RESUMO
Breast cancer was considered as a kind of prone breast tumors with the complicated pathological mechanisms and diverse clinical classifications. In the clinical treatments of HER2-positive tumor patients, HER2 monoclonal antibodies, such as Herceptin, have shown well-defined therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, due to the heterogeneity of breast cancers, drug resistance inevitably appeared during the application of Herceptin. In order to fully understand the immune tolerance status of the tumor microenvironment in the population of sensitive and insensitive patients, this study carried out a series of studies through Luminex cytokines assay, clinicopathological analysis, immunofluorescence, and PCR. The results confirmed that in clinical samples sensitive to Herceptin, there were a large number of macrophages, and the protein expression levels and in situ expression of macrophage-related chemokines and inflammatory mediators are significantly higher than drug-resistant tumor samples. Further studies found that T cell function has a low correlation with tumor growth, and there are obvious obstacles in the process of peripheral blood immune cells entering the tumor microenvironment. In summary, this study provided clues for understanding the clinical drug resistance of HER2 monoclonal antibody and the clinical rational use of drugs and combination drugs.
RESUMO
Biomass conditioner made from agricultural and animal husbandry waste for resource disposal could be used to improve desertified soil, which is one of the effective ways of ecological management on desertified grasslands in northwest Sichuan. To clarify the effects of different raw material conditioners on alpine desertified grassland in northwest Sichuan, we analyzed the effects of three conditioners on soil nutrients and microbial community characteristics. With no conditioner as the control (CK), three different biomass conditioners were set up with an application rate of 12 t·hm-2, including mushroom dregs (JZ), straw (JG) and biochar (SWT). The results showed that all biomass conditioners could significantly increase soil available nutrients and active organic carbon by 23.0%-521.6%. Among the three conditioners, JG had the best effect, with an improvement range for soil nutrient and organic carbon of 65.1%-521.6%. Because biomass conditioner was only applied in the first year, soil available nutrients and active organic carbon in the second year decreased by 4.5%-92.3% compared with that of the first year, while soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon content of the second year increased by 5.6%-458.0%. The biomass conditioners changed the relative abundance of the dominant bacteria in the microbial community. JG significantly affected bacterial flora, while JG and JZ affected fungal flora. Compared with CK, JG significantly reduced the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi. The Shannon index was decreased by 2.9% and 31.8%, while the Simpson index was increased by 175.0% and 320.9%, respectively. Results of the redundancy analysis showed that the contents of soil available nutrients and active organic carbon were important factors affecting microbial community composition. The contents of soil nitrate and microbial biomass carbon had greater impacts on bacterial community composition, explaining 65.9% of community variations. The contents of soil available potassium and microbial biomass carbon had a greater impact on fungal community composition, explaining 83.2% of community variation. According to the comprehensive comparison, straw conditioner could significantly increase soil available nutrients and active organic carbon, and benefit the growth of beneficial bacteria and fungi, which could be used as a promotion measure to improve soil quality of alpine desertified grassland in northwest Sichuan.