The enigma of the 'smoker's paradox': Results from a single-center registry of patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Smoker's paradox usually refers to the observation of a favorable outcome of smoking patients in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: From April 2006 to December 2018 a population of 2456 patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) were prospectively enrolled in the MATRIX registry. Ischemic time, clinical, demographics, angiographic data, and 1-year follow-up were collected. RESULTS: Among 2546 patients admitted with STEMI, 1007 (41 %) were current smokers. Smokers were 10 years younger and had lower crude in-hospital and 1-year mortality (1.5 % vs 6 %, p < 0.0001 and 5 % vs 11 %, p < 0.0001), shorter ischemic time (203 [147-299] vs 220 [154-334] minutes, p = 0.002) and shorter decision time (60 [30-135] vs 70 [36-170] minutes, p = 0.0063). Smoking habit [OR:0.37(95 % CI:0.18-0.75)-p < 0.01], younger age [OR 1.06 (95%CI:1.04-1.09)-p < 0.001] and shorter ischemic time [OR:1.01(95%CI:1.01-1.02)-p < 0.05] were associated to lower in-hospital mortality. Only smoking habit [HR:0.65(95 % CI: 0.44-0.9)-p = 0.03] and younger age [HR:1.08 (95%CI:1.06-1.09)-p < 0.001] were also independently associated to lower all-cause death at 1-year follow-up. After propensity matching, age, cardiogenic shock and TIMI flow <3 were associated with in-hospital mortality, while smoking habit was still associated with reduced mortality. Smoking was also associated with reduced mortality at 1-year follow-up (HR 0.54, 95 % CI [0.37-0.78]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking patients show better outcome after PCI for STEMI at 1-year follow-up. Although "Smoking paradox" could be explained by younger age of patients, other factors may have a role in the explanation of the phenomenon.

Health-Status Outcomes in Older Patients With Myocardial Infarction: Physiology-Guided Complete Revascularization Versus Culprit-Only Strategy.

BACKGROUND: The FIRE trial (Functional Assessment in Elderly Myocardial Infarction Patients With Multivessel Disease) enrolled 1445 older (aged ≥75 years) patients with myocardial infarction and multivessel disease in Italy, Spain, and Poland. Patients were randomized to physiology-guided complete revascularization or treatment of the only culprit lesion. Physiology-guided complete revascularization significantly reduced ischemic adverse events at 1 year. This prespecified analysis investigated the changes between the 2 study groups in angina status, quality of life, physical performance, and frailty. METHODS: Patients underwent validated scales at hospital discharge (baseline) and 1 year later. Angina status was evaluated using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, health-related quality of life by EQ visual analog scale, physical performance by short physical performance battery, and frailty by the clinical frailty scale. Mixed models for repeated measures analysis were used to study the association between the treatment arms, time, and scales. RESULTS: Baseline and 1-year Seattle Angina Questionnaire, EQ visual analog scale, short physical performance battery, and clinical frailty scale were collected in around two-thirds of the entire FIRE study population. The mean age was 80.9±4.6 years (female sex, 35.9%). Overall, 35.3% were admitted for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, whereas the others were admitted for non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Physiology-guided complete revascularization, compared with culprit-only revascularization, was associated with greater improvement in terms of angina status (Seattle Angina Questionnaire summary score, 7.3 [95% CI, 6.1-8.6] points), health-related quality of life (EQ visual analog scale, 6.2 [95% CI, 4.4-8.1] points), and physical performance (short physical performance battery, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.9-1.3] points). After 1 year, patients randomized to culprit-only revascularization experienced a deterioration in frailty status (clinical frailty scale, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.3] points), which was not observed in patients randomized to physiology-guided complete revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis suggested that a physiology-guided complete revascularization is associated with consistent benefits in terms of angina status, quality of life, physical performance, and the absence of further deterioration of the frailty status. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03772743.

Complete vs Culprit-Only Revascularization in Older Patients With Myocardial Infarction and High Bleeding Risk: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Patients with high bleeding risk (HBR) have a poor prognosis, and it is not known if they may benefit from complete revascularization after myocardial infarction (MI). Objective: To investigate the benefit of physiology-guided complete revascularization vs a culprit-only strategy in patients with HBR, MI, and multivessel disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prespecified analysis of the Functional Assessment in Elderly MI Patients With Multivessel Disease (FIRE) randomized clinical trial data. FIRE was an investigator-initiated, open-label, multicenter trial. Patients 75 years or older with MI and multivessel disease were enrolled at 34 European centers from July 2019 through October 2021. Physiology treatment was performed either by angiography- or wire-based assessment. Patients were divided into HBR or non-HBR categories in accordance with the Academic Research Consortium HBR document. Interventions: Patients were randomized to either physiology-guided complete revascularization or culprit-only strategy. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome comprised a composite of death, MI, stroke, or revascularization at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included a composite of cardiovascular death or MI and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) types 3 to 5. Results: Among 1445 patients (mean [SD] age, 81 [5] years; 917 male [63%]), 1025 (71%) met HBR criteria. Patients with HBR were at higher risk for the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.47-2.76), cardiovascular death or MI (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.26-2.83), and BARC types 3 to 5 (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.40-7.64). The primary end point was significantly reduced with physiology-guided complete revascularization as compared with culprit-only strategy in patients with HBR (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55-0.96). No indication of interaction was noted between revascularization strategy and HBR status for primary and secondary end points. Conclusions and Relevance: HBR status is prevalent among older patients with MI, significantly increasing the likelihood of adverse events. Physiology-guided complete revascularization emerges as an effective strategy, in comparison with culprit-only revascularization, for mitigating ischemic adverse events, including cardiovascular death and MI. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03772743.

Strike early-strike strong lipid-lowering strategy with PCSK9i in ACS patients. Real-world evidence from AT-TARGET-IT registry.

AIMS: No data are available on early initiation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in real-world. This study investigates the effects of PCSK9i started at time of ACS hospitalization on lipid control and major CV events in real-world. METHODS: The lipid control outcome was the percentage of patients reaching the LDL-C target of < 55 mg/dL at first lipid control. The clinical outcome was the incidence of composite major CV events (all cause death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and ischemia-driven revascularization) during follow-up in relation to quartiles of LDL-C at first lipid control. RESULTS: We included 771 patients with ACS from AT-TARGET-IT registry, receiving PCSK9i prescription during hospitalization or at discharge. Median LDL-C was 137 mg/dL and decreased to 43 mg/dL at first lipid control. 527 (68.3%) patients achieved LDL-C target at the first lipid control at a median time of 37 days from hospitalization; of them, 404 (76.8%) were discharged on statin plus ezetimibe background therapy. Event curves through a median follow-up of 11 months across quartiles of LDL-C showed a stepwise lower risk of 4P-MACE, 3P-MACE, all-cause mortality, and ischemia-driven revascularization in lower quartile of LDL-C values at first lipid control (<23 mg/dL) and in patients reaching LDL-C <55 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive and early lipid-lowering therapy using PCSK9i in patients with ACS (strike early strike strong strategy) is safe and effective in clinical practice and associated with a reduction of residual CV risk.

This study, from AT-TARGET-IT registry, investigates the effects of PCSK9i started at time of ACS hospitalization on lipid control and major CV events in real-world. Intensive and early PCSK9i therapy reduce composite major cardiovascular (CV) events in patients in reaching LDL-C target values. A strike early-strike strong strategy is safe and effective.

The Evolving Field of Acute Coronary Syndrome Management: A Critical Appraisal of the 2023 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), encompassing conditions like ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), represent a significant challenge in cardiovascular care due to their complex pathophysiology and substantial impact on morbidity and mortality. The 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for ACS management introduce several updates in key areas such as invasive treatment timing in NSTE-ACS, pre-treatment strategies, approaches to multivessel disease, and the use of imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and intracoronary imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). They also address a modulation of antiplatelet therapy, taking into consideration different patient risk profiles, and introduce new recommendations for low-dose colchicine. These guidelines provide important evidence-based updates in practice, reflecting an evolution in the understanding and management of ACS, yet some potentially missed opportunities for more personalized care and technology adoption are discussed.

Late acquired coronary aneurysm and restenosis after bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation: a case report.

Background: Although the technology of bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) aroused the peak of interest a few years ago and currently remains available only as part of experimental research, patients who have had BVS implanted should be still carefully monitored to detect possible long-term complications. Case summary: We present the case of a 47-year-old man who had received BVS implantation for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Six years later, computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) demonstrated in-segment restenosis in between two newly formed coronary aneurysms at the site of the implanted BVS. The patient received successful optical coherence tomography-guided percutaneous intervention with a new metallic drug-eluting stent implantation. Discussion: Our case demonstrates that coronary aneurysms can be well characterized with CTCA and are often incidentally discovered as they cause no symptoms. The incidence of coronary aneurysm at the site of a previously implanted BVS is not defined, and little is known about the pathophysiology and evolution of these lesions. Therefore, the decision to proceed with conservative management or intervention must be tailored to the clinical conditions of the patient, the anatomy, the rapidity of growth, and the possible thrombotic burden.

Monotherapy with P2Y12-inhibitors after dual antiplatelet therapy: Filling gaps in evidence.

BACKGROUND: Whether P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy (P2Y12-I) is superior to aspirin following DAPT discontinuation post-PCI remains to be established. METHODS: We updated our prior network meta-analysis where P2Y12-I and aspirin had been compared with DAPT or directly with each other. The focus is specifically on the available direct evidence, now consisting of the three head-to-head comparisons of P2Y12-I and aspirin in event-free PCI patients after DAPT. We include a Trial Sequential Analysis of the direct evidence based on meta-analytical literature. RESULTS: The main finding reveals a 39% significantly lower risk of myocardial infarction with P2Y12-I (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.78, p = 0.0001, I2 = 0%) with no difference in bleeding. Trial Sequential Analysis demonstrates clinically meaningful evidence for a reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction with P2Y12-I that is also supported by statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Accruing data highlight that P2Y12-I following DAPT discontinuation after PCI is associated with lower risk for MI and a similar risk for bleeding as compared with ASA. In light of potential limitations to the widespread adoption of life-long P2Y12-I treatment, clinicians should consider identifying selected patients who are expected to derive the highest benefit.

Exploring the level of agreement among different drug-drug interaction checkers: a comparative study on direct oral anticoagulants.

BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be involved in drug-drug interactions (DDIs) potentially increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the level of agreement among interaction checkers (ICs) and DOACs' summary of product characteristics (SPCs), in listing DDIs and in attributing DDIs' severity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The level of agreement among five ICs (i.e. INTERCheck WEB, Micromedex, Lexicomp, Epocrates, and drugs.com) in identifying potential DDIs and in attributing severity categories was evaluated using Gwet's AC1 on all five ICs and by comparing groups of four- and two-pair sets of ICs. RESULTS: A total of 486 potentially interacting drugs with dabigatran, 556 for apixaban, 444 for edoxaban, and 561 for rivaroxaban were reported. The level of agreement among the ICs in identifying potential DDIs was poor (range: 0.12-0.16). Similarly, it was low in 4 and 2 sets analyses. The level of agreement among the ICs in classifying the severity of potential DDIs was poor (range: 0.32-0.34), also in 4 and 2 sets analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity among different ICs and SPCs underscores the need to standardize DDI datasets and to conduct real-world studies to generate evidence regarding the frequency and clinical relevance of potential DOAC-related DDIs.

Abbreviated or Standard Dual Antiplatelet Therapy by Sex in Patients at High Bleeding Risk: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Abbreviated dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) reduces bleeding with no increase in ischemic events in patients at high bleeding risk (HBR) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives: To evaluate the association of sex with the comparative effectiveness of abbreviated vs standard DAPT in patients with HBR. Design, Setting, and Patients: This prespecified subgroup comparative effectiveness analysis followed the Management of High Bleeding Risk Patients Post Bioresorbable Polymer Coated Stent Implantation With an Abbreviated vs Standard DAPT Regimen (MASTER DAPT) trial, a multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial conducted at 140 sites in 30 countries and performed from February 28, 2017, to December 5, 2019. A total of 4579 patients with HBR were randomized at 1 month after PCI to abbreviated or standard DAPT. Data were analyzed from July 1 to October 31, 2022. Interventions: Abbreviated (immediate DAPT discontinuation, followed by single APT for ≥6 months) or standard (DAPT for ≥2 additional months, followed by single APT for 11 months) treatment groups. Main Outcomes and Measures: One-year net adverse clinical events (NACEs) (a composite of death due to any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or major bleeding), major adverse cardiac or cerebral events (MACCEs) (a composite of death due to any cause, myocardial infarction, or stroke), and major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (MCB). Results: Of the 4579 patients included in the analysis, 1408 (30.7%) were women and 3171 (69.3%) were men (mean [SD] age, 76.0 [8.7] years). Ischemic and bleeding events were similar between sexes. Abbreviated DAPT was associated with comparable NACE rates in men (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97 [95% CI, 0.75-1.24]) and women (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.60-1.26]; P = .65 for interaction). There was evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effect by sex for MACCEs, with a trend toward benefit in women (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.44-1.05]) but not in men (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.88-1.55]; P = .04 for interaction). There was no significant interaction for MCB across sex, although the benefit with abbreviated DAPT was relatively greater in men (HR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.50-0.84]) than in women (HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.53-1.12]; P = .46 for interaction). Results remained consistent in patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or complex PCI. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that women with HBR did not experience higher rates of ischemic or bleeding events compared with men and may derive particular benefit from abbreviated compared with standard DAPT owing to these numerically lower rates of events. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03023020.

Reproducibility of an artificial intelligence optical coherence tomography software for tissue characterization: Implications for the design of longitudinal studies.

BACKGROUND: To assess the reproducibility of coronary tissue characterization by an Artificial Intelligence Optical Coherence Tomography software (OctPlus, Shanghai Pulse Medical Imaging Technology Inc.). METHODS: 74 patients presenting with multivessel ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the infarct-related artery at the end of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and during staged PCI (SPCI) within 7 days thereafter in the MATRIX (Minimizing Adverse Hemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site and angioX) Treatment-Duration study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01433627). OCT films were run through the OctPlus software. The same region of interest between either side of the stent and the first branch was identified on OCT films for each patient at PPCI and SPCI, thus generating 94 pairs of segments. 42 pairs of segments were re-analyzed for intra-software difference. Five plaque characteristics including cholesterol crystal, fibrous tissue, calcium, lipid, and macrophage content were analyzed for various parameters (span angle, thickness, and area). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant inter-catheter (between PPCI and SPCI) or intra-software difference in the mean values of all the parameters. Inter-catheter correlation for area was best seen for calcification [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.86], followed by fibrous tissue (ICC 0.87), lipid (ICC 0.62), and macrophage (ICC 0.43). Some of the inter-catheter relative differences for area measurements were large: calcification 9.75 %; cholesterol crystal 74.10 %; fibrous tissue 5.90 %; lipid 4.66 %; and macrophage 1.23 %. By the intra-software measurements, there was an excellent correlation (ICC > 0.9) for all tissue types. The relative differences for area measurements were: calcification 0.64 %; cholesterol crystal 5.34 %; fibrous tissue 0.19 %; lipid 1.07 %; and macrophage 0.60 %. Features of vulnerable plaque, minimum fibrous cap thickness and lipid area showed acceptable reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates an overall good reproducibility of tissue characterization by the Artificial Intelligence Optical Coherence Tomography software. In future longitudinal studies, investigators may use discretion in selecting the imaging endpoints and sample size, accounting for the observed relative differences in this study.

Management of high and intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism: A position paper of the Interventional Cardiology Working Group of the Italian Society of Cardiology.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition that remains a major global health concern. Noteworthy, patients with high- and intermediate-high-risk PE pose unique challenges because they often display clinical and hemodynamic instability, thus requiring rapid intervention to mitigate the risk of clinical deterioration and death. Importantly, recovery from PE is associated with long-term complications such as recurrences, bleeding with oral anticoagulant treatment, pulmonary hypertension, and psychological distress. Several novel strategies to improve risk factor characterization and management of patients with PE have recently been introduced. Accordingly, this position paper of the Working Group of Interventional Cardiology of the Italian Society of Cardiology deals with the landscape of high- and intermediate-high risk PE, with a focus on bridging the gap between the evolving standards of care and the current clinical practice. Specifically, the growing importance of catheter-directed therapies as part of the therapeutic armamentarium is highlighted. These interventions have been shown to be effective strategies in unstable patients since they offer, as compared with thrombolysis, faster and more effective restoration of hemodynamic stability with a consistent reduction in the risk of bleeding. Evolving standards of care underscore the need for continuous re-assessment of patient risk stratification. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach is paramount in refining selection criteria to deliver the most effective treatment to patients with unstable hemodynamics. In conclusion, the current management of unstable patients with PE should prioritize tailored treatment in a patient-oriented approach in which transcatheter therapies play a central role.

Coronary calcification in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes: insights from the MATRIX trial.

AIMS: The role of coronary calcification on clinical outcomes among different revascularization strategies in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) has been rarely investigated. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the role of coronary calcification, detected by coronary angiography, in the whole spectrum of patients presenting with acute ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study was a post hoc analysis of the MATRIX programme. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke up to 365 days. Among the 8404 patients randomized in the MATRIX trial, data about coronary calcification were available in 7446 (88.6%) and therefore were included in this post hoc analysis. Overall, 875 patients (11.7%) presented with severe coronary calcification, while 6571 patients (88.3%) did not present severe coronary calcification on coronary angiography. Fewer patients with severe coronary calcification underwent percutaneous coronary intervention whereas coronary artery bypass grafting or medical therapy-only was more frequent compared with patients without severe calcification. At 1-year follow-up, MACE occurred in 237 (27.1%) patients with severe calcified coronary lesions and 985 (15%) patients without severe coronary calcified lesions [hazard ratio (HR) 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66-2.20, P < 0.001]. All-cause mortality was 8.6% in patients presenting with and 3.7% in those without severe coronary calcification (HR 2.38, 1.84-3.09, P < 0.001). Patients with severe coronary calcification incurred higher rate of MI (20.1% vs. 11.5%, HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.53-2.1, P < 0.001) and similar rate of stroke (0.8% vs. 0.6%, HR 1.35; 95% CI 0.61-3.02, P = 0.46). CONCLUSION: Patients with ACS and severe coronary calcification, as compared to those without, are associated with worse clinical outcomes irrespective of the management strategy.

Validation of a Contemporary Acute Kidney Injury Risk Score in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A simple, contemporary risk score for the prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was recently updated, although its external validation is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to validate the updated CA-AKI risk score in a large cohort of acute coronary syndrome patients from the MATRIX (Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site and Systemic Implementation of angioX) trial. METHODS: The risk score identifies 4 risk categories for CA-AKI. The primary endpoint was to appraise the receiver-operating characteristics of an 8-component and a 12-component CA-AKI model. Independent predictors of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes-based acute kidney injury and the impact of CA-AKI on 1-year mortality and bleeding were also investigated. RESULTS: The MATRIX trial included 8,201 patients with complete creatinine values and no end-stage renal disease. CA-AKI occurred in 5.5% of the patients, with a stepwise increase of CA-AKI rates from the lowest to the highest of the 4 risk categories. The receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.64-0.70) with model 1 and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.68-0.74) with model 2. CA-AKI risk was systematically overestimated with both models (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test: P < 0.05). The 1-year risks of all-cause mortality and bleeding were higher in CA-AKI patients (HR: 7.03 [95% CI: 5.47-9.05] and HR: 3.20 [95% CI: 2.56-3.99]; respectively). There was a gradual risk increase for mortality and bleeding as a function of the CA-AKI risk category for both models. CONCLUSIONS: The updated CA-AKI risk score identifies patients at incremental risks of acute kidney injury, bleeding, and mortality. (Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site and Systemic Implementation of angioX [MATRIX]; NCT01433627).

Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Contemporary Perspective.

Alcohol septal ablation is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy. The procedure causes a controlled myocardial infarction of the basal portion of the interventricular septum by the injection of absolute alcohol with the aim of reducing LVOT obstruction and improving the patient's hemodynamics and symptoms. Numerous observations have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the procedure, making it a valid alternative to surgical myectomy. In particular, the success of alcohol septal ablation depends on appropriate patient selection and the experience of the institution where the procedure is performed. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on alcohol septal ablation and highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of clinical and interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons with high expertise in the management of HOCM patients-the Cardiomyopathy Team.