practice guideline resulted in a reduction in the dose of opioids and benzodiazepines without a change in volatile anesthetic agent used in the operating room. Intraoperative dexmedetomidine administration was independently associated with early extubation. The total benzodiazepine exposure decreased in the early postoperative period.

Characteristics and operative outcomes for children undergoing repair of truncus arteriosus: A contemporary multicenter analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe characteristics and operative outcomes of children who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus and identify risk factors for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the immediate postoperative period in a contemporary multicenter cohort. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of children who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus between 2009 and 2016 at 15 centers within the United States. Patients with associated interrupted or obstructed aortic arch were excluded. MACE was defined as the need for postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or operative mortality. Risk factors for MACE were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We reviewed 216 patients. MACE occurred in 44 patients (20%) and did not vary significantly over time. Twenty-two patients (10%) received postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 26 (12%) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and 15 (7%) suffered operative mortality. With multivariable logistic regression analysis (which included adjustment for center effect), factors independently associated with MACE were failure to diagnose truncus arteriosus before discharge from the nursery (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4), cardiopulmonary bypass duration >150 minutes (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5-8.5), and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit diameter >50 mm/m2 (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.0-11.1). CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary multicenter analysis, 20% of children who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus experienced MACE. Early diagnosis, shorter duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and use of smaller diameter right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits represent potentially modifiable factors that could decrease morbidity and mortality in this fragile patient population.

Multicenter Analysis of Early Childhood Outcomes After Repair of Truncus Arteriosus.

BACKGROUND: Literature describing morbidity and mortality after truncus arteriosus repair is predominated by single-center reports. We created and analyzed a multicenter dataset to identify risk factors for late mortality and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit reintervention for this patient population. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on children who underwent repair of truncus arteriosus without concomitant arch obstruction at 15 centers between 2009 and 2016. Cox regression survival analysis was conducted to determine risk factors for late mortality, defined as death occurring after hospital discharge and greater than 30 days after operation. Probability of any RV-PA conduit reintervention was analyzed over time using Fine-Gray modeling. RESULTS: We reviewed 216 patients with median follow-up of 2.9 years (range, 0.1 to 8.8). Operative mortality occurred in 15 patients (7%). Of the 201 survivors there were 14 (7%) late deaths. DiGeorge syndrome (hazard ratio [HR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 17.8) and need for postoperative tracheostomy (HR, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.8 to 19.4) were identified as independent risk factors for late mortality. At least one RV-PA conduit catheterization or surgical reintervention was performed in 109 patients (median time to reintervention, 23 months; range, 0.3 to 93). Risk factors for reintervention included use of pulmonary or aortic homografts versus Contegra (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN) bovine jugular vein conduits (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.1) and smaller conduit size (HR per mm/m2, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08). CONCLUSIONS: In a multicenter dataset DiGeorge syndrome and need for tracheostomy postoperatively were found to be independent risk factors for late mortality after repair of truncus arteriosus, whereas risk of conduit reintervention was independently influenced by both initial conduit type and size.