The Right to Rehabilitation for People With Dementia: A Codesign Approach to Barriers and Solutions.

INTRODUCTION: People with dementia of all ages have a human right to equal access to quality health care. Despite evidence regarding its effectiveness, many people living with dementia are unable to access rehabilitation for promoting function and quality of life. Conducted in Australia, this study was designed to (1) explore barriers to access to dementia rehabilitation and (2) identify solutions that improve access to rehabilitation. METHODS: People living with dementia (n = 5) and care partners (n = 8) and health professionals (n = 13) were recruited nationally. Experience-based codesign across three virtual workshops was used to understand barriers and design solutions to improve access to rehabilitation treatments. Socio-ecological analyses, using the Levesque Access to Health care framework, were applied to findings regarding barriers and to aid selection of solutions. RESULTS: There was high attendance (92.3%) across the three workshops. Barriers were identified at a user level (including lack of knowledge, transport, cost and difficulty navigating the health, aged care and disability sectors) and health service level (including health professional low dementia knowledge and negative attitudes, inequitable funding models and non-existent or fragmented services). Solutions focused on widespread dementia education and training, including ensuring that people with dementia and their care partners know about rehabilitation therapies and that health professionals, aged care and disability co-ordinators know how to refer to and deliver rehabilitation interventions. Dementia care navigators, changes to Australia's public funding models and specific dementia rehabilitation programmes were also recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to accessing rehabilitation for people with dementia exist at multiple levels and will require a whole-community and systems approach to ensure change. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: People with living experience (preferred term by those involved) were involved at two levels within this research. A Chief Investigator living with dementia was involved in the design of the study and writing of the manuscript. People with living experience, care partners and service providers were participants in the codesign process to identify barriers and design potential solutions.

Impact of quality of care on outcomes in survivors of stroke with aphasia: A linked registry and hospital data observational study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of hospital care quality on patient outcomes in post-stroke aphasia remains unclear. We investigated the impact of nationally-endorsed acute stroke treatments on outcomes post-stroke, by aphasia status. METHODS: Patient-level data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2009-2013) linked to national deaths, hospital emergency presentations and admissions data were used. Aphasia was identified for the index stroke event (ICD-10 diagnosis code R47.0). Impact of receiving an optimal stroke care bundle (stroke unit care, antihypertensive medication at discharge and discharge care plan) and an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) care bundle (stroke unit care, intravenous thrombolysis and aspirin within 48 h of admission) on outcomes were analysed using multivariable regression models with propensity score adjustment. RESULTS: The study included 12,690 patients with a median age of 76, 54 % male, and 26 % with aphasia. Non-receipt of the optimal stroke care bundle was associated with worse survival, compared to optimal care, in people with aphasia (HR: 3.37; 95 % CI 2.10, 5.40; p < 0.05) and without aphasia (HR: 2.10; 95 % CI 1.19, 3.69; p < 0.05). Notably, the dose-response effect on survival was more pronounced in individuals with aphasia. In those who received the AIS care bundle, readmission within 12 months was greater in those without aphasia (vs aphasia, p-value interaction = 0.001), whereas survival was similar (p-value interaction = 0.731). CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of stroke with aphasia who did not receive the optimal stroke care bundle, had worse survival at 12 months post-stroke. Ensuring eligible patients receive the optimal stroke care bundle is crucial for improving their 12-month survival.

Barriers and facilitators to the uptake of electronic collection and use of patient-reported measures in routine care of older adults: a systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis.

Objective: The aims of this systematic review were to (1) synthesize the available qualitative evidence on the barriers and facilitators influencing implementation of the electronic collection and use of patient-reported measures (PRMs) in older adults' care from various stakeholder perspectives and (2) map these factors to the digital technology implementation framework Non-adoption, Abandonment, challenges to the Scale-up, Spread, Sustainability (NASSS) and behavior change framework Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour (COM-B). Materials and Methods: A search of MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science databases from 1 January 2001 to 27 October 2021 was conducted and included English language qualitative studies exploring stakeholder perspectives on the electronic collection and use of PRMs in older adults' care. Two authors independently screened studies, conducted data extraction, quality appraisal using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), data coding, assessed confidence in review findings using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE CERQual), and mapped the findings to NASSS and COM-B. An inductive approach was used to synthesize findings describing the stakeholder perspectives of barriers and facilitators. Results: Twenty-two studies were included from the 3368 records identified. Studies explored older adult, caregiver, healthcare professional, and administrative staff perspectives. Twenty nine of 34 review findings (85%) were graded as having high or moderate confidence. Key factors salient to older adults related to clinical conditions and socio-cultural factors, digital literacy, access to digital technology, and user interface. Factors salient to healthcare professionals related to resource availability to collect and use PRMs, and value of PRMs collection and use. Conclusion: Future efforts to implement electronic collection and use of PRMs in older adults' care should consider addressing the barriers, facilitators, and key theoretical domains identified in this review. Older adults are more likely to adopt electronic completion of PRMs when barriers associated with digital technology access, digital literacy, and user interface are addressed. Future research should explore the perspectives of other stakeholders, including those of organizational leaders, digital technology developers and implementation specialists, in various healthcare settings and explore factors influencing implementation of PREMs. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022295894.

Age and Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factor Management prior to Stroke: Linked Registry and General Practice Data.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited evidence about the management of cardiovascular risk factors within 12 months before stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in Australian general practices. We evaluated whether age and sex disparities in cardiovascular risk factor management for primary prevention exist in general practice. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2014-2018) linked with general practice data from three Primary Health Networks in Victoria, Australia. We included adults who had ≥2 encounters with a general practitioner within 12 months immediately before the first stroke/TIA. Cardiovascular risk factor management within 12 months before stroke/TIA was evaluated in terms of: assessment of risk factors (blood pressure [BP], serum lipids, blood glucose, body weight); prescription of prevention medications (BP-lowering, lipid-lowering, glucose-lowering, antithrombotic agents); and attainment of risk factor targets. RESULTS: Of 2,880 patients included (median age 76.5 years, 48.4% women), 80.9% were assessed for BP, 49.9% serum lipids, 46.8% blood glucose, and 39.3% body weight. Compared to patients aged 65-84 years, those aged <65 or ≥85 years were less often assessed for risk factors, with women aged ≥85 years assessed for significantly fewer risk factors than their male counterparts. The most prescribed prevention medications were BP-lowering (64.9%) and lipid-lowering agents (42.0%). There were significant sex differences among those aged <65 years (34.7% women vs. 40.2% men) and ≥85 years (34.0% women vs. 44.3% men) for lipid-lowering agents. Risk factor target attainment was generally poorer in men than women, especially among those aged <65 years. CONCLUSION: Age-sex disparity exists in risk factor management for primary prevention in general practice, and this was more pronounced among younger patients and older women.

The implementation of a perioperative medicine for older people undergoing surgery service: a qualitative case study.

BACKGROUND: The international scale and spread of evidence-based perioperative medicine for older people undergoing surgery (POPS) services has not yet been fully realised. Implementation science provides a structured approach to understanding factors that act as barriers and facilitators to the implementation of POPS services. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that influence the implementation of POPS services in the UK. METHODS: A qualitative case study at three UK health services was undertaken. The health services differed across contextual factors (population, workforce, size) and stages of POPS service implementation maturity. Semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled clinicians (perioperative medical, nursing, allied health, and pharmacy) and managers (n = 56) were conducted. Data were inductively coded, then thematically analysed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS: Fourteen factors across all five CFIR domains were relevant to the implementation of POPS services. Key shared facilitators included stakeholders understanding the rationale of the POPS service, with support from their networks, POPS champions, and POPS clinical leads. We found substantial variation and flexibility in the way that health services responded to these shared facilitators and this was relevant to the implementation of POPS services. CONCLUSIONS: Health services planning to implement a POPS service should use health service-specific strategies to respond flexibly to local factors that are acting as barriers or facilitators to implementation. To support implementation of a POPS service, we recommend health services prioritise understanding local networks, identifying POPS champions, and ensuring that stakeholders understand the rationale for the POPS service. Our study also provides a structure for future research to understand the factors associated with 'unsuccessful' implementation of a POPS service, which can inform ongoing efforts to implement evidence-based perioperative models of care for older people.

Healthcare consumer acceptability of routine use of the EQ-5D-5L in clinical care: a cross-sectional survey.

PURPOSE: Patient reported outcome measures, such as the EQ-5D-5L, provide a measure of self-perceived health status or health-related quality of life. Understanding the consumer acceptability of a patient reported outcome measure can help to decide about its implementation across a healthcare organisation and possibly increase the likelihood of its use in clinical care. This study established the acceptability of the EQ-5D-5L from the perspective of clients receiving healthcare, and determined if acceptability varied by client sub-types. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey explored clients' experience of the EQ-5D-5L. Eligible clients were aged ≥ 18 years and completed the EQ-5D-5L on admission and discharge to one of two multi-disciplinary community health services. Likert scale items explored acceptability, and open-ended questions determined if the EQ-5D-5L reflects experience of illness. Associations between acceptability and client characteristics were established using χ2 test. Open-ended questions were analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: Most of the 304 clients (mean age 70 years, SD 16) agreed that the EQ-5D-5L: was easy to use/understand (n = 301, 99%) and useful (n = 289, 95%); improved communication with their therapist (n = 275, 90%); and made them feel more in control of their health (n = 276, 91%). Most clients also agreed that they wished to continue using the EQ-5D-5L (n = 285, 93%). Clients aged ≥ 60 years reported lower acceptability. Clients noted that the EQ-5D-5L did not capture experience of illness related to fatigue, balance/falls, cognition, and sleep. CONCLUSION: The EQ-5D-5L is acceptable for use in care but does not capture all aspects of health relevant to clients, and acceptability varies by subgroup.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Government Policy to Incentivise Chronic Disease Management following Stroke: A Modelling Study.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the cost-effectiveness of government policies that support primary care physicians to provide comprehensive chronic disease management (CDM). This paper aimed to estimate the potential cost-effectiveness of CDM policies over a lifetime for long-time survivors of stroke. METHODS: A Markov model, using three health states (stable, hospitalised, dead), was developed to simulate the costs and benefits of CDM policies over 30 years (with 1-year cycles). Transition probabilities and costs from a health system perspective were obtained from the linkage of data between the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (cohort n = 12,368, 42% female, median age 70 years, 45% had CDM claims) and government-held hospital, Medicare, and pharmaceutical claims datasets. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were obtained from a comparable cohort (n = 512, 34% female, median age 69.6 years, 52% had CDM claims) linked with Medicare claims and death data. A 3% discount rate was applied to costs in Australian dollars (AUD, 2016) and QALYs beyond 12 months. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to understand uncertainty. RESULTS: Per-person average total lifetime costs were AUD 142,939 and 8.97 QALYs for those with a claim, and AUD 103,889 and 8.98 QALYs for those without a claim. This indicates that these CDM policies were costlier without improving QALYs. The probability of cost-effectiveness of CDM policies was 26.1%, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of AUD 50,000/QALY. CONCLUSION: CDM policies, designed to encourage comprehensive care, are unlikely to be cost-effective for stroke compared to care without CDM. Further research to understand how to deliver such care cost-effectively is needed.

Statistical analysis plan for the Recovery-focused Community support to Avoid readmissions and improve Participation after Stroke randomised controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned hospital presentations may occur post-stroke due to inadequate preparation for transitioning from hospital to home. The Recovery-focused Community support to Avoid readmissions and improve Participation after Stroke (ReCAPS) trial was designed to test the effectiveness of receiving a 12-week, self-management intervention, comprising personalised goal setting with a clinician and aligned educational/motivational electronic messages. Primary outcome is as follows: self-reported unplanned hospital presentations (emergency department/admission) within 90-day post-randomisation. We present the statistical analysis plan for this trial. METHODS/DESIGN: Participants are randomised 1:1 in variable block sizes, with stratification balancing by age and level of baseline disability. The sample size was 890 participants, calculated to detect a 10% absolute reduction in the proportion of participants reporting unplanned hospital presentations/admissions, with 80% power and 5% significance level (two sided). Recruitment will end in December 2023 when funding is expended, and the sample size achieved will be used. Logistic regression, adjusted for the stratification variables, will be used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention on the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes will be evaluated using appropriate regression models. The primary outcome analysis will be based on intention to treat. A p-value ≤ 0.05 will indicate statistical significance. An independent Data Safety and Monitoring Committee has routinely reviewed the progress and safety of the trial. CONCLUSIONS: This statistical analysis plan ensures transparency in reporting the trial outcomes. ReCAPS trial will provide novel evidence on the effectiveness of a digital health support package post-stroke. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ACTRN12618001468213. Registered on August 31, 2018. SAP version 1.13 (October 12 2023) Protocol version 1.12 (October 12, 2022) SAP revisions Nil.

Using a multi-stakeholder co-design process to develop a health service organisation-wide patient reported outcome measure collection system.

PURPOSE: Limited examples exist of successful Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) implementation across an entire healthcare organisation. The aim of this study was to use a multi-stakeholder co-design process to develop a PROM collection system, which will inform implementation of routine collection of PROMs across an entire healthcare organisation. METHODS: Co-design comprised semi-structured interviews with clinicians (n = 11) and workshops/surveys with consumers (n = 320). The interview guide with clinicians focused on their experience using PROMs, preferences for using PROMs, and facilitators/barriers to using PROMs. Co-design activities specific to consumers focused on: (1) how PROMs will be administered (mode), (2) when PROMs will be administered (timing), (3) who will assist with PROMs collection, and (4) how long a PROM will take to complete. Data were analysed using a manifest qualitative content analysis approach. RESULTS: Core elements identified during the co-design process included: PROMs collection should be consumer-led and administered by someone other than a clinician; collection at discharge from the healthcare organisation and at 3-6 months post discharge would be most suitable for supporting comprehensive assessment; PROMs should be administered using a variety of modes to accommodate the diversity of consumer preferences, with electronic as the default; and the time taken to complete PROMs should be no longer than 5-10 min. CONCLUSION: This study provides new information on the co-design of a healthcare organisation-wide PROM collection system. Implementing a clinician and patient informed strategy for PROMs collection, that meets their preferences across multiple domains, should address known barriers to routine collection.

Exploring associations of greenery, air pollution and walkability with cardiometabolic health in people at midlife and beyond.

AIM: To examine associations of neighborhood greenery, air pollution and walkability with cardiometabolic disease in adults aged ≥45 years in the Frankston-Mornington Peninsula region, Victoria, Australia. METHODS: A cross-sectional, ecological study design was used. We assessed mean annual neighborhood greenery using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; air pollution (fine particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 µm [PM2.5] and NO2) using land-use regression models; and walkability using Walk Score (possible values 0-100). Medically diagnosed diabetes (~95% type-2), heart disease and stroke were self-reported in the Australian Census (2021). Multivariable regression was used to model associations between environmental exposures and area-level (neighborhood) cardiometabolic disease prevalence (age group ≥45 years), with socioeconomic status, age and sex as covariates. Air pollution was examined as a mediator of associations between greenery and disease prevalence. RESULTS: Our sample comprised 699 neighborhoods with the following mean (SD) values: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 0.47 (0.09), PM2.5, 8.5 (0.6) µg/m3 and NO2, 5.2 (1.6) ppb. Disease prevalences were: heart disease, mean 8.9% (4.5%); diabetes, mean 10.3% (4.7%); and stroke, median 1.2% (range 0-10.9%). Greenery was negatively associated with diabetes (ß = -5.85, 95% CI -9.53, -2.17) and stroke prevalence (ß = -1.26, 95% CI -2.11, -0.42). PM2.5 and NO2 were positively associated with diabetes (ß = 1.59, 95% CI 1.00, 2.18; ß = 0.42, 95% CI 0.22, 0.62) and stroke prevalence (ß = 0.15, 95% CI 0.01, 0.29; ß = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.10). The association between greenery and diabetes was partially mediated by PM2.5 (mediated effect -5.38, 95% CI -7.84, -3.03). CONCLUSIONS: Greenery and air pollutants were associated with lower and higher prevalence, respectively, of self-reported diabetes and, to a lesser extent, stroke. These ecological findings require further exploration with stronger, longitudinal study designs to inform public health policy and directions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 208-214.

Risk Factors Associated with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events after Ischemic Stroke: A Linked Registry Study.

INTRODUCTION: Survivors of stroke are at risk of experiencing subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We aimed to determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, MACE after first-ever ischemic stroke, by age group (18-64 years vs. ≥65 years). METHODS: Observational cohort study using patient-level data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2009-2013), linked with hospital administrative data. We included adults with first-ever ischemic stroke who had no previous acute cardiovascular admissions and followed these patients for 2 years post-discharge, or until the first post-stroke MACE event. A Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard model, accounting for the competing risk of non-cardiovascular death, was used to determine factors for incident post-stroke MACE. RESULTS: Among 5,994 patients with a first-ever ischemic stroke (median age 73 years, 45% female), 17% were admitted for MACE within 2 years (129 events per 1,000 person-years). The median time to first post-stroke MACE was 117 days (89 days if aged <65 years vs. 126 days if aged ≥65 years; p = 0.025). Among patients aged 18-64 years, receiving intravenous thrombolysis (sub-distribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.51 [95% CI, 0.28-0.92]) or being discharged to inpatient rehabilitation (SHR 0.65 [95% CI, 0.46-0.92]) were associated with a reduced incidence of post-stroke MACE. In those aged ≥65 years, being unable to walk on admission (SHR 1.33 [95% CI 1.15-1.54]), and history of smoking (SHR 1.40 [95% CI 1.14-1.71]) or atrial fibrillation (SHR 1.31 [95% CI 1.14-1.51]) were associated with an increased incidence of post-stroke MACE. Acute management in a large hospital (>300 beds) for the initial stroke event was associated with reduced incidence of post-stroke MACE, irrespective of age group. CONCLUSIONS: MACE is common within 2 years of stroke, with most events occurring within the first year. We have identified important factors to consider when designing interventions to prevent MACE after stroke, particularly among those aged <65 years.

Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to a Pilot Implementation of an Algorithm-Supported Care Navigation Model of Care: A Qualitative Study.

We aimed to explore managerial and project staff perceptions of the pilot implementation of an algorithm-supported care navigation model, targeting people at risk of hospital readmission. The pilot was implemented from May to November 2017 at a Victorian health service (Australia) and provided to sixty-five patients discharged from the hospital to the community. All managers and the single clinician involved participated in a semi-structured interview. Participants (n = 6) were asked about their perceptions of the service design and the enablers and barriers to implementation. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to a framework approach, using inductive and deductive techniques. Constructed themes included the following: an algorithm alone is not enough, the health service culture, leadership, resources and the perceived patient experience. Participants felt that having an algorithm to target those considered most likely to benefit was helpful but not enough on its own without addressing other contextual factors, such as the health service's capacity to support a large-scale implementation. Deductively mapping themes to the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework highlighted that a formal facilitation would be essential for future sustainable implementations. The systematic identification of barriers and enablers elicited critical information for broader implementations of algorithm-supported models of care.

Mental health support after stroke: A qualitative exploration of lived experience.

PURPOSE: Unmanaged mental health problems following a stroke can be detrimental to recovery. We aimed to explore the lived experience of (a) poststroke mental health difficulties, (b) help-seeking for mental health, including factors that influenced treatment access and utilization, and (c) receiving treatment and support. RESEARCH METHOD: Individual semistructured interviews were conducted in 2022 with 13 participants (62% female, age at stroke 35-76 years) who had experienced mental health difficulties following their stroke. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis with a critical realist approach. RESULTS: Six themes were identified. Mental health challenges poststroke were diverse in nature. Attitudes and previous experiences relating to mental health influenced the inclination to seek help. Participants valued an individualized approach to the provision and timing of psychoeducation. Accessibility of services was impacted by financial and transportation barriers, as well as availability of services and appropriately trained clinicians. Participation in support groups was a positive experience for most participants. Lived experience of mental health treatment ranged from positive to negative, and participants conveyed helpful and unhelpful aspects. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the importance of early screening and psychoeducation provision for poststroke mental health difficulties, alongside accessible community-based mental health support services throughout the stroke recovery journey. Having varied options for mental health support and treatment may aid stroke survivors in finding an approach that personally works for them. Additionally, it may be helpful to train clinicians to tailor mental health treatment to accommodate stroke-related impairments (e.g., cognitive, sensorimotor). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Factors Associated With Transition From Community to Permanent Residential Aged Care Following Stroke: A Linked Registry Data Study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding factors that influence the transition to permanent residential aged care following a stroke or transient ischemic attack may inform strategies to support people to live at home longer. We aimed to identify the demographic, clinical, and system factors that may influence the transition from living in the community to permanent residential care in the 6 to 18 months following stroke/transient ischemic attack. METHODS: Linked data cohort analysis of adults from Queensland and Victoria aged ≥65 years and registered in the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2012-2016) with a clinical diagnosis of stroke/transient ischemic attack and living in the community in the first 6 months post-hospital discharge. Participant data were linked with primary care, pharmaceutical, aged care, death, and hospital data. Multivariable survival analysis was performed to determine demographic, clinical, and system factors associated with the transition to permanent residential care in the 6 to 18 months following stroke, with death modeled as a competing risk. RESULTS: Of 11 176 included registrants (median age, 77.2 years; 44% female), 520 (5%) transitioned to permanent residential care between 6 and 18 months. Factors most associated with transition included the history of urinary tract infections (subhazard ratio [SHR], 1.41 [95% CI, 1.16-1.71]), dementia (SHR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.14-2.42]), increasing age (65-74 versus 85+ years; SHR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.31-2.34]), living in regional Australia (SHR, 31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.60]), and aged care service approvals: respite (SHR, 4.54 [95% CI, 3.51-5.85]) and high-level home support (SHR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.30-2.48]). Protective factors included being dispensed antihypertensive medications (SHR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.53-0.87]), seeing a cardiologist (SHR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.91]) following stroke, and less severe stroke (SHR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.58-0.88]). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide an improved understanding of factors that influence the transition from community to permanent residential care following stroke and can inform future strategies designed to delay this transition.

Impact of pay-for-performance for stroke unit access on mortality in Queensland, Australia: an interrupted time series analysis.

Background: Stroke unit care provides substantial benefits for all subgroups of patient with stroke, but consistent access has been difficult to achieve in many healthcare systems. Pay-for-performance incentives have been introduced widely in attempt to improve quality and efficiency in healthcare, but there is limited evidence of positive impact when they are targeted at hospitals. In 2012, a pay-for-performance program targeting stroke unit access was co-designed and implemented within a clinical quality improvement network across public hospitals in Queensland, Australia. We assessed the impact on access to specialist care and mortality following stroke. Methods: We used interrupted time series analysis on linked hospital and death registry data to compare changes in level (absolute proportions) and trends in outcomes (stroke/coronary care unit admission, 6-month mortality) for stroke, and a control condition of myocardial infarction (MI) without pay-for-performance incentive, from 2009 before, to 2017 after introduction of the pay-for-performance scheme in 2012. Findings: We included 23,572 patients with stroke and 39,511 with MI. Following pay-for-performance introduction, stroke unit access increased by an absolute 35% (95% CI 29, 41) more than historical trend prediction, with greater impact for regional/rural residents (41% vs major city 24%) where baseline access was lowest (18% vs major city residents 53%). Historical upward 6-month mortality trends following stroke (+0.11%/month) reversed to a downward slope (-0.05%/month) with pay-for-performance; difference -0.16%/month (95% CI -0.29, -0.03). In contrast, access to coronary care and mortality trends for MI controls were unchanged, difference-in-difference for mortality -0.18%, (95% CI -0.34, -0.02). Interpretation: This clinician led pay-for-performance incentive stimulated significant improvements in stroke unit access, reduced regional disparities; and resulted in a sustained decline in 6-month mortality. As our findings contrast with lack of effect in most hospital directed pay-for-performance programs, differences in design and context provide insights for optimal program design. Funding: Queensland Advancing Clinical Research Fellowship, National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellowship.

Determining the Impact of Opioid Policy on Substance Use and Mental Health-Related Harms: Protocol for a Data Linkage Study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing harms related to prescription opioids over the past decade have led to the introduction of a range of key national and state policy initiatives across Australia. These include introducing a mandatory real-time prescription drug-monitoring program in the state of Victoria from April 2020 and a series of changes to subsidies for opioids on the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme from June 2020. Together, these changes aim to influence opioid supply and reduce harms related to prescription opioids, yet few studies have specifically explored how these policies have influenced opioid prescribing and related harms in Australia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of a range of opioid-related policies on hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) presentations in Victoria, Australia. In particular, the study aims to understand the effect of various opioid policies and opioid-prescribing changes on (1) the number and rates of ED presentations and hospital admissions attributed to substance use (ie, opioid and nonopioid related) or mental ill-health (eg, suicide, self-harm, anxiety, and depression), (2) the association between differing opioid dose trajectories and the likelihood of ED presentations and hospital admissions related to substance use and mental ill-health, and (3) whether changes in an individual's opioid prescribing change the risk related to ED presentations and hospital admissions related to substance use and mental ill-health. METHODS: We will conduct a population-level linked data study. General practice health records obtained from the Population Level Analysis and Reporting platform are linked with person-level data from 3 large hospital networks in Victoria, Australia. Interrupted time series analysis will be used to examine the impact of opioid policies on a range of harms, including the rates of presentations related to substance use (opioid and nonopioid) and mental ill-health among the primary care cohort. Group-based trajectory modeling and a case-crossover design will be used to further explore the impact of changes in opioid dosage and other covariates on opioid and nonopioid poisonings and mental ill-health-related presentations at the patient level. RESULTS: Given that this paper serves as a protocol, there are currently no results available. The deidentified primary health data were sourced from electronic medical records of approximately 4,717,000 patients from 542 consenting general practices over a 6-year period (2017-2022). The submission of results for publication is planned for early 2024. CONCLUSIONS: This study will add to the limited evidence base to help understand the impact of opioid policies in Australia, including whether intended or unintended outcomes are occurring as a result. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EU PAS Register EUPAS104005; https://www.encepp.eu/encepp/viewResource.htm?id=104006. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/51825.

Development of an implementation strategy for routine collection of generic patient reported outcome measures: a qualitative study in multidisciplinary community rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: To explore staff perceptions of barriers and enablers towards implementing the EQ-5D-5L in community rehabilitation, and develop a theory-informed implementation approach for routine administration of generic patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) using implementation science frameworks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted at three sites. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation staff completed individual semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and coded against the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). We identified and selected potentially effective behaviour change techniques using the Behavior Change Wheel. Hypothetical strategies were operationalised. RESULTS: Twenty-one interviews were conducted, and four themes emerged: (1) The Impact of PROMs on patient centered-care; (2) Considerations for validity of PROMs; (3) Service-level impact of embedding PROMs; (4) Practical issues of embedding PROMs within the service. Barriers and enablers were mapped to seven of the TDF domains; relating most to clinicians' "belief about consequences", "reinforcement", and "environmental context and resources". Five hypothetical strategies were developed to overcome identified barriers and strengthen enablers. Key behaviour change techniques underpinning the strategies include: restructuring the physical environment, incentivisation, persuasion and education, enablement, and, social support. CONCLUSIONS: Our implementation approach highlights the importance of automating processes, engaging site champions, routinely reporting, and using PROM data to inform service provision.

Implementation of patient reported outcome measures within multidiscipline rehabilitation settings are likely optimised by establishing infrastructure support e.g., information technology systems to automate the process and minimise manual aspects of data collection.Engaging site champions may be an important enabler for the routine collection of patient reported outcome measuresProviding feedback to clinicians on aggregated results of patient reported outcome measures are likely to motivate and encourage routine collection.

Developing a linked electronic health record derived data platform to support research into healthy ageing.

Introduction: Digitalisation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) data has created unique opportunities for research. However, these data are routinely collected for operational purposes and so are not curated to the standard required for research. Harnessing such routine data at large scale allows efficient and long-term epidemiological and health services research. Objectives: To describe the establishment a linked EHR derived data platform in the National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia, aimed at enabling research targeting national health priority areas in ageing. Methods: Our approach incorporated: data validation, curation and warehousing to ensure quality and completeness; end-user engagement and consensus on the platform content; implementation of an artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline for extraction of text-based data items; early consumer involvement; and implementation of routine collection of patient reported outcome measures, in a multisite public health service. Results: Data for a cohort of >800,000 patients collected over a 10-year period have been curated within the platform's research data warehouse. So far 117 items have been identified as suitable for inclusion, from 11 research relevant datasets held within the health service EHR systems. Data access, extraction and release processes, guided by the Five Safes Framework, are being tested through project use-cases. A natural language processing (NLP) pipeline has been implemented and a framework for the routine collection and incorporation of patient reported outcome measures developed. Conclusions: We highlight the importance of establishing comprehensive processes for the foundations of a data platform utilising routine data not collected for research purposes. These robust foundations will facilitate future expansion through linkages to other datasets for the efficient and cost-effective study of health related to ageing at a large scale.

Fracture Risk Increases After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack and Is Associated With Reduced Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: Fractures are a serious consequence following stroke, but it is unclear how these events influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to compare annualized rates of fractures before and after stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), identify associated factors, and examine the relationship with HRQoL after stroke/TIA. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2009-2013) linked with hospital administrative and mortality data. Rates of fractures were assessed in the 1-year period before and after stroke/TIA. Negative binomial regression, with censoring at death, was used to identify factors associated with fractures after stroke/TIA. Respondents provided HRQoL data once between 90 and 180 days after stroke/TIA using the EuroQoL 5-dimensional 3-level instrument. Adjusted logistic regression was used to assess differences in HRQoL at 90 to 180 days by previous fracture. RESULTS: Among 13 594 adult survivors of stroke/TIA (49.7% aged ≥75 years, 45.5% female, 47.9% unable to walk on admission), 618 fractures occurred in the year before stroke/TIA (45 fractures per 1000 person-years) compared with 888 fractures in the year after stroke/TIA (74 fractures per 1000 person-years). This represented a relative increase of 63% (95% CI, 47%-80%). Factors associated with poststroke fractures included being female (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.34 [95% CI, 1.05-1.72]), increased age (per 10-year increase, IRR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.21-1.50]), history of prior fracture(s; IRR, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.77-3.70]), and higher Charlson Comorbidity Scores (per 1-point increase, IRR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.10-1.27]). Receipt of stroke unit care was associated with fewer poststroke fractures (IRR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.49-0.93]). HRQoL at 90 to 180 days was worse among patients with prior fracture across the domains of mobility, self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Fracture risk increases substantially after stroke/TIA, and a history of these events is associated with poorer HRQoL at 90 to 180 days after stroke/TIA.

Acceptability of the routine use and collection of a generic patient reported outcome measure from the perspective of healthcare staff: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) provide a measure of self-perceived health status or health-related quality of life. They have been used to support provider-patient decisions, healthcare delivery, and value-based healthcare models. A barrier to routine collection of PROMs is the perception that PROMs lack clinical utility. As such, it is important to establish clinicians' acceptability of the PROM prior to large-scale implementation. This study explored the acceptability of the routine use and collection of a generic PROM in healthcare services from the perspective of healthcare staff. METHODS: Individual semi-structured interviews were completed from September 2020 to March 2021 with 26 staff from two multi-disciplinary community healthcare services in Melbourne, Australia. Interviews explored their experiences of using the EQ-5D-5L in their routine care. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed according to a framework approach, using inductive and deductive techniques. RESULTS: Participants discussed the acceptability of the EQ-5D-5L with reference to four themes: practicalities of use; holistic nature; influence on client care; and influence on health service. Participants found the EQ-5D-5L quick and easy to administer, and appreciated that it measured multiple domains of health that were relevant to their clients' care. They believed the EQ-5D-5L helped to identify client problems, and inform service delivery. They also reported features that were less acceptable, including a lack of item specificity to some healthcare disciplines. Participants reported the challenge of managing conflict between their assessment of the client's health and the client's perspective of their own health, leading some to question whether the client could provide an accurate reflection of their own health. CONCLUSIONS: The EQ-5D-5L has several features that healthcare staff viewed as acceptable for routine collection and use in healthcare. Training on the validity of the patient reported perspective and broadening the scope of PROMs collection beyond the EQ-5D-5L should be considered to facilitate large-scale implementation.