Kidney stone disease.

Kidney stone disease is rapidly increasing with a strong relationship to metabolic syndrome. This review gives a brief overview of the current state and current treatment modalities. Increasing use of CT and ultrasound scans leads to increased diagnosis of asymptomatic kidney stones, which rarely require treatment. The trend in stone treatment goes towards endoscopic lithotripsy which together with ESWL enables a personalised approach. Obstructive stones with infection require urgent intervention to reduce mortality. Increased fluid intake, dietary changes as well as potassium citrate supplements are the most important elements in stone prevention in the common idiopathic stone disease.

Urinary incontinence.

Around 500,000 Danes are suffering from urinary incontinence, and stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence, alone or mixed, are the most common types. Diagnostic workup is similar for all types of urinary incontinence (men and women) and can be done by the GP. Most conservative interventions can be commenced by the GP. In complicated or treatment-resistant cases and when surgery is needed, referral to a urologic or gynaecological department can be necessary, as argued in this review.

Implementation of sacral neuromodulation for urinary indications. A Danish prospective study during the initial 15 months of a new service in a tertiary referral hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a well-established treatment modality for idiopathic overactive bladder and urgency incontinence, idiopathic fecal incontinence and non-obstructive urinary retention. This study describes the start-up phase of establishing the SNM service. Primary objective: To investigate the patient-reported outcome measures of SNM on lower urinary tract dysfunction symptoms. Secondary objectives: To investigate bowel function, sexual satisfaction and to monitor SNM safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with refractory idiopathic and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction were offered a two-stage test-phase procedure and SNM device implantation. On completing the study, the patients rated their satisfaction with the treatment using a five-point Likert scale and a bother score of urinary, bowel and sexual symptoms on a scale of 1-10 (the worst). Their complications were assessed. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (86%) were responders during the test phase and had the pulse generator implanted. Seventeen patients were very satisfied/satisfied. A statistically significant change in urinary symptoms bother score was observed in the idiopathic and neurogenic patients, a reduction from 10 to 4 (p = .0057) and 10 to 3 (p = .014), respectively. Eleven patients (58%) had symptoms from two or three pelvic compartments. Nine patients (47%) had complications. All but one event was resolved. CONCLUSIONS: SNM is safe in this heterogeneous group of patients with refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction of various etiologies. A substantial improvement was observed in the pelvic organ dysfunction, demanding a multidisciplinary approach. More studies are required to standardize the evaluation of the subjective and objective outcomes of SNM.

National Clinical Guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy.

PURPOSE: To summarise recommendations about 20 non-surgical interventions for recent onset (<12 weeks) non-specific low back pain (LBP) and lumbar radiculopathy (LR) based on two guidelines from the Danish Health Authority. METHODS: Two multidisciplinary working groups formulated recommendations based on the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Sixteen recommendations were based on evidence, and four on consensus. Management of LBP and LR should include information about prognosis, warning signs, and advise to remain active. If treatment is needed, the guidelines suggest using patient education, different types of supervised exercise, and manual therapy. The guidelines recommend against acupuncture, routine use of imaging, targeted treatment, extraforaminal glucocorticoid injection, paracetamol, NSAIDs, and opioids. CONCLUSION: Recommendations are based on low to moderate quality evidence or on consensus, but are well aligned with recommendations from international guidelines. The guideline working groups recommend that research efforts in relation to all aspects of management of LBP and LR be intensified.

[Embolisation of arteria prostatica in a patient with hypertrofia prostatae]. / Embolisering af arteria prostatica kan anvendes vedsvær blødning hos patienter med prostatahyperplasi

We present a case of persisting macroscopic haematuria in a patient with severe co-morbidity and need of blood transfusion. With a combination of selective embolisation of the internal pudendal artery and transurethral microwave therapy in local anaesthesia, the patient was treated successfully.

[Renal angiomyolipoma with spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding]. / Renalt angiomyolipom medspontan retroperitoneal blødning

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumour composed predominantly of blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue and adipose tissue. It is a rare disorder found in 0.1% of men and 0.22% of women. AML is most often manifested as a solitary tumour, but can also be found with multiple lesions in various organs. AML is predominantly asymptomatic, but may present with different symptoms depending on the size and position. Patients often have flank pain and microscopic or macroscopic haematuria. AML can also debut with spontaneous atraumatic bleeding in the retroperitoneum, Wunderlich's syndrome.

Formation of a vesicovaginal fistula in a pig model.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model of a vesicovaginal fistula that can later be used in the development of new treatment modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six female pigs of Landrace/Yorkshire breed were used. Vesicotomy was performed through open surgery. An standardized incision between the bladder and the vagina was made, and the mucosa between them was sutured together with absorbable sutures. A durometer ureteral stent was introduced into the fistula, secured with sutures to the bladder wall, allowing for the formation of a persistent fistula tract. Six weeks postoperatively cystoscopy was performed to examine the fistula in vivo. Thereafter, the pigs were euthanized with intravenous pentobarbital. RESULTS: Two out of four (50%) pigs developed persistent fistulas. No per- or postoperative complications occurred. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that this pig model of vesicovaginal fistula can be an effective and cheap way to create a fistula between the bladder and vagina.

High success rate after arterial renal embolisation.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to present patients who underwent either elective or acute renal embolisation in a single centre where embolisation was available at all hours. METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent transcatheter arterial embolisation (TAE) at Odense University Hospital from October 2010 to July 2013 were extracted retrospectively and examined to determine the indication for treatment, procedural details and complications. Patients were divided into four groups: renal cancer, trauma, angiomyolipoma (AML) and others. When there was indication for embolisation, a renal angiography was performed and followed by embolisation, if possible. The procedure was performed in local analgesia via the common femoral artery and as a super-selective procedure to save as many viable nephrons as possible. The most commonly used embolisation materials were coils. RESULTS: In total, 35 patients were included; their mean age was 64 years (range: 17-95 years): eight females and 27 males. A total of 15 patients underwent embolisation due to renal cancer; nine elective and six acute procedures. Seven traumas were embolised. Five AML patients underwent embolisation of which three were treated acutely. Finally, eight patients were treated because of spontaneous bleeding, arteriovenous malformation or aneurisms; three elective, five acute. The post-embolisation syndrome occurred in 22 patients (63%) and six patients (17%) were re-embolised. One patient had persistent infection (3%). Post-embolisation nephrectomy was performed in four patients (11%). CONCLUSION: The most common reason for TAE was renal cancer. TAE is a safe modality with few complications both when performed acutely and electively. FUNDING: not relevant. TRIAL REGISTRATION: not relevant.